_.. :n1 Dhananjayarao GadgiJ Library 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 GIPE-PUNE~255932 PLATE I. HEAD OF DIONYSUS, SIRKAP. I'hoto," 'II",mn'd & I'rilllt',\ ILt, t.\u. OIl\Cc~ of the S\1l'\'I'Y 111 flllli .... Clllcuttn. 1018, A GUIDE TO T AXILA BY SIR JOHN MARSHALL .. KT., C.I.E.,' M.A., Litl.D., F.S ...., Hon.A,R.I.B.A., ETC., Director General of A~~fiy'.Jn(Ija,}".l.' t-;:~ !:' '11'." .. p •.'"'C; O~ IN IA SOc:,t;""4..·~~ t· ~~ lr( '\ " .. ~ .. 4i.:' I. P.O.TANOON RD. ~.'l , -~ ALI ~LH~AO ~ . ~Y'\'V'\.- -t> . ~-.-~. CALCUTI'A SUPERINTENDENT COVERNMENT PRINTING, iNDIA 1918 Price R" 3 or 4 .. 6J. I \j ~: 7\' 'l G177 ~T' C E~ ~65q'2>-2- CHAVTD PAGE "- J.-TOPOOB.!.PHY • ". 1 I<ooation of Tama &nd oharacter of ooantry >in anoient times, I; BlUr ll1()und. 3; Sirkap. 4:; Babar Khina, or Kachohi Kot;. Ii I Sirsnkh. 8; Monuments outside the oities, 6. H.-HISTORY 8 Persian Empire, 8; Alexander the Great. 9 ; Seleucus Nicii.to~, 10 '; Maurya Empire, ll. Bactrian Greeks, 11; Scythians and Parthians, 12; Apollonius of Tyana. "14; Hermoous and the KusMns. 16 ; Destruction by the Huns, i 7 ; Hsiian !l'sang, 17; Modem explorations. 18; Chronology of important events connected with ,TaxiIa, 20 • • III.-ART • • • • 23 Achoomenian, 23 ; Mauryan, 24 ; Greek, Scythia and Parthian, 25 ; Gandharan. 30 ; liVluence of Greek Art in India, 32, ~¥! iv CONTENTS CHA!".tEB PolOB IV.-THE DlWWABl.JIX1 STU'PA • 36 The main structure. 37; sma.ll, circular stiipas around the ~a.in -structure, 39; Circle of sma.ll chapels. 41; ComIecu. ,tive types of masonry. 42; Minor anti· quities from chapels roqp.d Main Stiipa. 4.3 ; Sttipa. Jl, 44; Stiipa JI. 45; Stiipas NI·II, 46; Chapels N17 and Nl8, 46; Stiipa N', 47; Buildings pI and pi, 48 ; Tank, 48;, Stiipas KI and pe., 48; Stiipa Kl. 4,9; View of the ilite and the surrounding country, 49; Building 'JIl. 50 ; Two pitllM', ,51; Chapels Gl.8. 51; Inscription of the year 136, 52; Chapel RI. 54; Building L, 55; Apsidal, temple 18, 55; Chapels E and Fl. 57. V.-ST'UPA 011' KUNAu • • • 59 Identification of the ~t~pa. 59; Description. 61; Monastery. 64. VI.-SmXAP • , • • 65 City wall. 65;. Palace. 66 ; Plan of houses. '10; ,Shrine in 'Block A, 73; Shrine of the double·headed eagle in block F, 73 i Aramaio Inscription. 75; Minor 'antiquities of Sirkap. ~; Jewellery from House E. 77; from chamb~r C1I. -77; .from north sida of Central Courtyard, 80: Apsidal temple D, 81; Stiipa Court A. 83: City Gate, 84. CONTENTS v CHAPTER PAGE VII.-J~:pI1L • 86 1.'emple. 86; Stiipas and monastery in Mound. B, 92; Stiipa A, 93. VlIL~SmSUXH, L1LoRAX AND -B.1DALPUB .. • 94 Position of Sirsukh, 94; Sirsukh fortifica­ tions, 9!;. To£kiitii., 96; Litlchak, 98; Buddhist stiipa; and Monastery, 98; Stiipa. I, 100; Stiipa. II. 101; BadaJpur, 101. IX,-MoHJit.1 MORADU, JAULIAN, ETO. • 103 Position of Mobrit Moradu, .... 103 ; Stiipa I. 104; Stiipa. II, 106; Monastery, 106; Jauliitii, 110; Stiipa. Courts, 111 ; Monastery, 113; Bhallar Stilpa, 115; Bbir mound, 117. SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABBBEVIATIONIl • ., • 119 GLOSSARY. • 121 LIST OF PLATES· FACING PuTE PAGE . _ I.-Head of Dionysus, Sirkap • Fronti81riece 1I.-Coins- .. 