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See Also Peasants Index A bad an Al-i Al,tmad Jalal, 106-7, 162, 170, 177, blockade, 172 241 cinema fire, 344 Allied invasion of Iran, 135 occupied by Iranian army, 174 Amfnf, Dr Ali, 192, 202, 343 'Abbasi, Captain, 195 involvement in 1958 coup plot, 199 'Abu Musa, 315 land distribution proposals, 300 Administration structure, 14, 110 negotiations with National Front, Afshar-Tus, Brigadier, 177 220-1 Agri-businesses, 303, 305, 310-11 premiership, 213-16 Agriculture reasons for British dislike of, 314 decline in labour force, 260-1 resignation, 186n, 224 decline in total share, 204 Amfr-Al,tmadf, General, 83, 109 discrimination in investment, 247 Amfr-Inti?:am, Dr 'Abbas, 360 effect of oil revenues, 303-4 Amfr Kabir, see Amfr Nizam output Amfr-Khusravf, General, '109 less than peasant consumption Amfr Ni?:am (Amfr Kabfr), Mfrza Taqf (1971-2), 307 Khan Farahanf, 28, 51 n, 69n per capita, compared with urban, Amfr-Tahmasibf, General, 83 307-8 Amnesty International, 341 rate of growth, 304-5 Amuli, Akhiind Mulla Muhammad, 70n rising in 1930s, 116 Amuzegar, Jamshfd, 242, 342, 345 traditional distribution, 299 Anglo-Iranian Treaty (1919 Agreement), poorly treated by policy makers, 309 77-9,96-7n post-World War I economic contri­ Russian protest against, 76 bution, 95 Anglo-Iranian oil agreement (1933), share in national output (19th cen- 118-19, 183-4 tury), 43-4 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company source of capital and cheap labour, 295 compensation for nationalisation, state as monopoly buyer, 133 172 unaffected by urban economic depres- Gass-Gulsha' Ian Agreement, 158 sion (1940s), 157 income and expenditure (1933-49), see also Peasants 183 Al,tmad Shah, 91 Anglo-Persian Oil Company Airforce, involvement in People's agreement with Standard Oil Com­ Revolution, 350-1 pany, 94 Akhunduf, Fatl,t'ali, 104 set up (1908), 67 'Ala, Husain, 91, 190, 227, 358 variations in oil revenues paid to Iran, assassination attempt on, 148 I 17 forms caretaker government, 171 An~arf, Hushang, 235, 242 succeeds Ziihedf as premier, 196 'Aqilfzadeh, 'Abbas, 239 'Alam, Asadullah, 163n, 197, 224, Arable crops, 305 . 242 Aranf, Dr Taqf, 125, 144 Alamutr, Nural-Drn, 215, 23ln 'Arif, Abulqasim, 7ln, 80, 82, 88 375 376 Index Arms purchases Ilakhtfyar. Brigadier (later General) from Britain, 321 Taimiir, 195, 220 from Soviet Union, 320 assassination, 338 from USA, 318-19 plot against Shah, 338 Army Bakhtlyarf, Ja'afarqulf, 109 active in republican camp ( 1924), 89 Balance of payments, 328-9 budget allocation and actual expen­ after World War I, 66 diture, 131 effects of deficits, 48 expenditure in 19th century, 43 in 19th century, 38, 39-40 indiscriminate attacks on communities Balance of trade (1978), 348 during 1954-62, 206 little resistance to Allied Invasion non-oil sector ( 1948-53), 184-5 (1941), 135 Bank Bazarganf, 207 modernisation under Reza Shah, 168 Bank Melli Iran, 112 ordered back to barracks (1979), Bank Pars, 207 351 Bank Saderat, 207 Arsanjanr, I;Iasan, 215 Banking system, 67, 207, 292 land distribution proposals, 300 discrimination through nepotism and Asad-abadr, Sayyed Jamal al-Drn, 53 privilege, 113 Ashkanid system of government, 23-4 establishment of national bank, 112 Ashtryanr, Mrrza Hashim, 86 share of GNP, 257 'Ata 'ai-Dawleh, 69 Banque des Prets de Perse, 67 'Atarud, Major, 195 Baqa'f Kirmanf, Dr Mu?:affar, 149, 158, Ayrum, General, I 09 l 70, 177' 192 Azad, 'Abdulqadrr, 149, 158 no longer a supporter of Mu~addiq, 176 Azerbijan Barahinr, Reza, 340- I declaration of autonomy, 145 Bayani, Dr, 147 demand for home rule, I SO Bazar, see Merchant community extreme discrimination against, 133 Bazargan, Mehdf, 216, 238, 342-3 prosperity and strategic vulnerability, appointed premier by Khomaini, 350 149 Behbahanf, Sayyed 'Abdullah, 62, 64 uprising led by Democrats ( 1920s), Behbahanf, Sayyed Muhammad (Ayat- 150-l ullah), 177, 179, 190, 227, 358 reoccupation by central forces, I 55 Bihishtf, Sayyed Muhammad, 362 Azharr, General, 347-8 Bond issue (Popular Debt), 174 Azmiideh, General 1:1 usain, 21 5 Boulard, Sir Reader, 136n Azmiin, Maniichehr, 235 Britain anxious to see stability in Iran ( 1919), Babr movement, 62, 90 77 mid-19th century uprising, 70n attitudes to People's Revolution, 349- Baghdad Pact, 198 50 Bahadur, Sardar, 84 consulates closed down (1952), 175 Baha'r movement delegation sent to discuss oil, 172-3 opposition to Mashrii{eh, ?On dependence of conservatives on, 146 orchestrated attack on, 209n disliked by Reza Shah, 134 Bahar, 86 excluded from Reza Shah's modern­ Bahiri, 235 isation plans, Ill Bahrain, 315 51% of Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Bahram!, Farajullah, 83, 194 67 character, 108-9 hostility to oil nationalisation, 168, Bakhtryar, Dr Shapiir, 214, 216, 218 171-2 career, 349 influence in 1950s, 