Constitution of Canada

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Constitution of Canada Liberal Party Constitution of Canada Table of Liberal Party of Canada Contents 01 04 06 09 A. Establishment D. National Board I. Permanent M. Leader (Cont.) 1. Name (Cont.) Appeals Committee 46. Leadership Vote 2. Purpose 17. Powers (Cont.) 33. Establishment Procedure (Cont’d) 3. Language 18. Meetings and 34. Governance 47. Leadership 4. Gender and Process 35. Referrals Endorsement Ballot Diversity 19. Miscellaneous 5. One Constitution J. Chief Agent 6. Property E. National 36. Appointment Management 37. Governance B. Registered Committee Liberals 20. Composition K. Policy 10 7. Eligibility 21. Powers 38. National Board 8. National Register 22. Meetings and N. General Provisions 48. Amendment 9. Period Process L. Conventions 49. Interpretation 10. Rights 39. Call 50. Notice F. Provincial or 40. Frequency Territorial Boards 41. Registration 23. Provincial Board and Attendance Composition M. Leader 02 42. Office 43. Role 11 C. Electoral District 44. Election O. Transition Associations 51. Effective Date 11. Recognition 05 52. Repeal 12. Purpose 53. Dissolutions as of 13. Governance F. Provincial or Effective Date 14. Requirements Territorial Boards 54. Registered Liberals (Cont.) 55. Commissions D. National Board 24. Territorial Board 07 56. Permanent Appeals 15. Composition Composition M. Leader (Cont.) Committee 16. Election and 25. Election and 44. Election (Cont.) 57. National Board Appointment Provincial or 58. National Convention Territorial 59. Chief Agent Conventions 60. Provincial or 26. Responsibilities Territorial Boards 27. Limits G. National Campaign 08 03 Committee 28. Appointment by M. Leader (Cont.) D. National Board Leader 44. Election (Cont.) 12 (Cont.) 29. Rules 45. Leadership O. Transition (Cont.) 16. Election and 30. Ratification Contestants Appointment 46. Leadership Vote 60. Provincial or Territorial Boards (Cont.) (Cont.) H. Commissions Procedure 61. Dissolution of PTAs 17. Powers 31. Establishment 62. Blended PTAs 32. Governance 63. Electoral District Associations 64. Leader 65. By-Laws 66. Expiry CONSTITUTION OF THE LIBERAL PARTY OF CANADA As adopted at the Biennial Convention on May 28, 2016. Preamble: The Liberal Party of Canada is an association of Registered Liberals who share certain principles, as set out below, and who strive to elect candidates to the House of Commons for the purpose of advancing those principles. The Liberal Party of Canada is committed to the view that the dignity of each individual person is the cardinal principle of democratic society and the primary purpose of all political organization and activity in such a society. The Liberal Party of Canada is dedicated to the principles that have historically sustained the Party: individual freedom, responsibility and human dignity in the framework of a just society, and political freedom in the framework of meaningful participation by all persons. The Liberal Party is bound by the constitution of Canada and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and is committed to the pursuit of equality of opportunity for all persons, to the enhancement of our unique and diverse cultural community, to the recognition that English and French are the official languages of Canada, and to the preservation of the Canadian identity in a global society. In accordance with this philosophy, the Liberal Party of Canada subscribes to the fundamental rights and freedoms of persons under the rule of law and commits itself to the protection of these essential values and their constant adaptation to the changing needs of modern Canadian society. The Liberal Party of Canada recognizes that human dignity in a democratic system requires that all citizens have access to full information concerning the policies and leadership of the Party; the opportunity to participate in open and public assessment of such means, and such modifications of policies and leadership as they deem desirable to promote the political, economic, social, cultural and general well-being of Canadians. To realize this objective, the Liberal Party of Canada strives to provide a flexible and democratic structure whereby all Canadians can obtain such information, participate in such assessment and militate for such reform through open communications, free dialogue and participatory action both electoral and non-electoral. This Constitution sets forth the institutions, systems and procedures by which the Liberal Party of Canada, in co-operation with its provincial and territorial boards and electoral district associations, works to implement these ideas on behalf of all Registered Liberals. Constitution Liberal Party of Canada 01 A. Establishment B. Registered Liberals 1. Name 7. Eligibility There is an association named “The Liberal Party Any person may register as a Registered Liberal, of Canada”, which is referred to throughout this provided that they meet the requirements set out Constitution as the “Party”. by the National Board. There shall be no fee for registration. 