Gewaltakteure in Iran Rackets, Racketeers Und Der Kampf Um Das Gewaltmonopol in Teheran 1941 – 1963

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Gewaltakteure in Iran Rackets, Racketeers Und Der Kampf Um Das Gewaltmonopol in Teheran 1941 – 1963 Gewaltakteure in Iran Rackets, Racketeers und der Kampf um das Gewaltmonopol in Teheran 1941 – 1963 Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau vorgelegt von Olmo Gölz aus Hannover SoSe 2016 Titel der Dissertationsschrift: „Racketeers in Pahlavī-Iran. Gewaltakteure, Gewaltmonopole und die gegenderte Bedeutung des Schutzes“ Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Tim Epkenhans Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Bröckling Drittgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Johanna Pink Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Hans-Helmuth Gander Datum der Disputation: 28.04.2017 Inhalt 1 Einleitung .................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 Periodisierung – Die lange Konsolidierung der Herrschaft des Moḥammad Reżā Šāh 12 2.1 Die politische Kultur Irans 1941 – 1963 ............................................................................ 13 2.1.1 Politiserung und Polarisierung: Die kommunistische Ḥezb-e Tūdeh und die nationalistische Ǧebhe-ye Mellī 1941 – 1949 ........................................................................... 14 2.1.2 Die öffentliche Meinung und politische Gewalt: Moṣaddeqs Kampf um die Verstaatlichung des Erdöls 1949 - 1952 .................................................................................... 29 2.1.3 Die Macht der Straße und die militärischen Antworten des Staates: Der Coup d’étàt von 1953 .................................................................................................................................... 39 2.1.4 Die Macht des Staates und die Antwort der Straße: Der Shah und die Monopolisierung der Gewalt 1954 – 1963 ............................................................................... 54 2.2 Epochenumbruch: Neue Politikstile nach 1963 .............................................................. 74 3 Das Racket-Prinzip – Der power-broker Neʽmatollāh Naṣīrī ............................................. 79 3.1 Die Racket-Theorie ..................................................................................................................... 83 3.1.1 Begriff des Racket-State ................................................................................................... 87 3.1.2 Der Racket-Begriff der Kritischen Theorie ............................................................... 98 3.1.3 Das Racket-Muster als Grundform der Herrschaft ..............................................111 3.2 Neʽmatollāh Naṣīrī – Verhärtungsprozesse ....................................................................124 3.2.1 Der Coup der Gard-e Šāhanšāhī ..................................................................................126 3.2.2 Der Aufstieg zum power-broker ..................................................................................148 3.2.3 Der SAVAK – where real power begins ....................................................................157 3.3 Implikationen .............................................................................................................................160 4 Legitimationen – Die Gewaltakteure der Straße ..................................................................164 4.1 Zwei Teheraner lūṭīs: Šaʿbān Ǧaʿfarī und Ṭayyeb Ḥāǧǧ Reżāʾī ................................172 4.1.1 Der Aufstieg des Šaʿbān Ǧaʿfarī ...................................................................................177 4.1.2 Der tiefe Fall des Ṭayyeb Ḥāǧǧ Reżāʾī .......................................................................198 4.1.3 Maskulinitätsdiskurse und Ideologien der Dominanz .......................................215 4.2 Paradigmen der Iranstudien – Historiographische Implikationen .......................227 4.2.1 Modifikation der Thesen zur bazar-mosque-alliance .........................................227 4.2.2 Die Debatten um den Coup des 28. Mordād ...........................................................242 5 Schluss ...................................................................................................................................................254 6 Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................256 1 Einleitung Der Historiker Moǧtaba Zādeh-Moḥammadī1 stellt in seiner Untersuchung der politischen Funktion des iranischen „Lumpenproletariats”2 zur Zeit der Herrschaft Moḥammad Reżā Šāh Pahlavīs (1919 – 1980, reg. 1941 – 1979) fest: „Nach [der Invasion Irans durch sowjetische und britische Truppen, 1941], waren alle Individuen, sowie jede politische Partei oder Gruppierung darauf angewiesen, sich die Dienste gewalttätiger Vagabunden und Gangster zu sichern, um ihre jeweiligen politischen Ziele durchzusetzen.