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RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019

فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

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RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019

فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

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RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 8

56 61 68 12 15 18 22 29 43 47 50 12

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pub Mes . Her . Her Ancient

She is a is recipi She University, Kings and and Kings University, also received very good received also

Iran’s Diverse Peoples Iran’s

Quarterly in spring 2007. Her other book book other 2007. Her spring in Quarterly readers young for Iran USA and in Journals Library School reviews from Steve’s Rick for PBS on featured was and Australia the won also book The Program. Fundraiser Iran 2009 in Award Book Children’s Moonbeam used is extensively www.cultureofiran.com website, public. the and educators the by the Queen of ent Elizabeth Jubilee II Diamond multiculturalism to contribution her Medal for in Canada. www.cultureofiran.com www.anahitaproductions.com a celebration is and Day’ ‘New means Nowruz been has celebrated It Equinox. the spring of Year New and a Spring as years 3000 almost for the fifth from documented is century It Festival. prince, crown his and Darius BCE. Persepolis, at and dignitaries receiving shown are Xerxes the New during nations other from ambassadors celebrations. Year in rooted deeply is today have we Nowruz The Iranian the ancient of traditions and the rituals Massoume Price is a Social Anthropologist and Hu and Anthropologist is Price a Social Massoume London from Ecologist man ancient in specializes She Colleges. University Canada. in lives currently She Studies. opotamian as the such organizations of a number with Works (CIRA) Analysis” and Research Iranian for “Center Anthropolo the and Toronto of University the at interviewed been Has Vancouver. in gy Museum on a guest been has CTV, and and CBC radio by Shaw 4 on Studio show, talk popular Kiefer’s Fanny book first Her cable. as “a reviewed 2005 was ABCin CLIO by lished East Middle from Clawson Patrick by read” must 8 Page

Life is a

By: Massoume Price By: Massoume Origins & Rituals Origins & Rituals of

Iranian New Year Nowruz, Nowruz, Year New Iranian Nowruz Celebration

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

saw the light and wanted it, and attacked it,the attacked lightand wanted and saw the goodcrashed He in through world. and down the plunged waters into the sky, the of the through centre up burst then the hostile invading, spirits earth. With needed was help fight to back. The three sacrificed. were life From of prototypes camethe plant the seeds all The of plants. bull produced all the animals, and from camethe human the first male and female & mashiyaneh). (mashi thesacrifices triple the cycle With life of was started, was thethis and beginning The moved,was sun and there time. of night the and seasons. was day This day, called the first Nowruz, symbolizing the beginning the thecycle and start of life, of of sky, fire and animals. The other three animals. and fire other The sky, of Amordad— and Esphand Khordad, were; earth alland plants. water, of protectors Ahura Mazda himself became the all theand of holy humans protector theimmortals The six names of fire. are Iranian in the current the months of six calendar in the New celebrated are and known spread, ceremonial Haft as Year newly This didSin. world not created cycle, no days, a life sohave were there seasons.nights or Once the material hadworld been Spirit the Hostile created,

9 Page , it is is , it Bundahishn (Foundation of Creation) of (Foundation Bundahishn Ordibehesht and Bahman—protectors Bahman—protectors and Ordibehesht created. They calledcreated. are Spenta Amesha each creation. for one is there and deities: Shahrivar, firstThe three were Spirit, the Lord of Wisdom also created the Lord Wisdom Spirit, of holy immortals. or guardians Thesesix personifications forces the are natural of both male (Kiomarth) female and were was fire/sun. The seventh creation created. the Hostile from creations his protect To on the ocean theon three Then the was third. the first plant, forms, all of life prototypes the first animal (bull) theand first human, The The second was the first ocean the at earth The flat sitting dish big a bottom. separate. Next, the material world was world the material Next, separate. a was the sky, The first creation created. earth. encompassing stone of chunk big that were created did not have a material material a did have not created were that in essence. The existed only and form side-by-side existed worlds were two but The LordThe Darkness, of Mainyu Angra all evil was created (Ahriman) that and became worlds The two Spirit. the Hostile The Lord of Wisdom (Ahura Mazda) The Lord Wisdom of all good was created that became and God. said that: that: said religion, Zoroastrianism, particularly the Zoroastrianism, from religion, period,Sasanian their ancient 7th century CE. In text,

a , the ( 20th 20th Haft seven Sweets Sweets Tahvil With white white With Haji Firuz Haji

, meaning , meaning angel protector of the Haft Sin Haft ), and the day is around around is theday ), and was the garments are worn to emphasize emphasize to worn are garments

