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Dhananjayarao GadgiJ Library
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HEAD OF DIONYSUS, SIRKAP.
I'hoto," 'II",mn'd & I'rilllt',\ ILt, t.\u. OIl\Cc~ of the S\1l'\'I'Y 111 flllli .... Clllcuttn. 1018, A GUIDE TO T AXILA
BY SIR JOHN MARSHALL .. KT., C.I.E.,' M.A., Litl.D., F.S ...., Hon.A,R.I.B.A., ETC., Director General of A~~fiy'.Jn(Ija,}".l.' t-;:~ !:' '11'." .. p •.'"'C; O~ IN IA SOc:,t;""4..·~~ t· ~~ lr( '\ " .. ~ .. 4i.:' I. P.O.TANOON RD. ~.'l , -~ ALI ~LH~AO ~ . ~Y'\'V'\.- -t> . . ~-.-~.
CALCUTI'A SUPERINTENDENT COVERNMENT PRINTING, iNDIA 1918 Price R" 3 or 4 .. 6J. I \j ~: 7\' 'l G177 ~T' C E~ ~65q'2>-2- CHAVTD PAGE "- J.-TOPOOB.!.PHY • ". 1 I
H.-HISTORY 8 Persian Empire, 8; Alexander the Great. 9 ; Seleucus Nicii.to~, 10 '; Maurya Empire, ll. Bactrian Greeks, 11; Scythians and Parthians, 12; Apollonius of Tyana. "14; Hermoous and the KusMns. 16 ; Destruction by the Huns, i 7 ; Hsiian !l'sang, 17; Modem explorations. 18; Chronology of important events connected with ,TaxiIa, 20 • • III.-ART • • • • 23 Achoomenian, 23 ; Mauryan, 24 ; Greek, Scythia and Parthian, 25 ; Gandharan. 30 ; liVluence of Greek Art in India, 32, ~¥! iv CONTENTS
CHA!".tEB PolOB IV.-THE DlWWABl.JIX1 STU'PA • 36 The main structure. 37; sma.ll, circular stiipas around the ~a.in -structure, 39; Circle of sma.ll chapels. 41; ComIecu. ,tive types of masonry. 42; Minor anti· quities from chapels roqp.d Main Stiipa. 4.3 ; Sttipa. Jl, 44; Stiipa JI. 45; Stiipas NI·II, 46; Chapels N17 and Nl8, 46; Stiipa N', 47; Buildings pI and pi, 48 ; Tank, 48;, Stiipas KI and pe., 48; Stiipa Kl. 4,9; View of the ilite and the surrounding country, 49; Building 'JIl. 50 ; Two pitllM', ,51; Chapels Gl.8. 51; Inscription of the year 136, 52; Chapel RI. 54; Building L, 55; Apsidal, temple 18, 55; Chapels E and Fl. 57.
V.-ST'UPA 011' KUNAu • • • 59 Identification of the ~t~pa. 59; Description. 61; Monastery. 64.
VI.-SmXAP • , • • 65 City wall. 65;. Palace. 66 ; Plan of houses. '10; ,Shrine in 'Block A, 73; Shrine of the double·headed eagle in block F, 73 i Aramaio Inscription. 75; Minor 'antiquities of Sirkap. ~; Jewellery from House E. 77; from chamb~r C1I. -77; .from north sida of Central Courtyard, 80: Apsidal temple D, 81; Stiipa Court A. 83: City Gate, 84. CONTENTS v
CHAPTER PAGE VII.-J~:pI1L • 86 1.'emple. 86; Stiipas and monastery in Mound. B, 92; Stiipa A, 93. VlIL~SmSUXH, L1LoRAX AND -B.1DALPUB .. • 94 Position of Sirsukh, 94; Sirsukh fortifica tions, 9!;. To£kiitii., 96; Litlchak, 98; Buddhist stiipa; and Monastery, 98; Stiipa. I, 100; Stiipa. II. 101; BadaJpur, 101. IX,-MoHJit.1 MORADU, JAULIAN, ETO. • 103 Position of Mobrit Moradu, .... 103 ; Stiipa I. 104; Stiipa. II, 106; Monastery, 106; Jauliitii, 110; Stiipa. Courts, 111 ; Monastery, 113; Bhallar Stilpa, 115; Bbir mound, 117. SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABBBEVIATIONIl • ., • 119 GLOSSARY. • 121 LIST OF PLATES·
FACING PuTE PAGE . _ I.-Head of Dionysus, Sirkap • Fronti81riece 1I.-Coins- .. 24
III:-Coins \ 0 28
IV• .....:.Plan of the.Dharmarajika Stupa 0 36
V.-Gonsecutive types of masonry 0 • 42 v;r.-Dharmarajika Stupa: (a-d} Tel'Jlacotta and
stucco heads • 0' 44 V1I.-Dharmarajika Stupa: Silver scroll inscription and transcript • 52- V1I1.-Dharmarajika Stupa: Gandhara reliefs: (a) Offering to Buddha 8.fter his enlightenment; (b) The first sermon • 56 IX.-View of the Dharmarajika Stupa from North 58 X.-View of the Kunala Stupa trom N.-W. • 60 XI.-Sirkap: Plan of Palace -68 XII.-Sirkap: View of shrine of the double-headed eagle • 74 XIII.-(a) Sirkap: Aramaio Insoription; (b) Jaulian:
Stupa oasket 0 76 XIV• ....,..Sirkap : Plan of Houses E and F an~ Apsidal
temple D '. • • 0 • foIl. Pl. xiii. Xl".-Sirkap: Figure of Ha.rpoorates 0 • 78 XVI.-Sirkap: Jewellery from House E and other objects • •• foll. PI! xv. vii viii LIS~ ~F PLATES
FACING PLATE· FAGlil XVlL-(a) Sirkap: Jewellery • 80 (b) Ditto. XVill.-Jandial Temple .:Plan • 86 XIX.-ViewoS Jandial Temple • c • 88 xx.-Viewof Lalchak Monastery • ioo XXI.-General,view of Mohra Moradu Monaster;y • 104 XXIl.-Mohra Moradu: Relief on ~tupa I • 106(' ~L-Mohra Moradu Monastery: Stupa in Cell • 108 xnr.-Mohra Moradu Monastery: GandharaBculp. , ture • 110 XXV.-Excavations at Jaulian: Plan ~ 112 XXVl.-Jaullan: General vie,! of Stupa Courts folL PL xxv. XXVIl.-Jaulian: Relief in niche • 114 XXVllI.-View. of Bhallar Stupa • 116 XXIX.-Map of Taxila • 120 SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABBREVIATIONS • A. S. R. •• ArclireolQUical Survey 0/ India, Reports of the Director General (Sir John Ma.rshall) • • Parts I and II from 1902. O. I. I. • OorP1.UJ I1I8criptionum Indicarum. e. S. R. • Archmnlogical Survey 0/ India, Reports of Sir Alex. Cunningham• E. I •• • • Epigraphia Indica. I. A. • Indian Antiquary. J. A. •• • .Journal ABiatiqu/l, ,J. R. A. S.. Journal 0/ the Royal Asiatic Society. BEAL, SAMDEL.-See Hiuen Thsang. - CUNNINGHAM, Sm ALEx.-Ooins 0/ Alexander'8 SUCCes8or8 in the East, the Greeks and Indo-Scythians, Part I.-The Greeks 01 Baktriana, Ariana and India j London, 1869. Ooins 01 Ancient India from the earliest times to the 8eventh century A.D. ; London, 1891. 00i1l8 0/ Medimval India from the 8eventh century down to the Muhammadan conquests; London, 1894. Arch. Surv. Reports (C. S. R.), Vols. I, II, V; Simla, Calcutta, 1871, 1875• .FA HIEN.-A record of Buddhist kingdoms being an account 01 his travels in India and Veylon (A.D. 399-414). Trans. and annot. by James Legge; Oxford, 1886. FERGUSSON, SIR J.-History 0/ Indian and Eastern Architecture; 2nd ed., London, 1910•• FOUCHER, ALFRED.-L'A,., greco-bouddhique du Gandhira " Paris, 1905; Etude sur fIconographie bouddhique ~ "Inde; Paris, 1900, 1905. GARDNER, PERoY.-The Ooins• 0/ Greek and Scythic king8 01 Bactria and IMia in. the Briti8h Museum;. London, 1886. 119 120 ~HORT BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH AB~REVlATIONS r GRONW~DEL, PROF. A.-Buddhiatische Krnst in Indien .. 2nll ed., Berlin, 1900. English trans. by A•. C. Gibson and J. Burgess; London, 1901. . HmEN THSANG (HSii'AN TSANG).-Si.y&"ki, Buddhist records of the Western World. Trans. by Samuel Beal, Vo19. I·II ; London, 1884.. J ataka or ~tpries 01 the Buddlw,' s former birtl18:- Engl. trans.• ed. by E. B. Cowell; Vols. I·VII; Cambridge, 1895.1901. , ' r. MARSHALL, SIR JOHN.-Annual 'Reports 0/ tl~e Dir.ector General 01 ArclUEology .. Calcutta, 1912'>13, Pta. I and II; 1913·14, Pt. I ; 1914·15, Pta. I and II; 1915·16, Pta. I and Ik McCRlNDLE, J. W.-Ancient Tndia as described by Megasthenes ,and Arrian (From the Indian' Antiquary); Calcutta, Bombay, London, 1877. The Invalion 01 India by, Alexander the Great as described by Arrian, Q. CurtiUB, Diodorus, Plutarch and Justin.. Westminis~r, 1896. Ancient India .as described in cla8sical literature, being' a collection of (}ree~ and Latin texts relating to India~cted from H~odotUB, Strabo, DiodorUB SiculUB, Pliny, delian, Phiwstratus, etc .. Westminister, 1901. ' .PHILOSTRATUS.