“3 Danach betraf dies alle Fraktionen und Akteure, gleich welcher politischen Ausrichtung sie zuzuordnen waren oder aus welchen sozialen Schichten sie ihre Unterstützer rekrutierten. Tatsächlich sei sogar der Shah persönlich gezwungen gewesen, sein Schicksal an Akteure zu knüpfen, die seine politischen Ziele in Form gewaltsamer Aktionen durchzusetzen vermochten, ohne dass diese Gewaltakteure eine offizielle Position innerhalb des Staatsapparates innegehabt hätten.4 Diese Beobachtungen Zādeh-Moḥammadīs stellen den intellektuellen Ausgangspunkt für die vorliegende Untersuchung dar. Tatsächlich lässt sich feststellen – und dies wird die Evaluation der Ereignisgeschichte und die Ermittlung der politischen Kultur Irans zu jener Zeit bestätigen –, dass gerade die entscheidenden politischen Auseinandersetzungen der 40er und 50er Jahre in Iran durch Artikulationsformen begleitet wurden, bei denen Gewaltoptionen eine maßgebliche Rolle spielten. Es wird dabei davon ausgegangen, dass diese Phase des rigorosen politischen Wettbewerbs in Iran über gute 20 Jahre andauerte und zunächst in den emblematischen Ereignissen des Coup d’étàts von 1953 sowie später in den religiös motivierten Unruhen von 1963 kulminierten – wobei die letztgenannten „ʿāšūrāʾ-Proteste“ zugleich ein temporäres Ende dieser 1 Die Umschrift folgt den Regeln zur Umschrift des Neupersischen der DMG. Den persischen Kurzvokalen e und o wird Rechnung getragen. Die Namen iranischer Autoren werden gemäß ihrer maßgeblichen Publikationstätigkeit wiedergegeben. In direkten Zitaten wird die dort verwendete Umschrift beibehalten. 2 Gemeint ist hier das später näher zu erläuternde Phänomen der lūṭīs. 3 Moğtaba Zādeh-Moḥammadī, Lompen-hā dar siyāsat-e ʽaṣr-e pahlavī, 3. Aufl. (Tehrān: Našr-e markaz, 1392 h.š. [=2013]), 100. 4 Ebd., 112. 1 Form der gewaltsamen, auf der Straße ausgetragenen Form der Politik repräsentieren. Die politische Option der Gewaltanwendung äußerte sich in seiner regelmäßig wiederkehrenden Variante im Untersuchungszeitraum in erster Linie in Straßenkämpfen zwischen den großen politischen Lagern. Die Unterscheidung dieser Lager war dabei häufig problematisch und manifestierte sich zunächst nicht in persistenten Fraktionierungen, so dass gerade die gewaltsamen Auseinandersetzungen auf der Straße die Dynamiken der Austauschbeziehungen zwischen den maßgeblichen Akteuren und Gruppierungen und damit die Unklarheit der Machtverteilungen im historischen Moment widerspiegelten. Die einzige ideologisch hermetische und personell homogene Konfiguration in der besprochenen Zeitspanne wird durch die kommunistische Tūdeh-Partei besetzt, wohingegen die zahlreichen weiteren Interessen sich weniger in Massenparteien, sondern eher in personenbezogenen Koalitionierungen manifestierten. Es ist zudem festzustellen, dass die Optionen der politischen Gewalt nicht lediglich von oppositionellen Bündnissen favorisiert wurden, sondern auch die jeweiligen Akteure, welch die Regierungspartei stellten, auf Gewaltakteure der Straße zurückgriffen und zurückgreifen mussten, um ihre Interessen zu verteidigen. Exemplarisch lässt sich dies an jenen Prozessen belegen, die in die hektische Periode der Regierung unter Premierminister Moḥammad Moṣaddeq (1880-1967)5 zwischen 1951 und 1953 fielen. So zeichnete sich die von ihm angeführte Koalition zunächst insbesondere durch ihre Fähigkeit aus, die öffentliche Meinung in ihrem Sinne nutzbar machen zu können, sodass Moṣaddeq auch aufgrund des Drucks der Straße die Regierungsverantwortung durch den Shah übertragen bekommen hatte. In der Folgezeit wurde die Ressource des öffentlichen Protestes (und der damit verbundenden Gewaltoptionen) wiederholt mobilisiert und stellte einen entscheidenden Faktor dafür dar, dass sich die Koalition Moṣaddeqs gegenüber jenen Kräften durchsetzen konnte, denen eigentlich die Kontrolle über den Sicherheitsapparat zustand. Gleichzeitig ist der Versuch Moṣaddeqs zu verzeichnen, den Zugriff auf diesen Sicherheitsapparat zu erlangen um seine Regierung dauerhaft 5 Beachte: Es herrscht Uneinigkeit über das Geburtsjahr. Es werden die Jahre 1880 und 1882 angegeben. Vgl. zur Biographie Moṣaddeqs: Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran (London, New York: I.B. Tauris; St. Martin's Press [distributor], 1990). 2 zu sichern. Im selben Maße, wie ihm dies gelang, wurde jedoch auf der Gegenseite auf informelle Akteure gesetzt, sodass der emblematische Coup d’étàt vom 19. August 1953 erst dann Erfolg hatte, als sich signifikante Menschenmassen gegen die Regierung Moṣaddeqs erhoben. Nach hier vertretener Auffassung,
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