Piruz is celebrated for 13 days after the start after days 13 for celebrated is . The first few minutes are spent around around spent are first. The few minutes The first few days are spent visiting friends visiting spent are first The few days , and ignited the fires at the Suri festival, still festival, the Suri the at fires ignited , and New Year . This is a new terminology, popularized by the popularized by a new is . This terminology, Uncle Nowruz (Amou Norooz). Nowruz (Amou Uncle

space. and family. the is ritual Year thepart New of A major Sin no has century and twentieth media in the early pretending that the seasonwarm that had arrived, pretending signifying and the was ending the fact winter that was coming. spring The New the spring. of newness and freshness. home and stay Families the exact time at Year, the New the start of for wait the New start The time for equinox. the spring of every called is and year changes Year time of transformation of March several with items spread prepared elaborately an as objectsknown and ‘s’. or sin letter withobjects the starting Persian the religious by read books the holy are from Verses the before just poetry, while recite people, others Year. the New start of will respect starts pay the young Year Once the New them a merry wishing Year. by the elders New to exchanged. gifts and are embrace Relatives A small lives. their sweeten symbolically to offered are into is sprinkled water rose around, is passed mirror is wild rue (esfand) incense popular the and air, the the purify ritually and evil eye away the keep to burnt dead the time. performed at as known is and Piruz stillpresent is black-faced dressed troubadour red who in bright Nowruz. The black before a few days up shows connection his with of theface reminiscent is the dead. of world Nowruz before figure appearing popular Another is Nowruz during and winter represents He hair. was mockingly times in ancient celebrations himself fanning man, chased a younger by off mentions that that mentions

10 Page . , ,

. The . The Abu- Nowruz, Suri Festival Suri Over time the

Asar al-BageyehAsar feasts of obligation of feasts . This was called. This still carry out the spring cleaning still carry cleaning the spring out in his book, in his ). These eventually represented the represented ). Theseeventually A major spring-cleaning was carried carried was spring-cleaning A major Chahar Shanbeh Suri (Wednesday Chahar (Wednesday Suri Shanbeh east celebrating Faravashi (human’s (human’s Faravashi east celebrating celebrations started ten days prior to to prior days started ten celebrations Bonfires were set on rooftops at night to to night at rooftops on set were Bonfires .

Bonfires are made, and people jump over over jump people and made, are Bonfires

of the battle between the battle theof good evil. and Rayhan Biruni the fire they will eliminate all their illnesses and and illnesses their all will eliminate they fire the misfortunes scholar, the Iranian ago, Overyears 1,000 Suri). is a This year. the of Tuesday last the on fire the over leaping by believe Iranians and rite purification ready to receive them receive to ready Iranians Modern celebrate and out to welcome the spirits with feasts, wine, dance dance wine, feasts, with spirits the welcome to out music. and were they that and spirits the to indicate and protect the last few nights of the old year. old the of nights few last the Pre-Islamic Year. theNew such as the f as such guardian angels during living the visit to returning dead the of soul celebrating the Lord of Wisdom and the and holyfire the LordWisdom of celebrating equinox. the thespring time of at aspects the other religion of incorporated festival immortals and Ahura Mazda. Amongst the most the most Amongst Mazda. Ahura immortals and the seven were important, last the these and of most elaborate was Zoroastrians introduced many feasts, festivals and and festivals feasts, many introduced Zoroastrians the holy theseven to creations, homage pay to rituals

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 egg, a universal symbol since alcohol is banned in banned is alcohol since a thick brownish paste is a is paste brownish a thick and baked pastries are meant meant baked pastriesand are coins (sekeh) symbolizecoins wealth ; In ancient times, it was one of of was one it times, ancient In Apples (seeb) fruits other and and Apples

Samano, also representing people. The eggs are eggs The are people. also representing , seven herbs grown for the occasion in for , seven grown herbs For Our Ancestors, Nowruz was a Nowruz Our Ancestors, For all glory. with life its of celebration of a feast is it Iranians, Modern For cherish A time to renewal & freshness. ties. family and friendships renew and pecialsweets . S inegar (serkeh) induce fertility sweeten life in the coming year. year. in the coming sweeten life

to and prosperity. the sumac spice (somagh),symbolize fruits the of earth to by v the is Still present Islam. fertilityof in red, coloured are traditionally and hard-boiled Zoroastrians. by favoured colours yellow, or green garlic (seer) medicinal its due to Fresh properties heath. represents Haft Chin squares. city was assumed and meal wheat with made nutritious 11 Page

Sizdeh be It is decorated decorated is It , during the outdoor celebrations. celebrations. the outdoor , during In the past, each one of the seven the of one each past, the In Today, they are modified but most modified theymost are but Today, was always present, but it has been has replaced it but present, was always it candlesit a symbol as light fire. and of the 13th day

Wine Wine swims in the mythical Vourukaæa Sea and wards off off wards and Sea Vourukaæa mythical the in swims spread the on placed are Mirrors creatures. harmful with l the deity by throwing seeds and plants into running running into plants and seeds throwing by deity the a fish bowl in placed fish are gold Live waters. which Mahi, fish Kara mythical the representing dar, a after named was day this times ancient the In to tribute made people and waters, protecting deity sabzeh representing newgrowth. sabzeh representing day the last until kept is and colourfulwith ribbons on in running waters away beto thrown items on the spread and some do not start with do not some and the spread on items in a flat barleygrown is or Wheatgrass letter. this called is and Year the New before a few days dish the immortals. present seven The their symbolism. items kept have more many are there but ‘sin’, all start the with letter historical roots. roots. historical and sevencreations, the of one to corresponded items Shahrivar 1321).Shahrivar . You could see the love the . You could see was born in Tehran, Iran in Tehran, was born *****

