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THREE SITES in GANDHARA AS a CASE STUDY a Master's Thesis By COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY IN PAKISTAN: THREE SITES IN GANDHARA AS A CASE STUDY A Master’s Thesis by Rida Arif Siddiqui Department of Archaeology İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara May 2018 To my family COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY IN PAKISTAN: THREE SITES IN GANDHARA AS A CASE STUDY The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by Rida Arif SIDDIQUI In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARCHAEOLOGY THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA MAY 2018 iv v ABSTRACT COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY IN PAKISTAN: THREE SITES IN GANDHARA AS A CASE STUDY Siddiqui, Rida A. M. A., Department of Archaeology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Dominique Kassab Tezgör May 2018 This thesis examines the scope of conducting a community archaeology project at three archaeological sites from Gandhara, Pakistan; Mankiala, Mohra Muradu and Jandial. In analyzing this possibility, the context in which such a project would be conducted is presented through a look at Pakistan’s history of archaeological research, as well as a variety of factors that have contributed to the decrepit state of Pakistan’s cultural heritage, today. Community archaeology as a method of archaeological research is discussed in detail, along with its meaning as understood by various scholars, and its importance within archaeological research today. The proposed methodology is then presented; the Community Archaeology Project Quseir (CAPQ) methodology, devised for a project in Quseir, Egypt, has become a primary guiding principle for community archaeology projects worldwide. Its applicability in Pakistan is examined in this study through fieldwork conducted in the form of one-on-one interviews with people residing around the three selected sites, as well as external observations made during site visits. This anthropological fieldwork aimed to explore how interviewees perceived the sites they live around, through conversations about their knowledge regarding the respective sites, and their views on tourism, archaeological research, and possible educational interventions which can aid in enhancing their knowledge, experience and interpretation of archaeological sites. The results of this fieldwork display, amongst other findings, a heightened interest in the aforementioned educational interventions, a positive sign for future archaeological research in the country. Keywords: Archaeological Research, Community Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, Pakistan. iii ÖZET PAKİSTAN'DA TOPLUMSAL ARKEOLOJİ: GANDHARA'DAKİ ÜÇ YERLEŞİMİN DURUM ÇALIŞMASI Siddiqui, Rida A. Yüksek Lisans, Arkeoloji Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Dominique Kassab Tezgör Mayıs 2018 Bu tez, Pakistan'daki Mankiala, Mohra Muradu ve Jandial isimli üç ayrı arkeolojik sit alanında gerçekleştirilebilecek olası bir toplumsal arkeoloji projesinin kapsamını incelemektedir. Bu olasılık, projenin içinde bulunması gereken bağlam üzerinden, Pakistan’ın arkeolojik araştırma tarihine bir bakış içerisinden ve aynı zamanda Pakistan’ın kültürel mirasının şu anda içinde olduğu çöküşte etkisi olan nedenler üzerinden anlatılacaktır. Bir arkeolojik araştırma yöntemi olarak toplumsal arkeoloji, farklı araştırmacılar tarafından nasıl anlaşıldığına ve bugünkü arkeolojik araştırmadaki yerine bakılarak ayrıntıyla tartışılacaktır. Ardından, Mısır’da bulunan Quseir için tasarlanan ve dünya çapında toplumsal arkeoloji projeleri için temel başvuru niteliğinde olan Quseir Toplumsal Arkeoloji Projesi’nin yöntemi önerilen yöntem olarak sunulacaktır. Bu yöntemin Pakistan’da uygulanabilirliği, seçilen üç arkeolojik alanın çevresinde yaşayan insanlar ile birebir mülakatlar gerçekleştirilerek ve ziyaretler sırasında yapılan gözlemler üzerinden incelenecektir. Bu antropolojik saha çalışması ile kişilerin çevresinde yaşadıkları arkeolojik alanları nasıl algıladıklarını; bu alanlar hakkında ne kadar bilgili olduklarını; turizm ve arkeolojik araştırma üzerine görüşlerinin ve arkeolojik alanları anlamaya, deneyimlemeye ve yorumlamaya yönelik eğitimsel müdahalelere nasıl baktıklarını sohbetler üzerinden tespit etmek amaçlanmaktadır. Diğer bulguların yanı sıra, saha çalışmasının sonuçları göstermektedir ki yukarıda bahsedilen eğitimsel müdahaleler olumlu karşılanmaktadır ve bu ülkedeki arkeolojik araştırmaların geleceği için olumlu bir işarettir. Anahtar kelimeler: Arkeolojik Araştırma, Kültürel Miras, Pakistan, Toplumsal Arkeoloji. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has become a reality as a result of the support and encouragement of several people, for which I am very grateful. My thesis supervisor, Dr. Tezgör deserves special thanks for her patience and valuable advice throughout this intense process. I am also grateful to Dr. Bennett and Dr. Bouakaze-Khan for taking out the time from their busy schedules to become members of my examining committee, and for their valuable input. I would also like to thank Dr. Paul Burtenshaw and Dr. Işılay Gürsu for their guidance, especially during the initial stages of my research. I am also thankful to other members of the faculty in our department for their exceptional teaching, always steering us in the right direction and encouraging us to become critical thinkers. I consider myself very lucky to have been a student of Dr. Marie-Henriette Gates, whose dedication to her profession will forever remain an inspiration to me. I also appreciate all the friends I made here in the department - thank you for never treating me like a yabancı! From teaching me how to order sütlu kahve on my first day on campus, to translating Turkish for me countless times, I am so grateful to you for making my three years in a foreign country a little easier. Special thanks to Emre, Şakir and Zeynep for helping with the translation of my thesis abstract. My family deserves my utmost gratitude for making my wish to pursue archaeology possible. Ammi, Pappa, Hiba, it will take me years to find the right words to thank you for all that you have done for me. You have always encouraged and supported me to follow my dreams, and today, more than ever before, I recognize and appreciate your support. v Lastly, I want to thank my husband and my best friend, Muneeb, for being a part of this journey since day one, for always believing in me, and in his own special ways, encouraging and supporting me throughout the past three years. Thank you for being my biggest source of strength. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... III ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ V TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. VII LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 History of Pakistan ................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Administrative Divisions and Geography ............................................................... 6 1.4 Archaeology in the Developing World ................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN PAKISTAN ................................................ 9 2.1 Background ............................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ........................................................................................... 12 2.3 Punjab................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.1 Archaeological Sites ...................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Historical Sites ............................................................................................... 16 2.4 Sindh ..................................................................................................................... 17 2.5 Balochistan ........................................................................................................... 18 2.5.1 Archaeological Sites ...................................................................................... 18 2.5.2 Historical Sites ............................................................................................... 19 2.6 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan .................................................. 19 2.6.1 Archaeological Sites ...................................................................................... 20 2.6.2 Historical Sites ............................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3 MOTIVATIONS BEHIND THE NEGLIGENCE AND DESTRUCTION OF HERITAGE ................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 22 3.2 Typology as per Brosché et al. (2017) .................................................................
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