24 III:-Coins \ 0 28 IV• .....:.Plan of the.Dharmarajika Stupa 0 36 V.-Gonsecutive types of masonry 0 • 42 v;r.-Dharmarajika Stupa: (a-d} Tel'Jlacotta and stucco heads • 0' 44 V1I.-Dharmarajika Stupa: Silver scroll inscription and transcript • 52- V1I1.-Dharmarajika Stupa: Gandhara reliefs: (a) Offering to Buddha 8.fter his enlightenment; (b) The first sermon • 56 IX.-View of the Dharmarajika Stupa from North 58 X.-View of the Kunala Stupa trom N.-W. • 60 XI.-Sirkap: Plan of Palace -68 XII.-Sirkap: View of shrine of the double-headed eagle • 74 XIII.-(a) Sirkap: Aramaio Insoription; (b) Jaulian: Stupa oasket 0 76 XIV• ....,..Sirkap : Plan of Houses E and F an~ Apsidal temple D '. • • 0 • foIl. Pl. xiii. Xl".-Sirkap: Figure of Ha.rpoorates 0 • 78 XVI.-Sirkap: Jewellery from House E and other objects • •• foll. PI! xv. vii viii LIS~ ~F PLATES FACING PLATE· FAGlil XVlL-(a) Sirkap: Jewellery • 80 (b) Ditto. XVill.-Jandial Temple .:Plan • 86 XIX.-ViewoS Jandial Temple • c • 88 xx.-Viewof Lalchak Monastery • ioo XXI.-General,view of Mohra Moradu Monaster;y • 104 XXIl.-Mohra Moradu: Relief on ~tupa I • 106(' ~L-Mohra Moradu Monastery: Stupa in Cell • 108 xnr.-Mohra Moradu Monastery: GandharaBculp. , ture • 110 XXV.-Excavations at Jaulian: Plan ~ 112 XXVl.-Jaullan: General vie,! of Stupa Courts folL PL xxv. XXVIl.-Jaulian: Relief in niche • 114 XXVllI.-View. of Bhallar Stupa • 116 XXIX.-Map of Taxila • 120 SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABBREVIATIONS • A. S. R. •• ArclireolQUical Survey 0/ India, Reports of the Director General (Sir John Ma.rshall) • • Parts I and II from 1902. O. I. I. • OorP1.UJ I1I8criptionum Indicarum. e. S. R. • Archmnlogical Survey 0/ India, Reports of Sir Alex. Cunningham• E. I •• • • Epigraphia Indica. I. A. • Indian Antiquary. J. A. •• • .Journal ABiatiqu/l, ,J. R. A. S.. Journal 0/ the Royal Asiatic Society. BEAL, SAMDEL.-See Hiuen Thsang. - CUNNINGHAM, Sm ALEx.-Ooins 0/ Alexander'8 SUCCes8or8 in the East, the Greeks and Indo-Scythians, Part I.-The Greeks 01 Baktriana, Ariana and India j London, 1869. Ooins 01 Ancient India from the earliest times to the 8eventh century A.D. ; London, 1891. 00i1l8 0/ Medimval India from the 8eventh century down to the Muhammadan conquests; London, 1894. Arch. Surv. Reports (C. S. R.), Vols. I, II, V; Simla, Calcutta, 1871, 1875• .FA HIEN.-A record of Buddhist kingdoms being an account 01 his travels in India and Veylon (A.D. 399-414). Trans. and annot. by James Legge; Oxford, 1886. FERGUSSON, SIR J.-History 0/ Indian and Eastern Architecture; 2nd ed., London, 1910•• FOUCHER, ALFRED.-L'A,., greco-bouddhique du Gandhira " Paris, 1905; Etude sur fIconographie bouddhique ~ "Inde; Paris, 1900, 1905. GARDNER, PERoY.-The Ooins• 0/ Greek and Scythic king8 01 Bactria and IMia in. the Briti8h Museum;. London, 1886. 119 120 ~HORT BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH AB~REVlATIONS r GRONW~DEL, PROF. A.-Buddhiatische Krnst in Indien .. 2nll ed., Berlin, 1900. English trans. by A•. C. Gibson and J. Burgess; London, 1901. HmEN THSANG (HSii'AN TSANG).-Si.y&"ki, Buddhist records of the Western World. Trans. by Samuel Beal, Vo19. I·II ; London, 1884.. J ataka or ~tpries 01 the Buddlw,' s former birtl18:- Engl. trans.