WARD WARD A aravarian B ima . . S r

Sima’s studies include a University Degree, PhD, Degree, include a University Sima’s studies and Masters, Post-Doctorate. She attended Iran’s High Dadgar and Anoushirvan Guiv Elementary exam Sima passed the entrance School. Thereafter, University and completed five yearsto Tehran of her voice, could hear the pride she has for her pride she the hear could voice, of her grandmother. Dr. Sima Baravarian on September 14th, 1942 (24 and Ebrahim Akhtar MoradPour parents, Her of The AmericanCohanSedgh, both graduates ahead time, forwardSchool; clearly of their were Akhtar went on to visionaries. and great thinkers School. Sima at the American become a teacher later younger All of her daughters. of four born the first is successes. with great graduates university are sisters Sima’s oldest Rosa Pirnazar, sister, received her University. Tehran from in Literature Master’s sibling, Janet, studied Physical Education second Her and was a champion She runner. recordsbroke Iran’s for the 80 & 100 Janet meter, sprints. represented In 1972, Olympics. in the 1964 Japan Summer Iran at the young age of 27, Janet passed away in a Sima’s youngest sibling, accident. Flora, car tragic received her BA in English from TehranLiterature Washington. in Seattle, resides currently University, D two, but in interviewer’s the flowing between you eyes, could admiration see and in the tone

EGACY EGACY 12 Page

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Recipient of 2019 , AWC

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s a non-profit and solely volunteer-based i

acy Award Trail Blazer acy Award Dr. Sima (Cohansedgh) Baravarian Sima (Cohansedgh) Dr. PAWC 2019 Honorary Leg 2019 Honorary PAWC (granddaughter) interviewing her grandmother, her (granddaughter) interviewing West Hollywood Hotel (WeHo’s), the audience (WeHo’s), Hotel Hollywood West video of two recorded a previously watched family, Tara Shooshani in Baravarian generation will establish a virtuous cycle that will mend the community at large, not just its women. in London held conference at the On Jan 29th UNCONDITIONAL SUPPORT SUPPORT UNCONDITIONAL for WOMEN. They believe working toward this betterment, PAWC mission:organization that drives with one simple PROVIDEto INSPIRE, to EMPOWER and to

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

Director For the where herwhere

Chief MedicalChief Cedar Sinai HospitalCedar full-time researcher at full-time researcher the . Thereafter, from 1992-1994, from . Thereafter,

worked at worked for ReproductiveCenter IVF Medicine, Lab. Sima workedsubsequent 25 years, as a Harbor UCLA Endocrinology Medicine), (Male Reproductive fordeveloping new technologies control. male birth In 2018, Sima reduced her hours toUCLA in order with Harbor take on a position as of Clinical Trials at “Foot and Institute” Ankle isson Dr. Babak Baravarian national major four researching on new treatments ofprojects Bunions. London, England, and finallyLondon, moved to Los Angeles, California. to upon arriving Immediately Sima wasthe United States, to continue pursuingdetermined She passed in research. career her Boardthe Medical Technology 1988 -1992Exam, and from as the worked at and Supervisor Technologist Plaza Clinical UCLA 100 the Lab

13 Page born daughter, Haleh. Three daughter, born later, years while pursuing her Maters in Public Health, Sima second with her became pregnant child, Babak. The family lived in Tehran until the Islamic Revolution in the late-1970’s. During the upheaval of Islamic Revolution, the Baravarian They settled firstfamily left Iran. in Hamburg, Germany, then proponent of Sima’s career and career of Sima’s proponent continued education, Shokrollah wholeheartedly agreed to Sima’s lovestipulation. Nevertheless, and Simaultimately prevailed mutually decidedand Shokrollah third in Sima’s to get married University. at Tehran year PhD thesis her While writing Sima University, at Tehran first- with her became pregnant Baravarian. She agreed to marry She agreed Baravarian. the but only under Shokrollah, engagedcondition that they stay PhD.until Sima completed her As a pillar of support and PhD Post- which , Tehran Master in PART . Sima pursued . While studying for at the Tehran University at the Tehran Assistant Professor in the Professor Assistant future husband, Dr. Shokrollah Dr. husband, future four grandchildren. In her second In her four grandchildren. Sima University, Tehran at year met and fell in love with her laboratories in Tehran. laboratories over for been married Sima has forty years, has two children, and soon became one of the most and well-knownprestigious University. University. Sima then partnered to open a clinicalwith a friend called laboratory in “Public Health”, worked asin “Public Health”, worked an of Public Health School the Medical Laboratory of Mellithe Medical Laboratory Hospital, Jorjani University’s Masters her and while receiving Public Health she worked at her Post-Doctorate, Doctorate in Medical Laboratory in Medical Doctorate Science Medical School and in Pharmacy two education and earned her a additional degrees: of schooling to earn her her to earn of schooling Haleh

an h o C

h ale alutes S 2019 PAWC Chair2019 H was born in Tehran, Iran and moved to after theAmerica revolution at the age of eleven. She grew up in Los Angeles and obtained a degree in Finance and Real

***** avard h her commitment to multiple commitment her a

R Dr. Sima Baravarian, humanitarian causes.humanitarian ecognizes r & Persian American Women’s Conference for American Persian the past 3 years, and has played a key role in facilitating and organizing events. She currently lives in Beverly Hills with her husband and two children. Estate from Cal State University Northridge. SheEstate from Cal State University Northridge. and has beenis passionate about charitable work involved in various nonprofit organizations. She was an active volunteer for the Beverly Hills United School District, and was involved with of the schoolcampaigning for the President board. She has been an active member of the

in Marketing works as an interior designer. She designer. an interior as works in Marketing They have twoto Hamid Shooshani. married is Saman, children, 28, Lawyer, anda Real Estate son, at UCLA. Her pre-Med 20, studying Tara, ankle specialist is a foot and Babak Baravarian Dr. children, They have two to Yas Yadegar. married school and Michael, in high Haley, 17, a senior life,14, an eighth Throughout her married grader. has Baravarian Shokrollah Dr. husband, Sima’s and has continuously supporter greatest been her herand pursue higher Sima to aim encouraged goals.

