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Non-Commercial Use Only Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 2016; volume 48:5630 Japanese Encephalitis vector abundance and infection frequency in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India: a five-year longitudinal study P. Philip Samuel, D. Ramesh, V. Thenmozhi, J. Nagaraj, M. Muniaraj, N. Arunachalam Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Indian Council of medical Research, Department of Health Research, Madurai, India Abstract Introduction An entomological monitoring of Japanese encephalitis vectors from Japanese encephalitis is a serious public health problem in Asia with the Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu was undertaken at biweekly inter- 30,000-50,000 clinical cases reported annually. Over the past 60 years, it vals for 1 hr after dusk for five years to find out the abundance and JE has been estimated that JE has infected ~10 million children globally, virus activity longitudinally in three villages. A total of 95,644 vectors killing 3 million and causing long-term disability in 4 million1. In India belonging to 31 species constituted predominantly by Culex vishnui cases of JE have been reported from 26 out of 29 states and 7 union ter- subgroup and Culex gelidus 98.5%. JE virus was identified from Cx. tri- ritories occasionally since 1978 and repeated outbreaks were reported taeniorhynchus (18), Cx. vishnui (1) and Cx. gelidus (6) giving infec- from 12 states. JE is now reported under the umbrella of acute tion rate of 0.482, 0.608 and 0.221 respectively. Abundance of Cx. tri- encephalitis syndrome. Annualonly reported cases due to JE range between taeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus differed significantly by area, season 1714 and 6727 while recorded deaths due to JE range between 367-1684 and year (P<0.05) whereas Cx. vishuni differed significantly by sea- (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India, 2010). son and year (P<0.05). Transmission was not observed throughout all JE remained endemic in some districts of Tamil Nadu, where it the seasons and the infection rate was recorded maximum during Hot- mainly affects children.use A prospect ive serological study of rural chil- Wet season 0.46 (confidence interval: 0.17-1.02). Culex tritae- dren and sentinel pigs in Cuddalore district revealed high rates of niorhynchus dominated the catch and the Culex gelidus steadily seroconversion to flaviviruses, the majority of which were caused by JE increased in its abundance during this period compared to the earlier virus infection (Gajanana et al., 1995). It was suggested that mainte- studies conducted from these areas which acts as a secondary vector nance and handling of goats and cattle is easier than pigs and screen- along with the major vector, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. ing goats and cattle can be used as a tool to predict the risk of JE infec- tion to humans (Rajendran et al., 2003). The most important vectors are Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Culex vishnui Theobald, from which the largest number of isolations were made (Reuben et al., Correspondence: Paulraj Philip Samuel, Centre for Research in Medical 1988; Philip Samuel et al., 2000). However, JE virus was isolated from Entomology, Indian Council of medical Research, Department of Health 16 species of mosquitoes (Philip Samuel et al., 2000). In addition, Research, 4, Sarojini Street, Chinnachokkikulam, Madurai-625002, India. Tel.: +91.452.2525131; +91.9443168056 - Fax: 0452.2530660. recently the role of An. subpictus as a secondary vector and also to E-mail: [email protected] maintain the JE virus by transovarial transmission in Cuddalore was reported (Thenmozhi et al., 2006). An entomological sampling was Key words: Culex tritaeniorhynchus; Cx. gelidus and Cx. vishnui; infection undertaken to review the vector abundance and JE virus activity longi- rate; Japanese encephalitis; Cuddalore. tudinally in the three villages, viz., Kodikkalam situated in Sirumangalam Primary Health Centre-PHC, Eraiyur situated in Acknowledgments: we are grateful to the Non-commercialSecretary, DHR & Director General, Sirumangalam PHC and Soundarasolapuram SS Puram) situated in ICMR and Dr. B. K. Tyagi for providing the facilities, encouragement, guidance Pennadam PHC in the Cuddalore district Tamil Nadu from April 2006 and suggestions for the study. We are greatly indebted to the field staff of DPH to March 2011. &PM, Tamil Nadu for their assistance during the field visits. Sincere thanks are due to all the supporting staff of CRME, both Field Station and Hq. Madurai. Received for publication: 12 November 2015. Revision received: 29 July 2016. Materials and methods Accepted for publication: 29 July 2016. A longitudinal study of vector abundance and infection frequency ©Copyright P. Philip Samuel et al., 2016 was conducted from April 2006 to March 2011 in three villages viz., Licensee PAGEPress, Italy Kodikkalam, SS Puram and Eraiyur of Cuddalore district (Figure 1) Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 2016; 