The Geography of Gandhāran Art
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The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas
The Emergence of the Mahajanapadas Sanjay Sharma Introduction In the post-Vedic period, the centre of activity shifted from the upper Ganga valley or madhyadesha to middle and lower Ganga valleys known in the contemporary Buddhist texts as majjhimadesha. Painted grey ware pottery gave way to a richer and shinier northern black polished ware which signified new trends in commercial activities and rising levels of prosperity. Imprtant features of the period between c. 600 and 321 BC include, inter-alia, rise of ‘heterodox belief systems’ resulting in an intellectual revolution, expansion of trade and commerce leading to the emergence of urban life mainly in the region of Ganga valley and evolution of vast territorial states called the mahajanapadas from the smaller ones of the later Vedic period which, as we have seen, were known as the janapadas. Increased surplus production resulted in the expansion of trading activities on one hand and an increase in the amount of taxes for the ruler on the other. The latter helped in the evolution of large territorial states and increased commercial activity facilitated the growth of cities and towns along with the evolution of money economy. The ruling and the priestly elites cornered most of the agricultural surplus produced by the vaishyas and the shudras (as labourers). The varna system became more consolidated and perpetual. It was in this background that the two great belief systems, Jainism and Buddhism, emerged. They posed serious challenge to the Brahmanical socio-religious philosophy. These belief systems had a primary aim to liberate the lower classes from the fetters of orthodox Brahmanism. -
S# BRANCH CODE BRANCH NAME CITY ADDRESS 1 24 Abbottabad
BRANCH S# BRANCH NAME CITY ADDRESS CODE 1 24 Abbottabad Abbottabad Mansera Road Abbottabad 2 312 Sarwar Mall Abbottabad Sarwar Mall, Mansehra Road Abbottabad 3 345 Jinnahabad Abbottabad PMA Link Road, Jinnahabad Abbottabad 4 131 Kamra Attock Cantonment Board Mini Plaza G. T. Road Kamra. 5 197 Attock City Branch Attock Ahmad Plaza Opposite Railway Park Pleader Lane Attock City 6 25 Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 1 - Noor Mahal Road Bahawalpur 7 261 Bahawalpur Cantt Bahawalpur Al-Mohafiz Shopping Complex, Pelican Road, Opposite CMH, Bahawalpur Cantt 8 251 Bhakkar Bhakkar Al-Qaim Plaza, Chisti Chowk, Jhang Road, Bhakkar 9 161 D.G Khan Dera Ghazi Khan Jampur Road Dera Ghazi Khan 10 69 D.I.Khan Dera Ismail Khan Kaif Gulbahar Building A. Q. Khan. Chowk Circular Road D. I. Khan 11 9 Faisalabad Main Faisalabad Mezan Executive Tower 4 Liaqat Road Faisalabad 12 50 Peoples Colony Faisalabad Peoples Colony Faisalabad 13 142 Satyana Road Faisalabad 585-I Block B People's Colony #1 Satayana Road Faisalabad 14 244 Susan Road Faisalabad Plot # 291, East Susan Road, Faisalabad 15 241 Ghari Habibullah Ghari Habibullah Kashmir Road, Ghari Habibullah, Tehsil Balakot, District Mansehra 16 12 G.T. Road Gujranwala Opposite General Bus Stand G.T. Road Gujranwala 17 172 Gujranwala Cantt Gujranwala Kent Plaza Quide-e-Azam Avenue Gujranwala Cantt. 18 123 Kharian Gujrat Raza Building Main G.T. Road Kharian 19 125 Haripur Haripur G. T. Road Shahrah-e-Hazara Haripur 20 344 Hassan abdal Hassan Abdal Near Lari Adda, Hassanabdal, District Attock 21 216 Hattar Hattar -
Integrated Water Resources Management Through Efficient Reservoir Operation in Swat River Basin, Pakistan
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT THROUGH EFFICIENT RESERVOIR OPERATION IN SWAT RIVER BASIN, PAKISTAN Saqib Jahangir 1 Supervisors: Toshio Koike 2 MEE17733 Mohamed Rasmy 3 Yoshito Kikumori 3 Maksym Gusyev 4 ABSTRACT Pakistan receives approximately 80% of water through glacier/snowmelt of Himalayan and Hindukush ranges. Country faces alternate high floods in summer due to monsoon precipitations combined with accelerated glacier/snowmelt while agriculture droughts in winters due to insufficient water storage. Rainfall and snowmelt runoff modelling was performed in Swat River Basin considering degree day method for efficient reservoir operation to mitigate floods/droughts, water scarcity