14 Page

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Woman’s Dr. Parviz Friends &Friends has since , which later “ The FariborzThe under under ”, which helped in December 2018, community

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” and .” She accepted the task,.” She accepted the celebrated Iraj celebrated Pezeshkzad’s

Women’s Chapter charity

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to the community, as well as many ’s name, also celebrate and introduce celebrate name, also ’s Educational Seminars eliever b

irm grandchildren. Her daughter Haleh, with a BAdaughter Her grandchildren. they celebrated Rahavard’s 38th year in publishing. 38th year Rahavard’s they celebrated and children of her proud Sima is As a mother, achievements. ago, they established years Three of Rahavard Supporters 1999, Sima became a proud recipient of the recipient 1999, Sima became a proud Organization (IJWO) “Shamsi Women’s Jewish and outstanding Award for merit Hekmat” world. and career prominent Baravarian’s Due to Dr. of in March contributions, ongoing charitable ensure that all proceeds from the charitable events from the charitable that all proceeds ensure go directly to various causes children’s around the Dedication to Iranian Culture & Literature. to Iranian Culture Dedication B’rith Matloob unit of B’nai Fariborz Fred The to time and resources their volunteer members literature and Arts. On Feb 10th 2019 together and Arts. literature with Rahavard & Achievements & his lifetime birthday 91st the Accomplishments of High Achiever Young of High Achiever the Accomplishments Iranians the Iranian to promote events and concerts cultural cultural and educational events. Each year, they Each year, and educational events. cultural arrange Pirnazar Fred Matloob unit of B’nai B’rith Matloob unit of B’nai Fred by organizingdedicated itself to community service and together and with together the of assistance her friends, the they started with the Men’s Chapter. merged was approached to organize the “ to organize approached was Matloob Fred Fariborz Organization of the B’rith unit of B’nai Angeles, Sima became involved with “ involved with Sima became Angeles, of Hope Friends of City Sima ago, years Then, 28 with cancer. children F in Los Family settled the Baravarian As soon as

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 Associate

is a Professor

Sociology. Sociology. has alsoShe been Professor of l’Université Senghor Egypt, Associate d’Alexandrie, National Vietnam at Professor the of President and University, Sciences Political of Department ULB in Belgium.of on extensively written has She of the Middle East. and Most Iran Professor Firoozeh Nahavandi’s become now by books have books.academic reference the of a few examples are Here writer:prolific this of works Firoozeh Nahavandi Firoozeh Brussels, of the University at Centre the Research of Director Cooperation International for (CECID), & Development of the Institute of & Director His and Houchang

invited twelve 15 Page ongratulates Miss Firoozeh C professor, writer professor, and , daughter of , daughter

and Professor Firoozeh Nahavandi the second to the left of HIM (Front row) the second HIM (Front the of left Firoozeh to Nahavandi Professor and His Majesty, King Philip in the centre, Her Majesty, Queen right his Mathilde to Majesty, Her in the Philip centre, King Majesty, His Amongst the royal guests there guests the royal Amongst compatriot, Iranian an was university a distinguished professor, Nahavandi Chancellor Nahavandi, and Pahlavi of chancellor former Universities. Tehran ceremonies, not to forget that forget to not ceremonies, still countries some are there WOMEN ignore totally that their RIGHTS. Belgium, part as In of ceremonies, nationwide Leopold Philip & King Majesty Queen Mathilde lunch for women distinguished palace this year’s the royal on at day. women’s being, a day of celebrations and celebrations of being, a day d r ahava R ) Prof. Firoozeh Nahavandi on her on her Nahavandi Firoozeh Prof. al Couple (IWD nal Women’s Day Day nal Women’s Roy NAHAVANDI accomplishments & high achievements accomplishments Honoured by Belgian by Honoured nternatio Professor FIROOZEH Professor I International Women’s Day Women’s International being a public from ranges today to countries in some holiday The United Nations officially Nations United The 8th. IWD as March announced of Commemoration in 1975. recently equality. It was originally It equality. recently a and workers women for a day till socialist1967. movement March 8 to defend women’s women’s defend to 8 March and basic rights emancipation, Ever since 1910, International International 1910, since Ever Day Women’s (IWD) is every on year celebrated

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RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

Hekmat Shamsi

, )

,

17 . Page ) Shahla Javdan president of IJWO IJWO of president Shahla Javdan personalities.

,

, Military accomplishments) Military Rights Activism Rights community.

