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War in cities April 2016 98 Number 901 Volume Editorial: War in cities: The spectre of total war Volume 98 Number 901 April 2016 Volume 98 Number 901 April 2016 Vincent Bernard, Editor-in-Chief Announcement: Andrew Thompson joins the Editorial Board of the International Review of the Red Cross Life in a war-torn city: Residents of Aleppo tell their stories Interview with Eyal Weizman Goldsmiths, University of London Future war in cities: Urbanization’s challenge to strategic studies in the 21st century Michael Evans The impact of explosive weapons on urban services: Direct and reverberating effects across space and time Mark Zeitoun and Michael Talhami Before and after urban warfare: Conflict prevention and transitions in cities Antônio Sampaio ICRC Q&A on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas Proportionality and precautions in attack: The reverberating effects of Humanitarian debate: Law, policy, action explosive weapons in populated areas Isabel Robinson and Ellen Nohle Precautions against the effects of attacks in urban areas Eric Talbot Jensen Protecting civilians in urban areas: A military perspective on the application of international humanitarian law Nathalie Durhin The ICRC’s approach to urban services during protracted armed conflict: Q&A with Evaristo de Pinho Oliveira War in cities War Addressing urban crises: Bridging the humanitarian–development divide Lucy Earle Minimizing civilian harm in populated areas: Lessons from examining ISAF and AMISOM policies Sahr Muhammedally Permitted for law-enforcement purposes but prohibited in the conduct of hostilities: The case of riot-control agents and expanding bullets Samuel Longuet Debate: It’s not about the gender binary, it’s about the gender hierarchy: A reply to “Letting Go of the Gendery Binary” Jeanne Ward Opinion note: Twenty years after Novye Atagi: A call to care for the carers Christoph Hensch Note: Strengthening compliance with IHL: The ICRC-Swiss initiative Jelena Pejic ® MIX Paper from responsible sources www.icrc.org/eng/review FSC® C007785 Cambridge Core For further information about this journal please go to the journal web site at: ISSN 1816-3831 cambridge.org/irc War in cities 18163831_98-1.indd 1 01/04/17 4:34 PM Editorial Team Editor-in-Chief: Vincent Bernard Managing Editor: Ellen Policinski The Review is a peer-reviewed journal Editorial Assistants: Audrey MacKay printed in English and is published and Jovana Kuzmanovic three times a year. Book review editor: Jamie A. Williamson Special thanks: Thomas de Saint Annual selections of articles are also Maurice, Jean-Philippe Dross published in Arabic, Chinese, French, Aim and scope Russian and Spanish. International Review of the Red Cross Established in 1869, the International Review of the Red 19, Avenue de la Paix, CH 1202 Geneva Cross is a peer-reviewed journal published by the ICRC and CH - 1202 Geneva Published in association with Cambridge University Press. Its aim is to promote reflection on t +41 22 734 60 01 Cambridge University Press. humanitarian law, policy and action in armed conflict and e-mail: [email protected] other situations of collective armed violence. A specialized journal in humanitarian law, it endeavours to promote knowledge, critical analysis and development of the law, and contribute to the prevention of violations of rules protecting Editorial Board Annette Becker fundamental rights and values. The Review offers a forum Université de Paris-Ouest Nanterre La for discussion on contemporary humanitarian action as well Défense, France Submission of manuscripts Subscriptions as analysis of the causes and characteristics of conflicts so Chaloka Beyani The International Review of the Red Cross invites The subscription price is available online at: as to give a clearer insight into the humanitarian problems Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights submissions of manuscripts on subjects relating https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ they generate. Finally, the Review informs its readership on of Internally Displaced Persons; London to international humanitarian law, policy and international-review-of-the-red-cross/ questions pertaining to the International Red Cross and Red School of Economics, Zambia action. Issues focus on particular topics, decided subscribe Crescent Movement and in particular on the activities and Françoise Bouchet-Saulnier by the Editorial Board, which can be consulted policies of the ICRC. Médecins sans Frontières, France Requests for subscriptions can be made to Hilary Charlesworth under the heading ‘Call for Papers’ on the the following address: Australian National University, Australia website of the Review. Submissions related to Sarah Cleveland these themes are particularly welcome. Cambridge University Press, University Printing