2. Purpose The purpose of the Party is to participate in 8. National Register the public affairs of Canada by endorsing and The Party will, under the direction of the supporting Registered Liberals as candidates of National Board, maintain a national register of the Party for election to the House of Commons, all Registered Liberals, indicating the Electoral advocating and supporting Liberal values and District Association in which they are resident philosophies, principles and policies, providing (hereinafter their “home Electoral District a forum for Registered Liberals to provide input Association”). into the policies of the Party, and raising money in support of these purposes. 9. Period Registration as a Registered Liberal will remain 3. Language current for the period established by the National English and French are the official languages of Board, and may be renewed and/or terminated the Party. in the manner and at the times set out by the National Board. 4. Gender and Diversity The Party will promote diversity, inclusiveness 10. Rights and gender parity at all levels of the Party. This Each Registered Liberal has the right, subject to Constitution will operate without discrimination this Constitution, to do the following: on the basis of race, national or ethnic origin, a. receive newsletters, information, and notices colour, religion, sex, gender identity or expression, of general meetings and other activities from sexual orientation, age or mental or physical the Party (provided that the Party may elect disability. to limit certain notices to electronic form); b. attend, speak, and vote at a general meeting 5. One Constitution of their home Electoral District Association This Constitution and the by-laws made by the or any Commission or Commission Club with National Board pursuant hereto govern the affairs which they are registered; of the Party and all of its boards, commissions, c. attend and speak (but not vote) at a general committees and associations. No board, meeting of any Electoral District Association commission, committee or association of the other than their home Electoral District Party may establish a constitution other than this Association; Constitution. d. attend, speak, and vote at any convention or general meeting of the Party or their Provincial 6. Property or Territorial Board; Only the Party, an EDA, or a campaign, acting e. be elected as a candidate, or to any office in through its Chief Agent, may hold property and the Party, their Provincial or Territorial Board, money, accept contributions, make expenditures, or any Electoral District Association, provided, enter into contracts of employment, enter in each case that they comply with the into leases, or otherwise make agreements or requirements of this Constitution and the arrangements. No board, commission, committee National Board in respect of such office; or association of the Party may do any of the f. vote on the Leadership Vote and on the foregoing. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Leadership Endorsement Ballot conducted nothing herein limits the ability of an Electoral with respect to their home Electoral District District Association or campaign to hold and Association; and administer property and funds or to enter into g. exercise any other right granted to them by the agreements for the provision of services, subject National Board or any other board, commission, to the by-laws established by the National Board. committee or association of the Party. Constitution Liberal Party of Canada 02 C. Electoral District Associations D. National Board 11. Recognition 15. Composition Recognition may be granted by the National The affairs of the Party will be governed by Board to one Electoral District Association a National Board of Directors (the “National in each federal electoral district, and such Board”), which will consist of: recognition may be revoked, pursuant to rules a. the Leader; and procedures set out in the by-laws (each b. the President; association so recognized, an “Electoral District c. the Vice-President (English); Association”) and in accordance with the Canada d. the Vice-President (French); Elections Act. e. the Policy Secretary; f. the Party Secretary; 12. Purpose g. the immediate past President; Each Electoral District Association shall: h. one representative of those Members of a. endorse and support the candidate of the Parliament who caucus with the Party Party for election to the House of Commons (the “Caucus”); for its electoral district; i. one representative from each Province or b. engage in, and support,
Recommended publications
  • The Requisites of Leadership in the Modern House of Commons 1