-Tke Lile 01 Apolloniua of Tyana, with an English translation by F. C. Conybeare; New York, 1912. RApSON,E. J.-Ancient India .. Cambridge, 1914. sMITH, VINCENT.-Catalogue 01 the Coins in the Indian MUseum, Cal.:utta .. 1906. Asoka; the Buddhist· Emperor 01 India, 2ud ed. ; Oxford, 1909. A history ,of. fine Art in India and Ceylon .. Oxford, 19110 Early History of India [= E. H. 1.] 3rd Ed.; Oxford, 1914. WnITEHEAD, R. B.-Catalogue 01 Coi'1I8 in 'ehe Panjab Museum, Lahore .. Oxford, 1914. , ~WATTERS, THoMA~.-On Yuan Chwang's travels in India. Vols. l' I and II ; London, .1904.05. WILSON, H. H.....:..Ariana Anti!l~ .. l-0ndon, 1841: (" o 100 ero 'f0 400 4IfO ~ 6fo 90IJ /O~ard" 'mPV"t H A z R
77U'ItUm K H .. .... 0 (0) . ~O ~.,.,. ,I A I .. R.o. No. 4762 E 17 GLOSSARY ACROPOLIs.~(G,.=high cit,.,. The citadel or highest part of a Greek city, usually situated on an eminence commanding the rest of the town. ANT.IE.-Pilasters terminating the side walls of a classic building. APsE.-The termination of a building, circular, multangular · or semi-circular in plan, with a domical or vaulted roof. · . The tJrm was first applied to a Roman basilica. . ABcIIITRlvE.-The beam or lowest division of the entablature, which,~ t;.mediatelY on the column. AS~-Square stonework in reg"war courses, in contra- • distinction to rubble work. . ATIANTEs.-Sculptured figures of men used in place of columns · 01' plfasters, supporting or seeming to support a mass above them. Female figures used for the sa'Dle purpose are known as Caryatides. BALUSTER.~A small pillar supporting li""handrail or coping. the whole being called a balustrade. .. BARBICAN.-An outwork intended to defend the entra.nce to a caStle or fortified town. BODmSATTVA._-See page 39. footnote 2. CA.NTlIA.Bus:.-A two-handled drinking cupr Greek pattern. . CAVETTO.-A small concave moulding. CoPING.-The capping of a ",all or balustrade. CoRBEL.-A block projecting from a wall to lilupport a superin. cumbent weight. CoBNICE.-In Greek architecture. the highest part of the enta blature ~ting on the frieztf; any moulded llroiection which 121 122 GLOSSARY crowns the part to which it is affixed. llaking cornice~ a cornice inclining from the horizontaf. CYMA.-A moulding of which the profile Cis a double curve, concave and convex. Oyma Recta, in whiclJ. the concavlt curve surmounts the convex; cyma ".eversa, in which thlt convex surmounts the concave. - DADo.-The lower part of a wall, when decorated separately. DENTIL.-Tooth-like ornamental blocks in Ionic and Corinthian cornices. _ DUl'ER.-A small pattern repeated continuously over a will surface., Diaper ma80MlI, a. Iistinctive kind·of masonry: ill~strated on Pla.te V. • . EN CABUCHoN.-In the form of a carbuncle, i.e., with a eonvex: upper surface. in contradistinction to that of a garnetr which is facetted. EFrABLA.'~t1B;m;-In classical archite~ure, that portion of .. -structure. which is ,supported by the, eolumns.tand oon· sists of the architrave, frieze and cornice., l ENT~SIS.-A ,slight swellin$ in the ~ha.ft of a col~ • • ' FILLET.-A small flat moulding having thil'"'apjiearance of .. narrow: band, generally used to separate curvilinear mould· ' ings. • FBIEZE.-That part of ~e entablature which iii be1J\-een th& architrave and cQrnice, usually enriched with figures or other ornaments. FBONTALITY.