What People Produced the Objects Called Mycenean? Author(S): William Ridgeway Source: the Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol
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Crotone, Twenty Miles of History in the Heart of the Mediterranean…
Crotone, twenty miles of history in the heart of the Mediterranean… 1 The Port of Crotone - Location History, culture, fine food and wines make of Crotone and its neighbouring area a worthwhile stop. Its visitors will discover the ruins of the ancient Greek-Roman settlement and worship place, the Aragonian fortifications and the medieval city centre, testifying 2700 years of history. Crotone is located on the east coast of Calabria, in Southern Italy, just along the route from the Adriatic to the Tyrrhenian Sea. Moreover, the port of Crotone is situated in front of Greece, with the nearest Greek island being 125 marine miles away. Latitude 39° 05’ N Longitude 17° 08’ E The port of Crotone is approximately 230 marine miles far from Bari 476 marine miles far from Santorini 162 marine miles far from Corfu 253 marine miles far from Palermo 321 marine miles far from Naples 546 marine miles far from Venice 228 km far from Reggio Calabria 250 km far from Taranto There are two airports close to Crotone - Sant’Anna, 16 km (15 mins by car) - Lamezia Terme, 106 km (1h 40min by car) The port is divided into two (adjacent but not communicating) docks known as the “North Dock” and the “South Dock”. The former is used for commercial traffic, opens towards the northwest, and is 200 metres (65.50 ft) wide with a sounding depth of approximately 9 metres (29.50 ft). The latter is designated as a tourist and fishing port, with an opening towards the south-southwest, 50 metres (164 ft) in width, with 2.5-metres sounding depths. -
The First Illyrian War: a Study in Roman Imperialism
The First Illyrian War: A Study in Roman Imperialism Catherine A. McPherson Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University, Montreal February, 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts ©Catherine A. McPherson, 2012. Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………….……………............2 Abrégé……………………………………...………….……………………3 Acknowledgements………………………………….……………………...4 Introduction…………………………………………………………………5 Chapter One Sources and Approaches………………………………….………………...9 Chapter Two Illyria and the Illyrians ……………………………………………………25 Chapter Three North-Western Greece in the Later Third Century………………………..41 Chapter Four Rome and the Outbreak of War…………………………………..……….51 Chapter Five The Conclusion of the First Illyrian War……………….…………………77 Conclusion …………………………………………………...…….……102 Bibliography……………………………………………………………..104 2 Abstract This paper presents a detailed case study in early Roman imperialism in the Greek East: the First Illyrian War (229/8 B.C.), Rome’s first military engagement across the Adriatic. It places Roman decision-making and action within its proper context by emphasizing the role that Greek polities and Illyrian tribes played in both the outbreak and conclusion of the war. It argues that the primary motivation behind the Roman decision to declare war against the Ardiaei in 229 was to secure the very profitable trade routes linking Brundisium to the eastern shore of the Adriatic. It was in fact the failure of the major Greek powers to limit Ardiaean piracy that led directly to Roman intervention. In the earliest phase of trans-Adriatic engagement Rome was essentially uninterested in expansion or establishing a formal hegemony in the Greek East and maintained only very loose ties to the polities of the eastern Adriatic coast. -
An Introduction to the Knowledge of Greek Grammar
AN * INTRODUCTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE or GREEK GRAMMAR. By SAMUEL B. WYLIE, D. D. IN THE WICE PROVOST AND PROFESSOR of ANCIENT LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. *NWTIET 16). <e) - \ 3} f) iſ a t t I pi} f a, J. whet HAM, 144 CHES NUT STREET. 1838. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1838, by SAMUEL B. Wylie, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. ANDov ER, MAss. Gould & Newman, Printers. **'. … Tº Co PR E FA C E. CoNSIDERING the number of Greek Grammars, already in market, some apology may appear necessary for the introduction of a new one. Without formally making a defence, it may be remarked, that subjects of deep interest, need to be viewed in as many different bearings as can readily be obtained. Grammar, whether considered as a branch of philological science, or a system of rules subservient to accuracy in speaking or writing any language, embraces a most interesting field of research, as wide and unlimited, as the progres sive development of the human mind. A work of such magnitude, requires a great variety of laborers, and even the humblest may be of some service. Even erroneous positions may be turned to good account, should they, by their refutation, contribute to the elucida tion of principle. A desire of obtaining a more compendious and systematic view of grammatical principles, and more adapted to his own taste in order and arrangement, induced the author to undertake, and gov erned him in the compilation of this manual. -