320- I refuses to hand over to Bazargan, 350 involvement in 1921 coup d'etat, 19 Index 377 Iran breaks off diplomatic relations, see also Administration structure 176 Class structure Kashanf opposed to political influence great mobility in Iran, 15, 243 of, 148 imposition of rights and obligations, misunderstanding of Iranian culture, II 168 not evident in Iran, 15 prevention of southward spread of rigidity in feudalism, II Bolshevism, 76 socio-economic, following fall of Reza reasons for lack of sympathy for Shah, 165-6 Amini, 314 see also Social structure repayment of wartime credit, 144 Committees of National Revenge, 343 role played in Reza Shah's abdication, Communications 136-7n effects of improvements, 49 secret treaty with Russia ( 1907), 59, 78 high priority in state budget, 114 support for Persian Revolution, 59 media ·taken over by Pan-Islamic British agents, 146 faction, 362 Budgets share of Gross National Product, 257 allocations (1928-33), 113, 114 Communist Party of Iran (CPI) (1934-41), 129, 130-1 formation ( 1920), 77 deficits, 67 persecution by Reza Shah, 123 departmental estimates unreliable, 68 see also Tudeh Party Bukhara'I, Muhammad, 240 Communist tendencies, 104 Bureaucracy Conservative groups expenditure in 19th century, 43 support for Razmara, 165 in pseudo-modernist Iran, 107-8 see also 'ldalat Party; Iradeh-yi Melli unnecessary growth of jobs, 208 Party Burujirdi, Ayatullah, 161 n, 209n, 298, Consortium Oil Agreement ( 1954), 173, 358 202 Buzarjumehri, Karim Aqa, 120n Constitution, written aim of Persian Revolution, 56 Capital drafted, 59 accumulation, 54 preservation by liberal tendency, 85 in agriculture, 295 royal assent, 59, 69n very limited in 19th century, 46 Construction industry movement across boundaries, 48 growth, 256 Capitalism investment share, 277 financial accumulation, 18-19 Consumption, 262, 264-5 non-universality, 8 Co-operatives, rural, 307, 310 Carpet weaving, 95 Council of Experts, 365 Cash crop production increases (19th Coup d'etat (1921), 79-80 century), 40-1 Coup d'etat ( 1953), 357 Cement production, 280 followed by political persecution, 193- Chlidur (women's overdress), 126 5 reintroduction attempted by Pan­ groups involved, 188-90 Islamists, 363 immediate reasons for success, 190-2 use forbidden, 126 initial defeat, 178 women allowed to resume, 141 but fall-back plan successful, 179 Chalfont, Lord (Arthur Gwynne Jones), landlords' subsequent power, 297 242, 316 resultant regime, 192-5 Chelsutiini, Mirza Abdullah (Ayatullah), US involvement, 188, 318 179, 227, 358 Credit, domestic sources of, 67 China, relations with, 317-18, 323-4 Crop-sharing, 299 Civil service, as 'lackeys of the state', 16 Cultural traditions 378 Index Cultural traditions (Contd) result of pseudo· modernist despotism, rediscovery as antidote to pseudo­ 128-9 modernism, I 07 theoretical framework for oil, 242-50 submerged by pseudo-modernism, 'Western bluepr~nt' approach, 203-4 105-6 Education, 286-7 Currency falling standards, 289 changes after Bank Melli established, free of charge, 288-9 112 growth in number of secondary debasement, 34 schools, 95 devaluation high priority in state budget, 114-15 during allied occupation, 142 increase in student numbers, 287 during 19th century, 35-7 legislation promoting higher edu- in 19th century, 34 cation, Ill remaining based on silver, 67 rising expenditure, 287-8 overvaluation, 327, 329 social structure of student body, 289 socially unjust policies, 132 D' Arcy concession, 67, 173, 183 spurious degrees, 290 abrogation, 113, 117, 118 student grants, 290 Darga hi, Brigadier, 123 views on Iran of European-educated Darfyush dam, 278 students, 124 Dashtr, Ali, 83, 109, 144 Engel, Ernst, 8-9 Davar, Ali Akbar, 83, 108, 110 Enzeli, entered by Soviet troops ( 1920), Dawlat-Abadf, 91 76 Dehkhuda, All Akbar, 104 Ephrim Khan, 68, 84 Derakhshish, Muhammad, 192,202,214, European framework 215 differences from Asiatic societies, 8 Despotism imposed on Iranian history, 7 compared with dictatorship, 236 imposed on Third World assessments, aims of overthrow by Persian Revol- 102 ution, 60 Exchange rates, 51 n applicability of term to Iran, 20-1 fluctuations in 19th century, 35 characteristics of Iranian type, 57 Exports contribution of modernism to over- composition and value ( 1963-78), 325 throw, 103 see also Trade effect on private property, 297 variations between European and Fada'fiin-i Islam (Selfless Devotees for Eastern, 13 Islam), 147, 162n, 358, 362 Development plans, see Plans Fada'fiin-i Khalq (Selfless Devotees of Dress, modernisation of, 125-6 the People), 217, 241, 333, 338, 362 Economic development, 18-20 Fakhrara'f, Na~ir, 155 non-existent in late 19th century, 45 Falsaff, weekly radio programme by, 193 Economy Farfvar, Ghulam-alf, 147, 215 changes from 1964, 256-69 Farm corporations,
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