-A term &ppliedto archaic statues'lwhich ara so rigidly and formally fashioned, that an imagmary planlt drawn through the top of the head, nose, backbone, breast. bone and navel, divides the figure into two perfectly sym. met . alves. GLYl'TIc.-Per ~ng to: the art of engraving. INTAOLIo.-An en aved figure sunk into the face of a gem ~ .. the reverse of cameo, which is in reliet JITAXA~ TBE.-A Pali .work conttining 550 stories about the 'previous births of Gautama Buddha, who.. according to the Buddhist belief, had been born 'in all,c~ted forms, as man, god and animal, before he appeared on earth &8 the son of ~uddhodana;' - . GLOSSARY 123 KAii'JuB.-The 10Cl\1 na.me of a soft limestone. KHAXOSHTHL-A script derived from Aramaic; it was in vogue in the North-V\1lst of India between B.C. 300 and 400 A.D. MAul.BHARATj,_-The great Sanskrit Epic of India, the theme of which is the _arbetween the sons of Kuru and the sons of Pandu. It oon!ists of 18 books and is oommon19" attributed to the sage Vyisa. NANDIPADA.- ~ Footprint of Nandi: a device frequently found on anci~nt coins and supposed to represent the footprint • of a bull. • OGEE.-A moulding or arch41 of which the curve resembles the- cyma reversa (q.v.). . , PEDDbNT.-The triangular termination of the roof of a classiC' temple; in Gothic arChitecture called the" gable." PERIPTERAL.-An edifice surrounded by a. range of columns_ PEXISTYLE.-A range of columns surroundiI).g a court or temple. "PrLA.STEBJ-A square pillar projecting from a wall. . l'RADAKSHD.fA.-A ceremonial act performed by walking round a sWip~r sacred edifice from left to right. 'PRAKB.IT.-The vernacular dialect of ancient India. The vari ous forms of Prakrit are closely allied to literary Sa~krit. P~s'-J. Greek jewel box. REpoussi.-A style of ornamentation in metal, raised in relief by hammering from behind. • RIDGE-XOOF.-A raised or peaked roof. Rocooo.-1 debased variety of ornament, in which the decora tive devices lack good taste and meaning. SATi.-(Skr.). A widow who immolates herself o~e funeral pyre of her husband. SATRA,J.>.-(K8hatrapa) ~iceroy or Gov~rnor ¥province. The- title was originally a Persian one. I ' SCOTIA.-A concave moulding used principally in the base~ , of columns and walls •• SOFFIT.-The underside of any architectural member. STEATITB.-A stone commonly known as soap-stone. STl1PA.-See P. 35. footnote 1. , 124 GLOSSARY TOBA~A.-A gateway of 'Indian design •. ,Sill p. 29, footnote I~ TOBus.-::--A. convex moulding usedprincip'WlY in the bases of cotu~s. . TBIBATNl..-(Skr.) • Three jewels.' A tri~ent-lik3 device used '\.... to sym,bolise the trinity of Budd~s~. See p. 41, footnote 1. lJNIFACY:L.-A term used of arc~ail1 statuary in the round which is conceived by the sculptor in one. aspect only, . jn contradistinction to theplurifacial statuary of develpped art, which is conc~ived simultaneously in· all its aspect~ i.e., in.its three dimensions.·., .,., , : ,...... USH~i!illA.-See p. 44, footnote I.· ~ " VAruP~I.-(Skr.) 'Beare" of the thunderbolt.' An 1I.~~ant ~n the ;Buddha, whose identity is uncertain. ~' .J ~SHN.U :-~A~A.-One of the 1$ Pura~as, which deAt with :" creation, with the genealogies of gods and patriarchs and with ·the. dynasties of kings. The .dynasti:t>.. history giv\lll in .the V...,kt/-u pura,~ extends to the ri, of the Imperi~I.Guptas in th~. 4th century A.D. • 'VOLtJTE.~The scroll or s.pil~~ Ionic and c~ capitals.