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Awards were presented to each of these exceptional of each to presented were Awards Mrs. by women who in Federation, Jewish of the past president and who has woman truly is right, own a remarkable her & serving causes humanitarian to life her devoted the honoring four of our community's mosthonoring four of our community's Award ) ant Colonel, Dr. Nayereh Khankhanian Nayereh ant Colonel, Dr. Celelebrated International Women’s Month Celelebrated International Women’s

st,

by distinguished

President of IJWO with Members of the board and the Four Honorees the Four and the board of Members with IJWO of President

ranian Jewish Women’s Organization, IJWO ranian Jewish Women’s Achievement Shamsi Moradpour Hekmat was a pioneer Iranian woman whose life was dedicated to education,Shamsi Moradpour Hekmat was a pioneer Iranian woman whose life was dedicated

outstanding Executive and Communal accomplishments Communal and Executive outstanding outstanding Medical and International Human Rights and Justice Activities and Activities Justice and Rights Human International accomplishments Literary ( ShipandShore & CEO President Mrs. Anousheh M. Oskouian, 1- Causes. Women’s Social Issues and Mrs. Judith Shofet Sidkoff Esq ( Philanthropism Delshad Yaghoubian Mrs. Elham ( & Human Political and Retired Lieuten Retired ( The following four accomplished Iranian women were presented with The following four accomplished Iranian 1 On March 31 I

overthrowing the Western client, Shah Western overthrowing the Reza Pahlavi, and bringing Mohammad to Ruhollah of Ayatollah regime Islamic power the Khomeini. Iran challenge While the biggest now poses British Middle East, power in the to Western so Iran not always were relations with Islamic antagonistic. Britain for dropped its support Forty Iranian the years ago, revolution the Middle East, through sent a shockwave

18 Page , als e D : ecret foreign policy and internationalforeign

an author, Historian, journalist,an author, &S

rms CollUSion with Radical Islam.” analyst of U.K. analyst books, the latest of six development and the author being an updated edition of “Secret Affairs: Britain’s Mark Curtis consultant, Research Fellow former at the Royal Institute of International (ChathamAffairs House) Revolution A the Iranian the Iranian and Britain

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 I ” A few

2

meaning to meaning ” to the Shah’s to the 3 res. “one of the world’s most far-sighted far-sighted most the world’s of “one

start thinking about reinsuring, start thinking

state which figu and on 1979, 16, on Jan. Tehran fled Shah The returned Feb. 1, Khomeini to Iran. from exile learn to the opportunity me given has speech: It Tatcher’s Mrs of Part 2- the Muhammad Majesty, Imperial talkthe viewsand His with, of, the world’s of be one must he Surely, Shahanshah. Reza Pahlavi Shah whose experience unrivalled. No is statesmen; other far-sighted most is He leadership. dynamic country his more given leader has world century renaissance. a twentieth through Iran leading Iran Revolutionary In Travels Lines: A Newsman’s Behind3- Iranian Fidler-Simpson Cody by John Past, Persian The And threatening the regime, Callaghan regime, threatening the wrote: “ would not give much for the Shah’s chances, David Owen, to foreign secretary, and told his “ By figures. with opposition contacts develop Shah’s that the concluded officials December, on the survival unlikely and Iranwas seemed verge of a revolution. Foreign Office officials then argued for Britain to completely switch its support to the Iranian opposition, though the declassified files do not leadership” and is “leading Iran through leadership” and renaissance.” a twentieth century Labour Callaghan’s later, James months government agreed secretly canisters CS gas 175,000 to supply request armoured personnel carriers and up to 360 to Iran to the regime put help down growing demonstrations against it. Switching Sides with unrest in Tehran October 1978, By internal security service, SAVAK, which the SAVAK, which internal service, security train. U.K. helped revolution, April 1978, the in A year before then Conservative leader, Margaret opposition visited Tehran and Thatcher, described the Shah as had statesmen” who given Iran “dynamic 19 Page Our as to In fact, ” , “w http://markcurtis. who would 1 . Once his regime was in was regime . Once his Khomeini a British official later recalled ” but without if it, necessary and to arrest [Mosaddegh] and his ministers.” operation, “were to seize control of Tehran, to seize operation, “were Shah support of the preferably with the political and media figures. “These figures.political and media forces,” explained MI6officer Christopher who ran Woodhouse, the U.K. end of the Kashani helped fund Kashani helped mobs that rioted in collaboration with against Mosaddegh MI6, which had bribed army, police, A little known, aspect of the 1953 coup 1953 of the A little known, aspect plotting with Ayatollah Sayyed is British of Khomeini. predecessor a Kashani, Following the well-worn pattern of installing and backing compliant compliant backing and installing of pattern the well-worn Following info/2016/10/09/iran-1953-working-with-the-ayatollah/ carry out the necessary administrative and economic reforms and reforms carry economic and the necessary out administrative the reversing – meaning terms’ reasonable on question settle the oil policyIran declassified foreign Curtis British (Mark nationalization. October 2016) 9, the Ayatollah with Working 1953: monarchs, the British preference was for ‘a non-communist coup d’etat, d’etat, non-communist coup ‘a was for preference the British monarchs, authoritarian an mean ‘would which the shah’, of in the name preferably ‘would who ‘a dictator’ preferred Tehran in ambassador The regime’. repressing opposition through his notorious repressing 1- The Shah ruled for a further quarter of a century, Shah The in Tehran preferred “a Dictator” terms.” “settle the oil question on reasonable policy, as possible. get rid of Mosaddegh as soon Britain’s ambassador that show files declassified as “Boot” – instigated by London, removing who Mosaddegh, Iranian leader Mohammad “ oil operations. nationalized British had to the Soviet Union. to the Soviet Union. in was put in an in power Shah 1953 The covert operation–known Anglo-American power, Whitehall went so far as to arm it, even went so far as to arm it, power, Whitehall brutally connivingit with it, as a counter seeing the Shah before the 1979 revolution, revolution, to seeking 1979 before the Shah the ingratiate Iranian itself with opposition forces led by - In Secret Mark by: , to helping 4 new Iranian regime. 1980, By April months into hostage the U.S. crisis, Britain was still training around 30 Iranian military officers in Britain. an author, journalist and consultant a former Research Fel Research a former consultant and journalist author, an Secret Affairs: Britain’s Collusion with Radical Islam SecretBritain’s Affairs:

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4 Curtis House), (Chatham Affairs International of Institute Royal the at low Movement. Development World the of Director was recently until history the Curtis reveals covert book, Mark this ground-breaking groups. terrorist and radical with Islamic collusion British of With Soviet invasion forces in Afghanistan, saw Iranian as a counter to Thatcher theocracy This took onSoviet ideology. brutal proportions Iranian helped the when Britain secretly in 1982, Tudeh communist the nearly destroy regime organisation in Iran. main leftist MI6, Party, the working with the CIA, to Iranians the passed acquired from a agents Tudeh a list of alleged in order to curry favour Soviet defector, with Dozens Soviet influence. and reduce regime the executed, of were subsequently agents Tudeh were arrested, and members more than 1,000 the party was banned. As Iran fought Iraq in the Thatcher the brutal Gulf war in the 1980s, government armed both sides. war, very first day of the From the Britain sent millions of pounds worth of tank barrels and tank engines to Iran

20 Page Under the new Thatcher government, Britain continued to arm and train the Arming Iran an Islamic Republic was declared, with a new declared, Republic was an Islamic constitution reflecting the theocracy. arms ordered by the Shah, notably a massive Shah, ordered by the arms along with tank deal, would continue to flow, later, “oil, trade and Weeks interests.” other with the new government.” Margaret Thatcher also reassured the new government that the jailed Cabinet by Sir the Shah. Secretary, John should “we that saying Callaghan Hunt wrote to no opportunity foster our to lose relationship Revolution, dominated by fundamentalists loyal to Khomeini, Callaghan recognized the a scholar Bazargan, new government of Mehdi national that he considered interest.” He added act.” In it February, “a despicable with real Islamic Councilof the in the concentrated power asylum. “There was no honour in my decision,” no honour in my was “There asylum. Owen later wrote,of cold calculation the “just Islamic regime by avoiding any association with avoiding by any association regime Islamic London the Shah. and both refused Washington political to allow their onetime policeman, Britain tried to “insure” itself further new the with

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

the revolution of 1979. 1979. of the revolution interests with Iran, while sometimes playing with Iran, sometimes interests while U.S. inside of the the confronting it. British on based often been towards Iran policy has if We can only the wait to see pure expediency. of a restraining up playing more than U.K. ends Iran. supportive role over regime change in The British wouldThe British the Iranian like to remove extremists Middle East, and from the regime for war. But this pushing U.S. are now in the that surely realises and Whitehall is not 1953, Hussein’s stronger Iran than Saddam much is Libya. For now, Gaddafi’s Iraq or Muammar London promoting its commercial will continue 21 Page - to supply British-built supply to

, The debt in question is question in debt , The has been told her release from release been her has told

after the Shah of Iran deposedwas Iran of inShah after the 1970s agreement 5 £450m arms deal£450m arms debt went sour went Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe Nazanin shows how governments since the 1940s have connived have the since 1940s governments how shows Iran has been seeking to recover its money since 1979. by Britain to settle a debt for the tanks that were bought by Iran but never delivered. for more than British 1,500 tanks worth billion. The two countries£1.25 are still haggling over the interest rate to be paid files show that the new regime wrote to Britain in February repudiating 1979 six military contracts signed by the Shah The British tank exports agreed under the Shah are still plaguing relations between the two countries. Declassified Britain’s own export guidelines. compound used to make explosives, breaking both the UN embargo and Singapore Around in the 1986. same time, a government-owned company exported five shipments of tetryl chemicals, a 1980s, while another 1980s, project enabled the British company BMARC to export naval guns, spares and ammunition to Iran via Whitehall Whitehall also connived with a company called Allivane International to secretly ship arms Iran in to the mid-to-late widely believed to relate to a to believedwidely relate to Chieftain tanks that a Tehran prison is being delayed because the UK and Iranian because the UK and being is delayed prison a Tehran be to paid rate interest the precise over haggling are governments settle a to Britain by 5- Adam Lusher (wrote in The Independent Feb 22, 2018) Nazanin 2018) 22, Feb Independent in The (wrote Lusher Adam 5- to UK and want Iran in jail ‘because remains Zaghari-Ratcliffe British Jailed claims. husband rates’, deal interest arms haggle over mother with militant forces to control oil resources and overthrow gov overthrow and resources oil control to forces militant with ofthe risenurture helped has Britain how storyof The ernments. never been has global told. terrorism Affairs Unfinished Business maintain the tanks Britain delivered to the Shah Shah to the delivered Britain tanks the maintain 1970s. during the ,