Columbia Law School, US Articles may be submitted in Arabic, Chinese, English, House, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge International Committee of the Red Cross Adama Dieng CB2 8BS; or in the USA, Canada and UN Secretary-General’s Special Adviser for French, Russian or Spanish. Selected submissions are The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) the Prevention of Genocide, Senegal translated into English if necessary. Mexico, email [email protected]: is an impartial, neutral and independent organization Cambridge University Press, 1 Liberty Fyodor Lukyanov Submissions must not have been published, whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the Russia in Global Affairs Journal; Council Plaza, Floor 20, New York, NY 10006, USA, lives and dignity of victims of war and other situations of on Foreign and Defense Policy, Russia submitted or accepted elsewhere. Articles are email [email protected]. subjected to a peer-review process. The fi nal violence and to provide them with assistance. It directs Ximena Medellín Urquiaga and coordinates the international activities conducted Centro de Investigación y Docencia decision on publication is taken by the The International Review of the Red Cross by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Económicas (CIDE), Mexico Editor-in-Chief. The Review reserves the right to is indexed in the Thomson Reuters Journal Movement in armed conflict and other situations of Tasneem Meenai edit articles. Citation Reports/Social Sciences Edition Jamia Millia Islamia, India violence. It also endeavours to prevent suffering by pro- Manuscripts may be sent by e-mail to: and has an Impact Factor. The Review is moting and strengthening international humanitarian Sorcha O’Callaghan [email protected] available on LexisNexis. law and universal humanitarian principles. Established British Red Cross, UK in 1863, the ICRC is at the origin of the Movement. Emre Öktem Manuscript requirements This journal issue has been printed on Galatasaray University, Turkey Articles should be 7,000 to 10,000 words in FSC™-certified paper and cover board. Marco Sassòli, length. Shorter contributions can be published FSC is an independent, nongovernmental, Members of the Committee University of Geneva, Switzerland President: Peter Maurer as comments or opinion notes. Articles on not-for-profit organization established to Michael N. Schmitt Vice-President: Christine Beerli themes other than the main theme of an edition promote the responsible management of US Naval War College, US may be published under the heading ‘Selected the world’s forests. Please see www.fsc.org Yuval Shany articles on IHL and humanitarian action’. for information. Mauro Arrigoni Jürg Kesselring Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Hugo Bänziger Thierry Lombard For further information, please consult the Sun Shiyan Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd. François Bugnion Laura Sadis Chinese Academy of Social Sciences website of the Review: Jacques Chapuis Doris Schopper (CASS), China www.icrc.org/eng/resources/international- Bernard G. R. Daniel Rolf Soiron Fiona Terry review. Melchior de Muralt Béatrice Speiser Independent researcher on humanitarian Paola Ghillani Bruno Staffelbach action, Australia ©icrc 2017 Maya Hertig Randall Heidi Tagliavini Andrew Thompson Authorization to reprint or republish any text Alexis Keller University of Exeter, UK published in the Review must be obtained Cover Photo: A Kurdish marksman stands from the Editor-in-Chief. Requests should be on top of a building overlooking the addressed to [email protected]. destroyed Syrian town of Kobane, also known as Ain al-Arab, on 30 January 2015. Credit: BULENT KILIC/AFP. 18163831_98-1.indd 2 01/04/17 4:34 PM Volume 98 Number 901 April 2016 Humanitarian debate: Law, policy, action War in cities CONTENTS WAR IN CITIES 1 Editorial: War in cities: The spectre of total war Vincent Bernard, Editor-in-Chief 13 Announcement: Professor Andrew Thompson joins the Editorial Board of the International Review of the Red Cross Voices and perspectives 15 Life in a war-torn city: Residents of Aleppo tell their stories 21 Interview with Eyal Weizman Goldsmiths, University of London The problem 37 Future war in cities: Urbanization’s challenge to strategic studies in the 21st century Michael Evans 53 The impact of explosive weapons on urban services: Direct and reverberating effects across space and time Mark Zeitoun and Michael Talhami 71 Before and after urban warfare: Conflict prevention and transitions in cities Antônio Sampaio The law 97 ICRC Q&A on the issue of explosive weapons in populated areas Volume 98 Number 901 April 2016 Articles published by the Review reflect the views of the author alone and not necessarily those of the ICRC or of the Review. 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