    Number 4 November 2001 CANADIAN STUDY OF PARLIAMENT GROUP HE EQUISITES OF EADERSHIP THE REQUISITES OF LEADERSHIP IN THE MODERN HOUSE OF COMMONS Paper by: Cristine de Clercy Department of Political Studies University of Saskatchewan Canadian Members of the Study of Parliament Executive Committee Group 2000-2001 The Canadian Study of President Parliament Group (CSPG) was created Leo Doyle with the object of bringing together all those with an interest in parliamentary Vice-President institutions and the legislative F. Leslie Seidle process, to promote understanding and to contribute to their reform and Past President improvement. Judy Cedar-Wilson The constitution of the Canadian Treasurer Study of Parliament Group makes Antonine Campbell provision for various activities, including the organization of conferences and Secretary seminars in Ottawa and elsewhere in James R. Robertson Canada, the preparation of articles and various publications, the Counsellors establishment of workshops, the Dianne Brydon promotion and organization of public William Cross discussions on parliamentary affairs, David Docherty participation in public affairs programs Jeff Heynen on radio and television, and the Tranquillo Marrocco sponsorship of other educational Louis Massicotte activities. Charles Robert Jennifer Smith Membership is open to all those interested in Canadian legislative institutions. Applications for membership and additional information concerning the Group should be addressed to the Secretariat, Canadian Study of Parliament Group, Box 660, West Block, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0A6. Tel: (613) 943-1228, Fax: (613) 995- 5357. INTRODUCTION This is the fourth paper in the Canadian Study of Parliament Groups Parliamentary Perspectives. First launched in 1998, the perspective series is intended as a vehicle for distributing both studies prepared by academics and the reflections of others who have a particular interest in these themes.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2006 Federal Liberal and Alberta Conservative Leadership Campaigns
    Choice or Consensus?: The 2006 Federal Liberal and Alberta Conservative Leadership Campaigns Jared J. Wesley PhD Candidate Department of Political Science University of Calgary Paper for Presentation at: The Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan May 30, 2007 Comments welcome. Please do not cite without permission. CHOICE OR CONSENSUS?: THE 2006 FEDERAL LIBERAL AND ALBERTA CONSERVATIVE LEADERSHIP CAMPAIGNS INTRODUCTION Two of Canada’s most prominent political dynasties experienced power-shifts on the same weekend in December 2006. The Liberal Party of Canada and the Progressive Conservative Party of Alberta undertook leadership campaigns, which, while different in context, process and substance, produced remarkably similar outcomes. In both instances, so-called ‘dark-horse’ candidates emerged victorious, with Stéphane Dion and Ed Stelmach defeating frontrunners like Michael Ignatieff, Bob Rae, Jim Dinning, and Ted Morton. During the campaigns and since, Dion and Stelmach have been labeled as less charismatic than either their predecessors or their opponents, and both of the new leaders have drawn skepticism for their ability to win the next general election.1 This pair of surprising results raises interesting questions about the nature of leadership selection in Canada. Considering that each race was run in an entirely different context, and under an entirely different set of rules, which common factors may have contributed to the similar outcomes? The following study offers a partial answer. In analyzing the platforms of the major contenders in each campaign, the analysis suggests that candidates’ strategies played a significant role in determining the results. Whereas leading contenders opted to pursue direct confrontation over specific policy issues, Dion and Stelmach appeared to benefit by avoiding such conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Alberta’S Legislative Officers
    Legislative Reports Standing Committee on Legislative Offices The Standing Committee on Legislative Offices met in December 2014 to review the budget estimates of Alberta’s Legislative Officers. The Committee approved these budgets at two per cent less than the previous year with two exceptions: the Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, which has a four-year budget cycle, and the Office of the Child and Youth Advocate (OCYA). In July 2014, the OCYA received additional funds following a legislated increase to its responsibilities. This pro-rated amount was added to the amount originally approved for the previous year before the two per cent reduction was applied. On February 10, 2015, the Committee met with representatives of the Office of the Auditor General (OAG) and the OCYA to consider requests for an increase to their approved budgets for the upcoming fiscal year. The OAG requested an additional $546,000 Alberta in order to ensure the Office would be able to fulfill its mandate and perform its work. The OCYA requested Continuation of the 3rd Session of the 28th Legislature an additional $275,000 to reflect the cost of fulfilling The 3rd Session of the 28th Legislature resumed on its expanded legislated mandate for a full 12 months. March 10, 2015. After months of floor crossings and The Committee approved the additional funds for the resignations the composition of the Assembly was at OAG, but the request from the OCYA was denied. 70 Progressive Conservatives, five Wildrose members, five Liberals, four New Democrats, one Independent The following day, Premier Prentice announced no and two vacancies.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Foreign Aid and the Christian Right