48:5630 which are located about 5-10 kms distance away from each other. The doi:10.4081/jear.2016.5630 villages receive irrigation water for cultivation of paddy by double crop This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons pattern through a canal from the Wellington Reservoir. Tamil Nadu Attribution Noncommercial License (by-nc 4.0) which permits any noncom- receives rain showers from July to August under the influence of the mercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the orig- Southwest monsoon, and heavier rainfall from September to inal author(s) and source are credited. December from the Northeast monsoon. There are no extremes of temperature and during the study period, maximum and minimum [page 366] [Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 2016; 48:5630] Article temperatures ranged from 30 to 41°C with relative humidity ranged two vector species (Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus) and thus not from 70 to 89% over the whole time period. included for the comparative analysis. The analysis between the three Each village was sampled at biweekly intervals from April 2006 to areas which followed the same two cropping pattern was carried out to March 2011. There were no fixed sites for mosquito collections. Two know whether there exist any variation in the vector abundance. collectors moved freely throughout the village and caught both blood- In all these 3 villages, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus abundance increased engorged and unfed adult female culicines resting on bushes and from July-August, coinciding with the beginning of the monsoon rains thatched roofs of cattle sheds and human dwellings. Mosquitoes were and rice cultivation and remained elevated from October to February collected for 1 h after dusk by aspiration and flashlight, transported to coinciding with the JE transmission season and started decreasing the field laboratory, lightly anesthetized with ether, identified to from March and remained low until June the JE non-transmission sea- species and sorted on ice into pools of maximum 50 specimens each son. Since all these areas fall under the double crop areas, there were and screened. Unfed mosquitoes were pooled, whereas engorged two peaks between July to January coinciding with the 1st (July to females were held for 48 h for digestion of blood meals before pooling. September) and 2nd crop (October to January) (Figures 2-4). A key prepared by Reuben et al., (1994) was used for identification of Culex gelidus was collected aplenty during the year 2006 and 2007 members of the Cx. vishnui subgroup. Voucher specimens were and the higher peak of PMHD was observed in SS Puram village during deposited in the Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (CRME) the month of September 2006 (466.25) and 2007 (664.5), in Museum and the mosquito pools were screened for virus infection Kodikkalam village during the months of March 2007 (181) and anoth- (Kimura-Kuroda et al., 1983; Reuben et al., 1994; Gajanana et al., 1997; er peak abundance was found during July 2007 (192) and in Eraiyur Philip Samuel et al., 1998). during the months of September 2006 (233) and February 2007(299). A significant difference between the area (3 villages), seasons and Thus the abundance of Cx. gelidus was usually observed in 3 seasons years was done by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS version only Cool-Dry (in all the villages SS Puram 2008-11, Kodikkalam and 16.0. The number of JE positive mosquitoes per 1000 individuals was Eraiyur 2007), Cool-Wet (Eraiyur 2007-9) and Hot-Wet seasons estimated from ELISA and IFA results by maximum likelihood estima- (Eraiyur 2006; SS Puram & Kodikkalam 2007) (Figure 3-5).The peak tion (MLE) using CDC software programme pooled infection rate ver- Cx. vishnui abundance was recorded in SS Puram village during the sion 3.0 (Biggerstaff, 2006). The Chi-square test was used to find out months of October 2006 (66) and April 2009 (36), in Kodikkalam village the variation in infection rate between the study villages and different during July 2006 (52), June 2008(42.5) and June 2009 (41) and in seasons by using Epi Info version 3.5.3. Eraiyur during Septemberonly 2006(72), October 2006 (56.5) and 2007 October (48) (Figures 2-4). Culex tritaeniorhynchus abundance was more during the Cool-Wet season in all the three villages (SS Puram-157.64±1.18, Kodikkalam- Results 185.5±1.18 useand Eraiyur-187.55±1.13). But during the Hot-Dry and Hot- Wet seasons significant difference was observed (P<0.05). In all these We collected 95,644 female mosquitoes belonging to 31 species. 3 villages abundance of this species during different seasons varied Among the total catch, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the most dominant significantly (P<0.001) (Table 1). SS Puram showed high abundance of species (55.8%) followed by Cx. gelidus (40.29%) and Cx. vishnui Culex gelidus in all the seasons compared to all the other villages espe- (2.43%) and these three species comprised of 98.5% of the total.
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