Archaeology Edited by T C
Centre and I Periphery Comparative Studies in Archaeology Edited by T C. Champion ONE W~RLD ARCHAEOLOGY '----------~~- 5 Greeks and natives in south-east Italy: approaches to the archaeological evidence RUTH D. WHITEHOUSE and JOHN B. WILKINS Introduction Recent years have seen much work on the relationship between Greeks and the populations ofsouthern Italy that were in situ before the Greeks arrived. 1 While much of this work is interesting, the majority continues to be characterized by two tendencies that we regard as unhelpful. First, there is the uncritical acceptance of the writings of Greek and Roman authors and a corresponding inclination to interpret the archaeological record in traditional historical terms, in line with the ancient authors. We have written about this elsewhere, so will not pursue it further here (Whitehouse & Wilkins 1985). Equally invidious is the strongly pro-Greek prejudice of most scholars, which leads them to regard all things Greek as inherently superior. It follows that Greekness is seen as something that other societies will acquire through simple exposure - like measles (but nicer!). These attitudes are apparent in the vocabulary used to describe the process: scholars write of the 'helleni zation' ofsouthern Italy, rather than employing terms such as 'urbanization' or 'civilization'. However, hellenization is a weak concept, lacking in analytical power, since it is evident that not all aspects ofHellenic culture are equally likely to have been adopted by the native south Italians, or at the same rate. The concept of hellenization may have some use in a restricted context, for a study of pottery styles or architecture, for instance. -
Emblems of Identity Revisited: Gender and the Messapian Trozzella
doi: 10.2143/AWE.19.0.3288566 AWE 19 (2020) 247-255 EMBLEMS OF IDENTITY REVISITED: GENDER AND THE MESSAPIAN TROZZELLA EDWARD HERRING Abstract This paper returns to a topic first discussed by the author in 1995, namely the continued use of an otherwise obsolete pottery style and vase form – the trozzella – in the tombs of the non-Greek popula- tion of the Salento Peninsula. The earlier paper argued that the use of the trozzella was to communi- cate messages of ethnic identity. However, by the late 5th and 4th centuries BC, trozzelle are only found in the graves of adult women. The present paper, therefore, revisits the original argument to address this gender dimension and the implications for indigenous identity at the time. Introduction More than 20 years ago I published a paper entitled ‘Emblems of Identity. An examina- tion of the use of matt-painted pottery in the native tombs of the Salento Peninsula in the 5th and 4th centuries BC’.1 It drew attention to the late survival of matt-painted pottery in indigenous tombs from the Salento Peninsula in south-eastern Italy, long after this type of pottery had ceased to be used in domestic contexts (Fig. 1).2 Across much of the Salento area only one traditional vase form – the trozzella3 – survives in any significant 1 Herring 1995. 2 South-eastern Italy was home to both Greek and indigenous people in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The Greeks lived mainly at Tarentum and its chora. The rest of the Salento peninsula was occupied by an indigenous population, referred to by the Greeks as the Messapians. -
BASILICATA Thethe Ionian Coast and Itsion Hinterland Iabasilicatan Coast and Its Hinterland a Bespoke Tour for Explorers of Beauty
BASILICATA TheTHE Ionian Coast and itsION hinterland IABASILICATAN COAST and its hinterland A bespoke tour for explorers of beauty Itineraries and enchantment in the secret places of a land to be discovered 2 BASILICATA The Ionian Coast and its hinterland BASILICATA Credit ©2010 Basilicata Tourism Promotion Authority Via del Gallitello, 89 - 85100 POTENZA Concept and texts Vincenzo Petraglia Editorial project and management Maria Teresa Lotito Editorial assistance and support Annalisa Romeo Graphics and layout Vincenzo Petraglia in collaboration with Xela Art English translation of the Italian original STEP Language Services s.r.l. Discesa San Gerardo, 180 – Potenza Tel.: +39 349 840 1375 | e-mail: [email protected] Image research and selection Maria Teresa Lotito Photos Potenza Tourism Promotion Authority photographic archive Basilicata regional department for archaeological heritage photographic archive Our thanks to: Basilicata regional department for archaeological heritage, all the towns, associations, and local tourism offices who made available their photographic archive. Free distribution The APT – Tourism Promotion Authority publishes this information only for outreach purposes and it has been checked to the best of the APT’s ability. Nevertheless, the APT declines any responsibility for printing errors or unintentional omissions. Last update May 2015 3 BASILICATABASILICATA COSTA JONICA The Ionian Coast and its hinterland BASILICATA MATERA POTENZA BERNALDA PISTICCI Start Metaponto MONTALBANO SCANZANO the itinerary POLICORO ROTONDELLA -