    CANADIAN FOREIGN AID AND THE CHRISTIAN RIGHT: STEPHEN HARPER, ABORTION, AND THE GLOBAL CULTURE WARS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, 2006–2015 Erin Jex A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in fulfillment of the requirements for the M.A. in Political Science with a specialization in Women’s Studies Faculty of Social Sciences School of Political Studies University of Ottawa © Erin Jex, Ottawa, Canada, 2017 ii Abstract This thesis expands upon the concept of the global culture wars in sub-Saharan Africa from a Canadian perspective, focusing on the growing division within Canada between conservative, religious values and liberal, progressive ones (Caplan, 2012). This division led to a political and cultural realignment alongside the increased visibility and leadership of religious and faith communities in Canadian public and political life. Amidst this polarization, Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper was elected Prime Minister in February 2006. Under his leadership, a conservative, pro-family agenda was established. This agenda, which advocates a traditional understanding of family life and structure, in particular refers to a legally married, heterosexual couple with children. It was supported by the evangelical Christian population in Canada, which grew from a united religious community in Canada into a significant constituency of the Conservative Party. Harper’s tenure, coupled with the increased visibility and leadership of faith and religious communities significantly affected domestic and international policies during his tenure as Prime Minister, from 2006 to 2015. This thesis examines the Muskoka Initiative on Maternal, Child, and Newborn Health (Muskoka-MNCH) and shows how this initiative, which fostered anti-abortion rhetoric abroad, was utilized to appease the evangelical community’s anti- abortion position in Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberal Party: Historic Middle East Policy
    Liberal Party: Historic Middle East Policy Factsheet Series No. 164, Created: February 2013, Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East What was the Liberal Party’s position on awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for resolving the conflict, the establishment of the State of Israel? thereby averting a war which could have had disastrous regional consequences. The Liberal government of William Lyon MacKenzie King initially sought to dodge the issue of whether a “Jewish Algerian independence : In 1964, two years after Algeria State” should be established. However, it eventually won its war of independence from France, Canada, led by participated in the UN Special Commission on Palestine, Pearson—PM from April 63 to April 68—established established when Britain transferred the Palestinian issue diplomatic relations with the newly decolonized country. to the UN. Canadian officials helped draft the 1947 UN Six Day War (1967 War) : In the second to last year of Partition Plan for Palestine, under which a majority Jewish Pearson’s term, the 1967 war between Israel and its Arab State was to be established on approximately 56 percent neighbours erupted. Pearson accused Israel and Egypt of British Mandate Palestine, leaving the Palestinians 43 (then led by Gamal Nasser) of being equally responsible percent and making Jerusalem a shared international city. for the outbreak of hostilities, a stance that Israel bitterly The rights of Palestinians or Jews living in either area resented. Canada, like most nations, refused to recognize were not to be
    [Show full text]
  • Rita Johnston Campagnolo, 1991 – First Female OC, OBC Premier in Canada 2001 – First Woman to Serve As B.C.’S Lieutenant Governor
    www.leg.bc.ca Honourable Iona Rita Johnston Campagnolo, 1991 – First female OC, OBC Premier in Canada 2001 – First woman to serve as B.C.’s Lieutenant Governor se u o H t en m rn ve Go of sy urte e co Imag Rita Johnston was born in Melville, Following the resignation of Premier Bill Vander Zalm Iona Campagnolo was born on Galiano In 1982, she became the first female president of the Saskatchewan in 1935. She later moved to in 1991, Rita Johnston was selected by her caucus to Island in 1932. However, she spent much of her Liberal Party of Canada and was later the first Chancellor Surrey, British Columbia where she became a small serve as interim leader of the governing Social Credit childhood and adolescence in northern British Columbia. of the University of Northern British Columbia. business owner and, in 1969, was elected to city Party, thereby becoming the Premier of British Columbia. council. Rita Johnston later served two additional On taking office, she committed to giving women’s issues In 1966, Iona Campagnolo was elected to the In 2001, Iona Campagnolo was installed as British two-year terms at the municipal level in 1978 and 1982. a higher priority. school board in Prince Rupert, B.C. and later served Columbia’s 27th Lieutenant Governor, the first woman as its chairwoman. She also worked locally in radio to be appointed as the provincial representative of Her After deciding to enter provincial politics, Rita Johnston While her government was ultimately defeated in the broadcasting before entering federal politics in 1974, Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Activities 2019 | 1 As Speaker Until His Appointment in October 2007 As Minister of State for Seniors and Housing
