Relative Abundance and Blood Feeding Behavior of Nocturnally Active

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Relative Abundance and Blood Feeding Behavior of Nocturnally Active JUNE 1990 Cur,tctNnMoseurroEs rN WESTERNKnNve 207 RELATIVE ABUNDANCEAND BLOODFEEDING BEHAVIOR OF NOCTURNALLYACTIVE CULICINE MOSQUITOES IN WESTERN KENYA JOHN C. BEIER,I WALTER O. ODAGO,FRED K. ONYANGO, CHARLES M. ASIAGO,DAVY K. KOECH aNo CLIFFORD R. ROBERTS Kenya Medical ResearchInstitute and U.S. Army Medical ResearchUnit, Nairobi, Kenya ABSTRACT. At 2 sites in western Kenya targeted for future malaria vaccine trials, adult culicine mosquitoeswere sampledover one year by 5 collection techniquesto assesshuman exposureto potential vectorsofpathogens other than malaria.Collections included 20,910 females representing 19 speciesin Kisian and 4,312females of 11 speciesin Saradidi.Common species in Kisian includedCul.erquinque- fasciatus(71.4%), Mansonia uniforrnis (15.8%),Ma. afrirana (6.2Vo),Aed.es mcintoshi (2.0Vo),Coquill.et- tidia fuscopennata(7.9%) and Ae. ochraceus(1.8%). Common speciesin Saradidi included Cx. quinque' fasciatus(92.7%), Cx. nebulosus(4.5%) and Ma. uniformis (1.0%).Human-bait collectionsidentified 16 man-biting culicine speciesin Kisian and 9 in Saradidi.Man-biting rates at Kisian for the 5 most common specieswere 1.8, 14.6 and 13.5 times higher than at Saradidi for indoor, outdoor and tent collections,respectively. Exposure indoors was estimatedtobe 7,277bites/man/year at Kisian and720 at Satadidi. Blood meal identification for 1,083mosquitoes confirmed that the common culicine species feed primarily on humans and cows. INTRODUCTION Kenya. Study sites, collection techniquesand meteorologicalsampling were describedin detail Culicine mosquito populations on the Kano for concurrent studies on anophelines (Beier et Plain in western Kenya have been studied ex- al. 1990).Briefly, Kisian is located on the shores tensively to determine the effects of irrigation of Lake Victoria where extensive papyrus on mosquitoproduction and abundance(Surtees swamp provides year-round larval development 1970,Surtees et al. 1970,Khamala 1971,Chan- sites. During the rainy seasons,larval develop- dler and Highton 1975,Chandler et al. 1975b, ment also occurs in temporary ground water 1976a,1976b) and arbovirus epidemiology(Bow- pools and containers. At Saradidi, a site with den et al. 1973,Johnson et al. 1977a,t977b, typical savanna-tlpe vegetation, larval devel- 1981).The vectorpotential of mosquitoesin this opment occurs in temporary and permanent area was evaluated further by blood meal iden- ground water pools along streams, pit Iatrines (Boreman tification et al. 1975,Chandler et al. and containers. 1975a). Weekly all-night human-bait collections at This study comparedthe speciescomposition, eachsite were conducted with pairs ofcollectors, relative abundanceand blood feeding patterns working in 0.5-hperiods from sunsetto sunrise, of culicine mosquitoesat 2 sites,west of Kisumu, inside 6 houses,2 outdoor stations and in one in western Kenya. Proposed malaria vaccine army generalpurpose medium tent (Beier et al. trials involving nonindigenousvolunteers at 1990). Resting mosquitoes inside houses were these 2 sites necessitatethe evaluation of the collectedby aspiration from over 50 housesper potentialfor transmissionof diseasesother than week at each site; additionally, pyrethrum spray malaria.This study providesbaseline informa- catches(World Health Organization1975) were populations tion on culicine mosquito and eval- done in 12 housesper week in Kisian. Six CDC uates the potential for human feeding among light traps at each site were operated outdoors the common speciescollected by 5 sampling each week on the night of human-bait collec- methods. tions. Twenty outdoor aspiration collections (0700-0930h), using a mechanicalaspirator, were done in Kisian from Septemberto Decem- MATERIALS AND METHODS ber 1987.Mosquitoes attracted to a tethered cow (2 Adult culicine mosquitoeswere sampled over in a an outdoor bednet ftap x 1 x 2 mm; a year, beginningin February 1987,in the vil- elevated15-20 cm) were aspiratedat 2-h inter- lagesof Kisian (10 km west of Kisumu) and vals during weekly all-night collectionsin Ki- Saradidi (55 km west of Kisumu), western sian, and from Septemberto December 1987 in Saradidi. Culicine mosquitoesfrom eachcollection were -20"C I Present address: Department of Immunology and killed, placed in vials, frozen at and Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, transported to Nairobi for identification, using School of Hygiene and Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe the taxonomickeys ofEdwards (1941)and other Street, Baltimore, MD 21205. descriptions (van Someren1949, Huang 1985). 