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Mayor of Montreux, Mr Mr Montreux, of Mayor CARRARD François the Council of of President Montreux of the Foundation Excellency His Festival, Jazz with the motto of “Liberté, “Liberté, of the motto with the of liberty love and Patrie”, so the values dear motherland, the honour. of the recipient to at the held was The ceremony Rotary in Hall prestigious in presence Palace Montreux personalities, 200 some of had friends and that family of parts different from come France, Switzerland, Europe: and Italy Belgium, Germany, the also Amongst Dubai. Mr were guests distinguished OGI, President former Adolf of the Confederation of De Madame Switzerland, Councillor, State QUATTRO, Honorary SALVI Pierre Mr with the celebration of the of thewith celebration in 1798 Vaud of Independence humanitarian values. Zahedi values. humanitarian the Mayor: of in the words The alsocouncil decided 25th, January of the date on to the official ceremenoy for more it make to the title confer coincided it as memorable

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ontreux a t all October startedon 16th. his combat for peace and for combat his designate him as the as him designate special M the mission the mission officiallyto Laurel Wehrli, Wehrli, Laurel of the Mayor had Montreux man very exceptional “ honour for the National Assembly Assembly the National called it: Vaud and City of Montreux. Montreux. of City and Vaud the Mayor Wehrli, Laurent of Member and Montreux of and familial attachment to to familial attachment and of The canton Switzerland, causes and servicesand causes world to of peace reconciliation and a historical well as nations title for H.E. Ardeshir Zahedi. H.E. Ardeshir for title life- his of was in recognition It humanitarian to devotion long unanimously decided on a decided on unanimously special new and distinction the 90th. birthday of Ardeshir Ardeshir of the90th. birthday Zahedi, when the Council of in Switzerland Vaud Montreux, I the very on of and 2018 day

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

example and if I want to name name to if I want and example this Friday all done has he willevening be enough not here stay to agree you unless all know you But till Monday! what our honourable guest, guest, honourable our what Zahedi for done Ardeshir has life- his peace, it making world it putting and ambition long all goals.Thank other above you what for Excellency, you, for stand you what done, have achieved have you what and weeks, the days, throughout decencies of and years months, you sure are we the past and the of people for will continue ideas, your for country, your for and political convictions the world. peace throughout recently that know You Zahedi Ardeshir published several books YEMEN on of the tragic conditions and one just is This country. that Switzerland peace the most is Switzerland importantword. Without cannot we live, peacecannot we and future for hopes have in Here children. our of future particularly are we Montreux of theimportance to attached peace coexistence. and all the name to want I do not peace where places more no is in live people and a reality all know We misery fear. and

23 Page history. He has achieved soachieved has He history. in the past, doing is much are we and today so much for he will continue confident time in future. a long used to we know be world The today but place better a much corners see we in so many is thesituation the world of in here us was.For it as not Montreux and the Parliament, the Parliament, and Montreux particularly honoured are we to and have to happy and all His and you welcome ZahediExcellency Ardeshir this special on occasion for a very exceptional honouring man. ZahediArdeshir so is full he has become a history, of Ardeshir Zahedi.: Ardeshir theauthorities of thename In of the Municipality of to welcome the guests and and the guests welcome to distinction a such why explain on bewas to bestowed University he spoke on behalf on spoke he University the Montreux, theof people of Council the government and the ceremony. A polyglot A polyglot theceremony. Lausanne of graduate and of Montreux, Member of of Member Montreux, of at Deputy and Parliament opened theCouncil Vaud, of MILLIOU D’ HENIQUES. D’ MILLIOU Mayor Wehrli, Laurent Mr. Christine CHEVALLEY Christine CHEVALLEY of Member and Deputy Council Madame and BLANKART de PALEZIEU, de PALEZIEU, BLANKART Princess Highness Royal Her Madame SAVOY, of Gabriella His Excellency and His Count et Franz Anne Countess Mr Lahcen AZOULAY, LahcenMr AZOULAY, Morocco, of Ambassador

already have so many, but this but so many, have already a very has one particular touch. the of in thename Letnow, me the persons and authorities sincerely you salute to present peace۰ of: thetitle him give We Montreux” of “Ambassador he much how because know we of community his for done has Montreux of city our Veytaux, for Vaud, of the region and the Riviera,the the of people to whopeople come important our to this partthe world, of region. our country to and him thank to enough not is It allservices his for simple with the of so the authorities words, upon decided bestow to region recognition, of this title him he has what of a testimony theyears throughout achieved devotion. and quality with not this is Excellency, Your You title. additional an only should mention the name the name mention should close a friend, a colleagueof Ardeshir of associate and Zahedi who alas, is, more no who the had but us amongst ambitions, and values same to I want Annan. Kofi the late wonderful in this him mention Annan occasion because Kofi Zahedi Ardeshir were and of ambassadors both excellent