• ed. by E. B. Cowell; Vols. I·VII; Cambridge, 1895.1901. , ' r. MARSHALL, SIR JOHN.-Annual 'Reports 0/ tl~e Dir.ector General 01 ArclUEology .. Calcutta, 1912'>13, Pta. I and II; 1913·14, Pt. I ; 1914·15, Pta. I and II; 1915·16, Pta. I and Ik McCRlNDLE, J. W.-Ancient Tndia as described by Megasthenes ,and Arrian (From the Indian' Antiquary); Calcutta, Bombay, London, 1877. The Invalion 01 India by, Alexander the Great as described by Arrian, Q. CurtiUB, Diodorus, Plutarch and Justin.. Westminis~r, 1896. Ancient India .as described in cla8sical literature, being' a collection of (}ree~ and Latin texts relating to India~cted from H~odotUB, Strabo, DiodorUB SiculUB, Pliny, delian, Phiwstratus, etc .. Westminister, 1901. ' .PHILOSTRATUS.-Tke Lile 01 Apolloniua of Tyana, with an English translation by F. C. Conybeare; New York, 1912. RApSON,E. J.-Ancient India .. Cambridge, 1914. sMITH, VINCENT.-Catalogue 01 the Coins in the Indian MUseum, Cal.:utta .. 1906. Asoka; the Buddhist· Emperor 01 India, 2ud ed. ; Oxford, 1909. A history ,of. fine Art in India and Ceylon .. Oxford, 19110 Early History of India [= E. H. 1.] 3rd Ed.; Oxford, 1914. WnITEHEAD, R. B.-Catalogue 01 Coi'1I8 in 'ehe Panjab Museum, Lahore .. Oxford, 1914. , ~WATTERS, THoMA~.-On Yuan Chwang's travels in India. Vols. l' I and II ; London, .1904.05. WILSON, H. H.....:..Ariana Anti!l~ .. l-0ndon, 1841: (" o 100 ero 'f0 400 4IfO ~ 6fo 90IJ /O~ard" 'mPV"t H A z R 77U'ItUm<lirtte lind mound8 remam3 Orr! K H .. .... 0 (0) . ~O ~.,.,. ,I A I .. R.o. No. 4762 E 17 GLOSSARY ACROPOLIs.~(G,.=high cit,.,. The citadel or highest part of a Greek city, usually situated on an eminence commanding the rest of the town. ANT.IE.-Pilasters terminating the side walls of a classic building. APsE.-The termination of a building, circular, multangular · or semi-circular in plan, with a domical or vaulted roof. · . The tJrm was first applied to a Roman basilica. ABcIIITRlvE.-The beam or lowest division of the entablature, which,~ t;.mediatelY on the column. AS~-Square stonework in reg"war courses, in contra- • distinction to rubble work. ATIANTEs.-Sculptured figures of men used in place of columns · 01' plfasters, supporting or seeming to support a mass above them. Female figures used for the sa'Dle purpose are known as Caryatides. BALUSTER.~A small pillar supporting li""handrail or coping. the whole being called a balustrade. .. BARBICAN.-An outwork intended to defend the entra.nce to a caStle or fortified town. BODmSATTVA._-See page 39. footnote 2. CA.NTlIA.Bus:.-A two-handled drinking cupr Greek pattern. CAVETTO.-A small concave moulding. CoPING.-The capping of a ",all or balustrade. CoRBEL.-A block projecting from a wall to lilupport a superin. cumbent weight. CoBNICE.-In Greek architecture. the highest part of the enta­ blature ~ting on the frieztf; any moulded llroiection which 121 122 GLOSSARY crowns the part to which it is affixed. llaking cornice~ a cornice inclining from the horizontaf. CYMA.-A moulding of which the profile Cis a double curve, concave and convex. Oyma Recta, in whiclJ. the concavlt curve surmounts the convex; cyma ".eversa, in which thlt convex surmounts the concave.