and energy crisis in the country. The proposed strategy considered environmental flows, existing irrigation requirements, proposed irrigation and municipal water supply requirements and hydropower generation in the order of priority of releases from reservoir besides conserving the flood water to carry over it for drought periods. Implementation of Integrated Water Resource Management policies like water conservation, crop substitution, rainwater harvesting, high efficiency irrigation systems, recycling of effluents and desalination of sea water remain the final solution to overcome the challenges of water scarcity, floods and drought mitigation. Keywords: Snowmelt, DDF, Reservoir Operation, IWRM INTRODUCTION “Pakistan suffers from Floods in summer and Droughts in winter” Pakistan possesses water resources of all kind including the groundwater, precipitations and glaciers. Country receives water mostly in summer from May to September. The main source of inflow in whole Indus Basin is glacier/snowmelt which is approximately 80% of the total inflow received during the whole year (Young and Hewitt, 1990). Pakistani rivers receive an average water inflow of 170.195 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM) annually. -
MATCH UPDATES and TIME TABLE of Pakistan Super League 2021 S.NO
MATCH UPDATES AND TIME TABLE Of Pakistan Super League 2021 S.NO. Date Time (IST) Match Venue 1. February 20 7:30 PM Karachi Kings vs National Stadium, Quetta Gladiators Karachi 2. February 21 2:30 PM Islamabad United National Stadium, v Multan Sultans Karachi 3. February 21 7:30 PM Islamabad United National Stadium, v Multan Sultans Karachi 4. February 22 7:30 PM Lahore Qalandars National Stadium, vs Quetta Karachi Gladiators 5. February 23 7:30 PM Peshawar Zalmi National Stadium, vs Multan Sultans Karachi 6 February 24 7:30 PM Karachi Kings vs National Stadium, Islamabad United Karachi 7. February 26 2:30 PM Lahore Qalandars National Stadium, vs Multan Sultans Karachi 8. February 26 7:30 PM Peshawar Zalmi National Stadium, vs Quetta Karachi Gladiators 9. February 27 2:30 PM Karachi Kings vs National Stadium, Multan Sultans Karachi 10. February 27 7:30 PM Peshawar Zalmi National Stadium, vs Islamabad Karachi United 11. February 28 7:30 PM Karachi Kings vs National Stadium, Lahore Qalandars Karachi 12. March 1 7:30 PM Islamabad United National Stadium, vs Quetta Karachi Gladiators 13. March 3 2:30 PM Karachi Kings vs National Stadium, Peshawar Zalmi Karachi 14. March 3 7:30 PM Quetta Gladiators National Stadium, vs Multan Sultans Karachi 15. March 4 7:30 PM Lahore Qalandars National Stadium, vs Islamabad Karachi United 16 March 5 7:30 PM Multan Sultans vs National Stadium, Karachi Kings Karachi 17. March 6 2:30 PM Islamabad United National Stadium, v Quetta Karachi Gladiators 18. March 6 7:30 PM Peshawar Zalmi v National Stadium, Lahore Qalandars Karachi 19. -
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Daily Flood Report Date (29 09 2011)
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Daily Flood Report Date (29 09 2011) SWAT RIVER Boundary 14000 Out Flow (Cusecs) 12000 International 10000 8000 1 3 5 Provincial/FATA 6000 2 1 0 8 7 0 4000 7 2 4 0 0 2 0 3 6 2000 5 District/Agency 4 4 Chitral 0 Gilgit-Baltistan )" Gauge Location r ive Swat River l R itra Ch Kabul River Indus River KABUL RIVER 12000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kurram River 10000 Out Flow (Cusecs) Kohistan 8000 Swat 0 Dir Upper Nelam River 0 0 Afghanistan 6000 r 2 0 e 0 v 0 i 1 9 4000 4 6 0 R # 9 9 5 2 2 3 6 a Dam r 3 1 3 7 0 7 3 2000 o 0 0 4 3 7 3 1 1 1 k j n ") $1 0 a Headworks P r e iv Shangla Dir L")ower R t a ¥ Barrage w Battagram S " Man")sehra Lake ") r $1 Amandara e v Palai i R Malakand # r r i e a n Buner iv h J a R n ") i p n Munda n l a u Disputed Areas a r d i S K i K ") K INDUS RIVER $1 h Mardan ia ") ") 100000 li ") Warsak Adezai ") Tarbela Out Flow (Cusecs) ") 80000 ") C")harsada # ") # Map Doc Name: 0 Naguman ") ") Swabi Abbottabad 60000 0 0 Budni ") Haripur iMMAP_PAK_KP Daily Flood Report_v01_29092011 0 0 ") 2 #Ghazi 1 40000 3 Peshawar Kabal River 9 ") r 5 wa 0 0 7 4 7 Kh 6 7 1 6 a 20000 ar Nowshera ") Khanpur r Creation Date: 29-09-2011 6 4 5 4 5 B e Riv AJK ro Projection/Datum: GCS_WGS_1984/ D_WGS_1984 0 Ghazi 2 ") #Ha # Web Resources: http://www.immap.org Isamabad Nominal Scale at A4 paper size: 1:3,500,000 #") FATA r 0 25 50 100 Kilometers Tanda e iv Kohat Kohat Toi R s Hangu u d ") In K ai Map data source(s): tu Riv ") er Punjab Hydrology Irrigation Division Peshawar Gov: KP Kurram Garhi Karak Flood Cell , UNOCHA RIVER $1") Baran " Disclaimers: KURRAM RIVER G a m ") The designations employed and the presentation of b e ¥ Kalabagh 600 Bannu la material on this map do not imply the expression of any R K Out Flow (Cusecs) iv u e r opinion whatsoever on the part of the NDMA, PDMA or r ra m iMMAP concerning the legal status of any country, R ") iv ") e K territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning 400 r h ") ia the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Buddhist Pilgrimage
Published for free distribution Buddhist Pilgrimage ew Edition 2009 Chan Khoon San ii Sabbadanam dhammadanam jinati. The Gift of Dhamma excels all gifts. The printing of this book for free distribution is sponsored by the generous donations of Dhamma friends and supporters, whose names appear in the donation list at the end of this book. ISB: 983-40876-0-8 © Copyright 2001 Chan Khoon San First Printing, 2002 – 2000 copies Second Printing 2005 – 2000 copies New Edition 2009 − 7200 copies All commercial rights reserved. Any reproduction in whole or part, in any form, for sale, profit or material gain is strictly prohibited. However, permission to print this book, in its entirety , for free distribution as a gift of Dhamma , is allowed after prior notification to the author. ew Cover Design Inset photo shows the famous Reclining Buddha image at Kusinara. Its unique facial expression evokes the bliss of peace ( santisukha ) of the final liberation as the Buddha passes into Mahaparinibbana. Set in the background is the Great Stupa of Sanchi located near Bhopal, an important Buddhist shrine where relics of the Chief Disciples and the Arahants of the Third Buddhist Council were discovered. Printed in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia by: Majujaya Indah Sdn. Bhd., 68, Jalan 14E, Ampang New Village, 68000 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Tel: 03-42916001, 42916002, Fax: 03-42922053 iii DEDICATIO This book is dedicated to the spiritual advisors who accompanied the pilgrimage groups to India from 1991 to 2008. Their guidance and patience, in helping to create a better understanding and appreciation of the significance of the pilgrimage in Buddhism, have made those journeys of faith more meaningful and beneficial to all the pilgrims concerned. -
Symbolism of the Buddhist Stūpa
THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUDDHIST STUDIES CO-EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Gregory Schopen Roger Jackson Indiana University Fairfield University Bloomington, Indiana, USA Fairfield, Connecticut, USA EDITORS Peter N. Gregory Ernst Steinkellner University of Illinois University of Vienna Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA Wien, Austria Alexander W. Macdonald Jikido Takasaki Universite de Paris X University of Tokyo Nanterre, France Tokyo, Japan Bardxvell Smith Robert Thurman Carleton College Amherst College Northfteld, Minnesota, USA Amherst, Massachusetts, USA ASSISTANT EDITOR Bruce Cameron Hall College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia, USA Volume 9 1986 Number 2 CONTENTS I. ARTICLES 1. Signs, Memory and History: A Tantric Buddhist Theory of Scriptural Transmission, by Janet Gyatso 7 2. Symbolism of the Buddhist Stupa, by Gerard Fussman 37 3. The Identification of dGa' rab rdo rje, by A. W. Hanson-Barber 5 5 4. An Approach to Dogen's Dialectical Thinking and Method of Instantiation, by Shohei Ichimura 65 5. A Report on Religious Activity in Central Tibet, October, 1985, by Donald S. Lopez, Jr. and Cyrus Stearns 101 6. A Study of the Earliest Garbha Vidhi of the Shingon Sect, by Dale Allen Todaro 109 7. On the Sources for Sa skya Panclita's Notes on the "bSam yas Debate," by Leonard W.J. van der Kuijp 147 II. BOOK REVIEWS 1. The Bodymind Experience in Japanese Buddhism: A Phenomenological Study ofKukai and Dogen, by D. Shaner (William Waldron) 155 2. A Catalogue of the s Tog Palace Kanjur, by Tadeusz Skorupski (Bruce Cameron Hall) 156 3. Early Buddhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of the Founders' Authority, the Community, and the Discipline, by Chai-Shin Yu (Vijitha Rajapakse) 162 4. -