    2019 Legislative Activities Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick Legislative Activities 2019 New Brunswick Prepared for The Honourable Daniel Guitard Speaker of the Legislative Assembly New Brunswick October 2, 2020 The Honourable Daniel Guitard Speaker of the Legislative Assembly Room 31, Legislative Building Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5H1 Dear Mr. Speaker: I have the honour of submitting this, the thirty-first annual report of Legislative Activities, for the year ended December 31, 2019. Respectfully submitted, Donald J. Forestell Clerk of the Legislative Assembly TABLE OF CONTENTS YEAR IN REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 1 NOTABLE EVENTS ............................................................................................................ 3 MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY Role of Speaker ............................................................................................................ 5 Role of Members .......................................................................................................... 5 House Activity ............................................................................................................... 6 House Statistics ............................................................................................................ 9 Members of the Legislative Assembly, as of December 31, 2019 ............................. 10 Committee Activity .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CBC Nir Oct 08.Indd
    CANADIANS TO VOTE IN A FEDERAL ELECTION Introduction As Canadians, we are fortunate to live Political analysts are interested to Focus in a democracy. Every few years, all see if Prime Minister Harper will be This News in Review story explores the Canadians 18 years of age and older punished for calling an election for October 14, 2008, have the opportunity to cast a vote for October 2008, despite the fact that the federal election. the person and/or political party they official date for the next federal election You’ll learn about the believe will do the best job of running was supposed to be October 2009. parties, the leaders, the country. Voting behaviour is affected During the last federal election, Harper and the issues. You’ll by a number of issues: critical issues promised to pass legislation to ensure also explore why the facing the country at the time of the that elections would be held on fixed election was held on October 14, 2008, election, the strengths and weaknesses of dates. On May 26, 2006, he said: “Fixed a full year before the party leaders, the policies promoted election dates stop leaders from trying it was supposed to by Canada’s major political parties, to manipulate the calendar simply for occur according to and the qualities and experience of the partisan political advantage.” In 2007, he the rules of Prime local candidates running in the riding in passed such legislation. Recently Harper Minister Stephen which voters reside. Although we have claimed he had to call an election a year Harper’s “fixed date” no control over how the politicians will early because the opposition parties legislation passed in 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Trailblazers in British Columbia
    OCTOBER IS WOMEN’S HISTORY MONTH Parliamentary Trailblazers in British Columbia This handout highlights women from British Columbia who achieved significant ‘firsts’ for women in Parliament. Their achievements would not have been possible without the success of the women’s suffrage movement. Between 1891 and 1914, 16 women’s suffrage bills were introduced and defeated in British Columbia’s Did You Know? Legislative Assembly. In 1916, Premier William Bowser The term suffrage means the decided to hold a referendum on the issue in conjunction with the provincial general election. The referendum results right to vote in parliamentary elections. revealed that 65% of the men who voted were in favour of extending the franchise to women in British Columbia. GRACE MACINNIS, OC, OBC In April of 1917, British Columbia became the fourth Grace MacInnis was elected to B.C.’s Legislative Assembly in the provincial province in Canada to grant women who qualified as election of 1941. British subjects the right to vote in provincial elections and to stand for election to provincial office. The following year, In 1965, Grace MacInnis achieved a notable ‘first’ for women in B.C. She was the federal government in Ottawa passed similar elected to the Canadian House of legislation, enabling women to vote in federal elections Commons as the New Democratic Party and be elected to the Canadian House of Commons. MP for Vancouver-Kingsway, the first time a woman who had served as a B.C. MLA had won a federal riding. MARY ELLEN SMITH ROSEMARY BROWN, OC, OBC In 1918, Mary Ellen Smith stood as an In the 1972 provincial election, Rosemary Independent candidate in the by-election for Brown ran successfully as the New her husband’s vacant Vancouver City seat.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Dickens Opens His Classic, a Tale Of