A HISTORY of the PELASGIAN THEORY. FEW Peoples Of
A HISTORY OF THE PELASGIAN THEORY. FEW peoples of the ancient world have given rise to so much controversy as the Pelasgians; and of few, after some centuries of discussion, is so little clearly established. Like the Phoenicians, the Celts, and of recent years the Teutons, they have been a peg upon which to hang all sorts of speculation ; and whenever an inconvenient circumstance has deranged the symmetry of a theory, it has been safe to ' call it Pelasgian and pass on.' One main reason for this ill-repute, into which the Pelasgian name has fallen, has been the very uncritical fashion in which the ancient statements about the Pelasgians have commonly been mishandled. It has been the custom to treat passages from Homer, from Herodotus, from Ephorus, and from Pausanias, as if they were so many interchangeable bricks to build up the speculative edifice; as if it needed no proof that genealogies found sum- marized in Pausanias or Apollodorus ' were taken by them from poems of the same class with the Theogony, or from ancient treatises, or from prevalent opinions ;' as if, further, ' if we find them mentioning the Pelasgian nation, they do at all events belong to an age when that name and people had nothing of the mystery which they bore to the eyes of the later Greeks, for instance of Strabo;' and as though (in the same passage) a statement of Stephanus of Byzantium about Pelasgians in Italy ' were evidence to the same effect, perfectly unexceptionable and as strictly historical as the case will admit of 1 No one doubts, of course, either that popular tradition may transmit, or that late writers may transcribe, statements which come from very early, and even from contemporary sources. -
The Ancient People of Italy Before the Rise of Rome, Italy Was a Patchwork
The Ancient People of Italy Before the rise of Rome, Italy was a patchwork of different cultures. Eventually they were all subsumed into Roman culture, but the cultural uniformity of Roman Italy erased what had once been a vast array of different peoples, cultures, languages, and civilizations. All these cultures existed before the Roman conquest of the Italian Peninsula, and unfortunately we know little about any of them before they caught the attention of Greek and Roman historians. Aside from a few inscriptions, most of what we know about the native people of Italy comes from Greek and Roman sources. Still, this information, combined with archaeological and linguistic information, gives us some idea about the peoples that once populated the Italian Peninsula. Italy was not isolated from the outside world, and neighboring people had much impact on its population. There were several foreign invasions of Italy during the period leading up to the Roman conquest that had important effects on the people of Italy. First there was the invasion of Alexander I of Epirus in 334 BC, which was followed by that of Pyrrhus of Epirus in 280 BC. Hannibal of Carthage invaded Italy during the Second Punic War (218–203 BC) with the express purpose of convincing Rome’s allies to abandon her. After the war, Rome rearranged its relations with many of the native people of Italy, much influenced by which peoples had remained loyal and which had supported their Carthaginian enemies. The sides different peoples took in these wars had major impacts on their destinies. In 91 BC, many of the peoples of Italy rebelled against Rome in the Social War. -
Trojan War - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Trojan War from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia for the 1997 Film, See Trojan War (Film)
5/14/2014 Trojan War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Trojan War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the 1997 film, see Trojan War (film). In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen Trojan War from her husband Menelaus king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's Iliad. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy; its sequel, the Odyssey describes Odysseus's journey home. Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid. The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest". Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful Achilles tending the wounded Patroclus of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who (Attic red-figure kylix, c. 500 BC) took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen's husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean The war troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris' Setting: Troy (modern Hisarlik, Turkey) insult. -
Changing the Script: Misdirection and the Family in Euripides' Heracles