UNIT 22 DISINTEGRATION of the EMPIRE Structure
UNIT 22 DISINTEGRATION OF THE EMPIRE Structure 22.0 Objectives " , 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Successors of Asoka 22.3 Other Political Factors for Disintegration 22.4 Asoka and His Problems 22.5 Economic Problems 22.6 Growth of Local Polities 22.6.1 Major Kingdoms 22.6.2 Local Kingdoms 22.7 Let Us Sum Up 22.8 Key Words 22.9 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 22.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit you should be able to explain: 8 to what extent Asoka's successors are held responsible for the disintegration of the empire, 8 how various other political factors are viewed as contributing to the weakening of the empire, 8 how Asoka's policies in general are considered responsible for the decline of the empire, 8 the economic problems that the Mauryan empire believed to have faced, and 8 the emergence of local polities in both north and south India following the decline of the Mauryan rule. 22.1 INTRODUCTION -2 Mauryan rule was the first experiment in imperial government in India. Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara and Asoka were successful in establishing the imperial authority of the Mauryas over a large number of Janpadas or Kingdoms, and they yere able to introduce a new concept in the governance of a large territory. However, the imperial authority of the Mauryas began to weaken with aedeath of Asoka (232 B.C.) and finally collapsed in 180 B.C. What brought the disintegration of the Mauryan empire is a very complicated question and it cannot be explained by any single factor. -
Pre-Proto-Iranians of Afghanistan As Initiators of Sakta Tantrism: on the Scythian/Saka Affiliation of the Dasas, Nuristanis and Magadhans
Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXXVII, 2002 PRE-PROTO-IRANIANS OF AFGHANISTAN AS INITIATORS OF SAKTA TANTRISM: ON THE SCYTHIAN/SAKA AFFILIATION OF THE DASAS, NURISTANIS AND MAGADHANS BY Asko PARPOLA (Helsinki) 1. Introduction 1.1 Preliminary notice Professor C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky is a scholar striving at integrated understanding of wide-ranging historical processes, extending from Mesopotamia and Elam to Central Asia and the Indus Valley (cf. Lamberg- Karlovsky 1985; 1996) and even further, to the Altai. The present study has similar ambitions and deals with much the same area, although the approach is from the opposite direction, north to south. I am grateful to Dan Potts for the opportunity to present the paper in Karl's Festschrift. It extends and complements another recent essay of mine, ‘From the dialects of Old Indo-Aryan to Proto-Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian', to appear in a volume in the memory of Sir Harold Bailey (Parpola in press a). To com- pensate for that wider framework which otherwise would be missing here, the main conclusions are summarized (with some further elaboration) below in section 1.2. Some fundamental ideas elaborated here were presented for the first time in 1988 in a paper entitled ‘The coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the cultural and ethnic identity of the Dasas’ (Parpola 1988). Briefly stated, I suggested that the fortresses of the inimical Dasas raided by ¤gvedic Aryans in the Indo-Iranian borderlands have an archaeological counterpart in the Bronze Age ‘temple-fort’ of Dashly-3 in northern Afghanistan, and that those fortresses were the venue of the autumnal festival of the protoform of Durga, the feline-escorted Hindu goddess of war and victory, who appears to be of ancient Near Eastern origin. -
Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature
YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE KLAUS KARTTUNEN Studia Orientalia 116 YONAS AND YAVANAS IN INDIAN LITERATURE KLAUS KARTTUNEN Helsinki 2015 Yonas and Yavanas in Indian Literature Klaus Karttunen Studia Orientalia, vol. 116 Copyright © 2015 by the Finnish Oriental Society Editor Lotta Aunio Co-Editor Sari Nieminen Advisory Editorial Board Axel Fleisch (African Studies) Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Tapani Harviainen (Semitic Studies) Arvi Hurskainen (African Studies) Juha Janhunen (Altaic and East Asian Studies) Hannu Juusola (Middle Eastern and Semitic Studies) Klaus Karttunen (South Asian Studies) Kaj Öhrnberg (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Heikki Palva (Arabic Linguistics) Asko Parpola (South Asian Studies) Simo Parpola (Assyriology) Rein Raud (Japanese Studies) Saana Svärd (Assyriology) Jaana Toivari-Viitala (Egyptology) Typesetting Lotta Aunio ISSN 0039-3282 ISBN 978-951-9380-88-9 Juvenes Print – Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy Tampere 2015 CONTENTS PREFACE .......................................................................................................... XV PART I: REFERENCES IN TEXTS A. EPIC AND CLASSICAL SANSKRIT ..................................................................... 3 1. Epics ....................................................................................................................3 Mahābhārata .........................................................................................................3 Rāmāyaṇa ............................................................................................................25 -
De-Fragmenting Gandhāran Art: Advancing Analysis Through Digital Imaging and Visualization Ian Haynes, Iwan Peverett, Wannaporn Rienjang with Contributions by Luca M
De-fragmenting Gandhāran art: advancing analysis through digital imaging and visualization Ian Haynes, Iwan Peverett, Wannaporn Rienjang with contributions by Luca M. Olivieri The Global Connections of Gandhāran Art Proceedings of the Third International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 18th-19th March, 2019 Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-695-0 ISBN 978-1-78969-696-7 (e-Pdf) DOI: 10.32028/9781789696950 www.doi.org/10.32028/9781789696950 © Archaeopress and the individual authors 2020 Gandhāran ‘Atlas’ figure in schist; c. second century AD. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, inv. M.71.73.136 (Photo: LACMA Public Domain image.) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Acknowledgements ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii Illustrations ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii Contributors ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iv Preface ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ -
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art
Rienjang and Stewart (eds) Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Since the beginning of Gandhāran studies in the nineteenth century, chronology has been one of the most significant challenges to the understanding of Gandhāran art. Many other ancient societies, including those of Greece and Rome, have left a wealth of textual sources which have put their fundamental chronological frameworks beyond doubt. In the absence of such sources on a similar scale, even the historical eras cited on inscribed Gandhāran works of art have been hard to place. Few sculptures have such inscriptions and the majority lack any record of find-spot or even general provenance. Those known to have been found at particular sites were sometimes moved and reused in antiquity. Consequently, the provisional dates assigned to extant Gandhāran sculptures have sometimes differed by centuries, while the narrative of artistic development remains doubtful and inconsistent. Building upon the most recent, cross-disciplinary research, debate and excavation, this volume reinforces a new consensus about the chronology of Gandhāra, bringing the history of Gandhāran art into sharper focus than ever. By considering this tradition in its wider context, alongside contemporary Indian art and subsequent developments in Central Asia, the authors also open up fresh questions and problems which a new phase of research will need to address. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art is the first publication of the Gandhāra Connections project at the University of Oxford’s Classical Art Research Centre, which has been supported by the Bagri Foundation and the Neil Kreitman Foundation.