    Charles Dickens opens his classic, A Tale of Two Cities, by observing: ‘[i]t was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness’.1 Read in a modern context, one could be forgiven for assuming he was talking about minority government. Since 2004, a series of minority governments were elected in Westminster systems. Canada initiated the trend electing a minority parliament for the first time in 25 years. Australia and the United Kingdom quickly followed, electing their own minority parliaments in 2010. Minority governments are not particularly novel outside of the Westminster systems. Indeed, most legislative assemblies operate on some power-sharing agreement between coalition partners. Yet, when they occur in a Westminster system—Canada or Australia—they are news. This is due, in part, to the novelty of the occurrence, since it happens so rarely. In the analysis that follows, I attempt to draw some lessons from the years 2004 to 2011 when Canada elected three successive minority governments. I begin with a discussion of the election campaigns and major events of the 38th, 39th and 40th Canadian Parliaments. I then turn my attention to potential lessons that can be drawn from this seven-year span paying special attention to: political parties, managing parliament, and the importance of the marginal seats. I argue that there are lessons to be learned from other Westminster parliaments when dealing with minority government. Four elections in seven years Like Australia, the Canadian Government is based on the Westminster parliamentary system.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Reform on the Menu in Newfoundland and Labrador
    Feature Democratic Reform on the Menu in Newfoundland and Labrador What should democratic reform look like in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador? In advance of the provincial government’s plan to strike an all-party committee to study this question, two Memorial University professors used a public engagement grant to create a first-of-its kind, independent grassroots initiative in hopes of supporting this committee’s work. The Democracy Cookbook explores many options for better democratic governance in a way that is accessible to the public and in a manner that promotes greater public awareness of the committee’s mandate. In this article, the authors inform readers about how this initiative was designed, why it may be an effective model for other small jurisdictions, and some of what people will find in the open-source publication that resulted. 2018 CanLIIDocs 99 Alex Marland and Lisa Moore onversations about democratic reform are To kick-start the committee, we recently led an stirring in Newfoundland and Labrador. In innovative, independent grassroots initiative called C2015, the provincial Liberal Party’s election The Democracy Cookbook. The project represents a platform made the following commitment: collective effort to sort out what changes to institutions, processes and rules can turn Newfoundland A New Liberal Government will form an all- and Labrador from a democratic laggard into a party committee on democratic reform. This democratic leader. To our knowledge, it is the first committee will consult extensively with the grassroots initiative of its kind and the first to support public to gather perspectives on democracy a parliamentary committee of this nature.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Democratic Party, Canada's Leading Parliamentary Minority
    CANADIAN ISSUES The New Democratic Party, Canada’s Leading Parliamentary Minority Oliver Santín Peña* Blair Gable/REUTERS Thomas Mulcair, leader of Canada’s NDP. he New Democratic Party’s (NDP) emergence as the 103 members, leading the Liberal Party by 69 seats. Since leading minority in Canada’s House of Commons that time, the NDP has assumed the task of serving as a coun­ Tcan be considered transcendent in the nation’s poli t­ terweight to the majority Conservative Party, headed by ex­ i cal history. It is the first time a left social democratic grouping perienced Prime Minister Stephen Harper, who leads his has played that role. Conservative caucus’s 166 MPs in Canada’s lower house.2 This is particularly important given that Li beral and Con ­ servative forces had monopolized power since 1867, making it possible for the elites of both to dominate the political stage. BACKGROUND This meant that when one of those parties was in office, the other was invariably the discursive counterweight as the leading While the NDP’s origins are found in different political cur­ minority. This translated into alternation in office of Liberals rents and union organizations, it was the merger between and Conservatives that stretched out over 40 general elections.1 the Canadian Labour Congress and the Co­operative Com­ However, that dynamic abruptly came to an end in the May monwealth Federation in the early 1960s that put the cur­ 2011 election when the NDP became the first minority with rent face on the party. Since its inception as a party, the NDP, under the guidan­ * Researcher at CISAN.
    [Show full text]