208 JouRNel oF THEAveRIcllt Mosqulto Contnol AssocInTIon VoL.6,No.2 The number of mosquitoes for each species vegetation yielded 7 speciesat Kisian, but this was relatedto samplingeffort for the 5 collecting method was not used at Saradidi. techniques.For human-bait collections,abun- Average man-biting rates for 5 species,rep- dancewas expressedas the number of females/ resenting over 957oof the total mosquitoesob- man/night. Man-biting ratesinside houses, out- tainedin human-baitcollections, were compared doors and in tents were transformedto logro(n for indoor, outdoor and tent collections (Table + 1) to normalizevariance, and were examined 2). Inside houses,highest biting rates were ob- by analysisof variance(ANOVA) and the Fisher servedfor Cx.quinquefosciatus.In Kisian, biting PLSD test to evaluatedifferences in biting rates rates for Cx. quinquefasciotusinside houseswere among types of sampling sites. Overall mean significantly higher than outdoors or in tents. man-biting rates are presented as Williams' Biting rates for Ae. mcintoshi, Cq.fuscopennata, mean values (M-) (Williams 1937),calculated Ma. africana and Ma. uniformis were highest as back-transformedvalues of the monthly outdoors.In Saradidi, differencesin man-biting mean, rates among collection techniqueswere detected Blood-fed mosouitoesfrom each collection only for Cx. quinquefasciatus.Overall man-bit- were later air-dried at room temperature for up ing ratesin Saradidifor these5 specieswere 1.8, to 5 days, and placed individually in labeled 14.6 and 13.5 times lower than in Kisian for vials. Each mosquitowas ground in 50-pl PBS, indoor, outdoor and tent collections, respec- with 950-pl PBS added afber grinding; these tively. were stored frozenat -70'C. Blood mealswere Monthly average man-biting rates were ex- identified by a direct enzyme-linkedimmuno- amined in relation to rainfall for Cx. quinque- sorbent assay (ELISA) using anti-host (IgG) fasciatus, Ma. africana and Ma. uniformis at conjugates (Kirkegaard and Perry, Gaithers- Kisian (Fig. 1) and for Cx. quinquefasciatusat burg, MD) against human, cow, donkey, goat, Saradidi(Fig. 2). dog, cat, rat, rabbit and chicken (Beier et al. Blood meals were identified by ELISA for 1988).Blood meals were screenedfirst for hu- 88.3%of 1,226specimens tested (Table 3). Culex man and cow, then nonreacting samples were quinquefasciatLrs,representing 97.9% (1,054/ tested for the other 7 hosts. 1,077)ofthe specimenstested from indoor rest- ing collections, fed primarily on humans (87.6%); mealswere RESULTS outdoors,most of the blood identified as cow (61.3%)and human (22.7%). Sampling during 12 months yielded 20,910 Blood meals from both Mansonia specieswere adult femalesrepresenting 19 culicine speciesin primarily human and cow. Aedesmcintoshi and Kisian, and 4,312females consisting of 11 spe- Cq. fuscopennata fed mainly on cows. Two cies in Saradidi (Table 1). Common speciesin chicken blood meals were detectedin Cx. nebu- Kisian, representing99.1% of the total collected, losus; avian feeding was also observed for Cq. included Culex quinquefasciatus, M ansonia uni- fuscopennata,Cx. quinquefasciatusand Ma. af- formis, Mo africana,Aedes mcintoshi, Coquillet- ricana. Mixed blood meals for Cx. quinquefascia- tidia fuscopennataand Ae. ochraceus.In Sara- tus included25 human and cow, 5 chicken and didi, Cr. quinquefasciatus,Cx.nebulosus and Ma. cat, and outdoors, one goat and rabbit meal. uniformis comprised98.2% of the total. Addi- Mixed human and cow mealswere also detected tionaily, 7,680males of 14 specieswere collected for one Ae. mcintoshl and 3 Ma. uniformis. One in Kisian and 2,033 males of 4 specieswere cat-rabbit mixed blood meal was identified for collectedin Saradidi;males of speciescollected Cq.fuscopennata. at eachsite are noted in Table 1. Ovet 90% of the maleswere Cr. quinquefasciafus.Males were DISCUSSION collectedprimarily in CDC light traps, pyreth- rum spray catchesand by aspiration in vegeta- The speciescomposition of culicine mosqui- tion. toes from the 2 sites west of Kisumu was similar There were16 speciescollected in human-bait to previousreports from the Kano Plain, eastof collectionsin Kisian comparedwith 9 in Sar- Kisumu (Surtees19?0, Chandler et al. 1975b, adidi (Table 1). Fewerspecies were detectedby 1976b).Culicine speciesdiversity and relative the other collectiontechniques. In indoor resting abundanceat Kisian were considerablyhigher collections, Culex quinquefasciatus comprised than at Saradidi.Kisian has extensiveperma- about 98% of 6 speciescollected at Kisian and nent Iarval developmentsites, including papyrus 8 speciesat Saradidi.Cow-baited traps yielded swamp,due to its location on the shore of Lake 14 speciesat Kisian and 4 speciesat Saradidi. Victoria. The savanna habitat of Saradidi ap- Light traps collected 10 speciesat Kisian and 6 pears to support fewer species as a result of species at Saradidi. Aspiration collections in reducedlarval habitat diversity. The 21 species JUNE 1990 Cur,rcrNnMoseurrons rN WsstnRN KrNve 209 tl tl tl tl tl tl tl .il ^ll co ll qil@tl i io, -tl NA htl Etl 6tl 5tl o@ tr- dll i<) '- ll a €llotl F- tl 6ll * 6)119 ooH<61 roN >il.: rod iN hil E 1il I iil o ; -o ll - N NCO dct @ dc6 NS o >:ll X i a vil x il\ Eil O !il o @ io roc{@ N ca <ii @o) 6) i @lt tr d oil x r lld @il o (0Nc.l(0< i cQr Ni Sllz 6t (9 F- dr ll oll i6t >ll a od E €tl X all i @c6 6 tl @ r tl o 6 (g tl 6 ul ll d NiiroromOJi@ N c9c{ ll dd r CDi +r i rv r (!tl NCI dd N 6t atl tl sil .l '-tldtl F o tl i iooiooic)ir ihrooo o\QQ o ll a ddo dc;d dododa + qiddooo -jo N cll o c! vv v v 6) m .dll;: (g c ll tr a r lle ' dll G oll ! .til; i i iiod r@io6)o<.
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