Changing the Script: Misdirection and the Family in Euripides’ Heracles Euripides’ Heracles, as many have noted, contains two separate, but related dramas, delineated by the appearance of Lyssa and Iris on the mechane (Halleran 1985, Dunn 1996, Karabela 2003). The suppliant drama, in which Heracles’ family confronts death at the hands of a tyrant, introduces several themes as “misdirections” that prepare the audience for events that never happen or that take place differently than expected (de Jong 2014). In this paper I argue that two of these themes relate to the relationship between the polis, the soldier, and his family: (1) the ideal of kalos thanatos and (2) the aid owed by a city to the families of deceased soldiers. Both themes echo contemporary political rhetoric in epitaphioi logoi (Ziolkowski 1985, Loraux 1986, Prinz 1997). By introducing and abruptly dropping these themes, the play dramatizes the disjunction between the soldier’s achievement of peace for the polis and his loss of peace for himself and his family. Heracles’ madness radically changes the script. Mothers of citizens in fifth-century Athens were expected to raise their sons to view death in battle for their city as the noblest form of death (Loraux). Megara’s argument for facing death bravely rather than cowering at an altar echoes the rhetoric of epitaphioi logoi, which both praise and urge Athenian men to pursue a noble death in battle on behalf of their city. She appeals to the family’s noble birth and glorious deeds (δόκησις εὐκλεής, 289; εὐκλεὴς πόσις, 290; οἱ εὐγενεῖς, 292; εὐγένεια, 308), and urges them – and herself – to imitate Heracles’ own bravery in facing death (μίμημ’ ἀνδρός, 294). -
Beyond the Greek and Italiote Worlds: a Local Tarentine Perspective
Beyond the Greek and Italiote Worlds: A Local Tarentine Perspective Alexandru Martalogu Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University, Montreal November 2017 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of the Master’s of Arts (History and Classical Studies – Ancient History) © Alexandru Martalogu 2017 Martalogu 2 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………... 6 Chapter One: Taras’ Modest Beginnings………………………………………………… 18 Chapter Two: The “World-Wide” Cultural and Economic Greek Network……………... 24 Chapter Three: The Italiote World: Between Warfare and Cooperation……………….... 36 Chapter Four: Breaking the Chains: Tarentine Emancipation and Local Identity……….. 51 Conclusion: Beyond Taras and its Golden Age………………………………………….. 74 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………….84 APPENDIX A…………………………………………………………………………......94 APPENDIX B……………………………………………………………………………..98 Martalogu 3 Abstract From its foundation in 706 B.C., Taras took advantage of its favourable geographic location and of its region’s long history of trade and network connections. Placed within previous discussions on the importance of the seas and other interactions in network and identity formation, this thesis seeks to contextualize and reveal the evolution of a distinctly local Tarentine identity. Whereas in previous works the importance of the “local” and its influence have been studied for the purpose of broader topics, the “local” city of Taras and its citizens are the primary focus of this research in an attempt to step away from the negative connotations associated with the city-state by the surviving ancient sources. The analysis of Taras’ early history reveals that the polis was founded in a region with a long history of pre-existing network connections, as well as a tendency to depend more heavily upon long distance connections with the Greek world. -
Perfume Vessels in South-East Italy
Perfume Vessels in South-East Italy A Comparative Analysis of Perfume Vessels in Greek and Indigenous Italian Burials from the 6th to 4th Centuries B.C. Amanda McManis Department of Archaeology Faculty of Arts University of Sydney October 2013 2 Abstract To date there has been a broad range of research investigating both perfume use in the Mediterranean and the cultural development of south-east Italy. The use of perfume was clearly an important practice in the broader Mediterranean, however very little is known about its introduction to the indigenous Italians and its subsequent use. There has also been considerable theorising about the nature of the cross-cultural relationship between the Greeks and the indigenous Italians, but there is a need for archaeological studies to substantiate or refute these theories. This thesis therefore aims to make a relevant contribution through a synthesis of these areas of study by producing a preliminary investigation of the use of perfume vessels in south-east Italy. The assimilation of perfume use into indigenous Italian culture was a result of their contact with the Greek settlers in south-east Italy, however the ways in which perfume vessels were incorporated into indigenous Italian use have not been systematically studied. This thesis will examine the use of perfume vessels in indigenous Italian burials in the regions of Peucetia and Messapia and compare this use with that of the burials at the nearby Greek settlement of Metaponto. The material studied will consist of burials from the sixth to fourth centuries B.C., to enable an analysis of perfume use and social change over time.