24 Page a new title, a title that is not not is that a title a new title, officialwith but honorary only missions. important everyone Ardeshir knows, As Zahedi been has ambassador to States, the United to in worked has and England for countries other many peace between friendship and I Here people. and nations always wonderful to be to wonderful with always share to and you know to you, great and memories so many are we But together. moments speak to about only here not express to want the past; we the future for aspirations our we that a very future and long Zahedi. Ardeshir all for wish him give to also here are We understanding can contribute contribute can understanding peace. lasting a solid and to our need peace enjoy to We our for hope have and life children. you again here Excellency, is It set example. an have or culture, diplomacy and human human and diplomacy culture, a chance to live in peace live to and a chance sure are we And harmony. of this combination that different backgrounds and and backgrounds different them giving races together and international events has has events international and succeeded the in bringing from theworld, of people of Montreux. Montreux, Montreux, Montreux. of culture history, its through thoughts and emotions. emotions. and thoughts Zahedi, Ardeshir are, You city our for also example an physically present tonight tonight present physically their with us with are and example for all of us present, present, allus of for example the throughout people for be who could not theworld great cause. f him thank to I also want an set example, an having Ardeshir Zahedi’s engagements engagements Zahedi’s Ardeshir this to contributions his and him well and I do not need to I do not and well him to want details. I only into go to “PEACE”, the word on insist

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

democratic achievements. He He achievements. democratic could spend then he wished but here, life his of the rest and land native our loved we now had It Iran. to returned day one dream become his Switzerland like seeto Iran did all he could in thisand he when he in life Later direction. he premiership from resigned Geneva to special as returned then retired and ambassador years the last live to came and Roses, les Villa in Montreux, finally released, I was studying released,studying I finallywas be very had to time and little Then summer him. with when to suggested he came, holidays of a tour on him with take me We car. by the Europe whole to and Switzerland to came in love fell he and Montreux people its the with country, particularly institutions its and and themilitary organisations

25 Page the coup d’état and the ascent the ascent and d’état the coup Dynasty a and the Pahlavi of history. in our new chapter During the Second World when I was still very War was father dear my boy, young thearrested by British held and When in Palestine. prisoner of the dynasty who went to to who went the dynasty of There, here. from England impose to wanted the British he and him, on treaty oil an he boldly said refusedand the without sign it not would He theParliament. of consent and short visit his cut to had before Montreux to back came was he where France to going was Then there received. well stayed here. It was here that that was here It here. stayed became Shah Mozafaraldin of the with notion familiar democracy to returned and institutions. our reform to Iran was king the last Shah Ahmad ******* Ahmad Shah visited and and visited Shah Ahmad mother’s side, three Qajar Qajar three side, mother’s Shah, Nasseradlin kings then and Shah Mozafaraldin Montreux and Veytaux has has Veytaux and Montreux my From root. a historical event for this region and its its and region this for event people. lovely Vaud, to attachment My independence with the motto independence the with motto a great Patrie”, “Liberté, of may know that on the24th. on that know may thebeautiful 1798 January of its declared Vaud of Canton today, are now the happiest the happiest now are today, made you and life in my days all special. You even more it Gentlemen, Your Highness: Your Gentlemen, and yesterday These days, two addressed the audience: addressed friend, beloved dear My LadiesExcellencies, and Zahedi Ambassador of Peace, Peace, Zahedi of Ambassador Montreux of Ambassador and tokens of recognition from from recognition of tokens and the Council, at the Municipal Mr the Mayor, of invitation Ardeshir ZaheditheArdeshir new with the special and giftscredentials this new mission.” presented officially Having time and servetime and Ambassador as of Ambassador Montreux, of accepting for you Thank Peace. for your engagement and wish wish and engagement your for a very for long continue to you

proud of them. When I look them. When of proud policy the and foreign Iran’s at of in the people qualifications I cannot branch, the executive compatriots. my admire but my hopes for the future. If at at If the future. for hopes my of wasa spirit thestart there in – as violence and revenge today allalmost revolutions- the the country following is and reconciliation of path peace. country my ago, years Forty million 36 of a population had 82 about is it today so, or them of million 60 and million highly educated. and young are million have forty Some two and education university the is which women are thirds They in the world. rate highest brothers. and sisters my are bright people and young These thefuture, of the architects are them. to belongs the future truly am them and I love forgotten and forgiven with with forgiven and forgotten learned I have bitterness. no be religions, in all great that or Christianity Judaism, it are forgiving and giving, Islam, fundamental the most amongst values. human me to matters what Today, the to happening is what is They country. my of people blood and my love, my are

26 Page hospitality, your support and and support your hospitality, I have I had. theopportunities here life my half of lived now as it consider and in Montreux second my home. forty me to happened What I lost, all all that ago, years I have me, was taken from that when all former friendswhen all had former their I admire back. turned grateful am and qualities such them. to when serviteur”, “votre for As country years forty my I lost me warmly received you ago the privilege me gave and most I am and here live to and warmth your for grateful that are not Swiss but share share but Swiss not are that these two and nobility that Sadat Anwar President are II Hassan King Egypt and of and who hosted Morocco of lookeddying king after the mentioning two personalities personalities two mentioning nation has set for democracy, democracy, set has for nation civilised open and an society. resist I cannot here But hospitality, generosity and and generosity hospitality, this all the examples to above the ambitious projects he had. had. he projects the ambitious all the to grateful are we So, their to Switzerland, of people me. It was his Swiss education education Swiss was his It me. servedthat in all most him every year for winter holidays holidays every winter for year see us, with stay to mainly but and daughter his father, my My beloved king and father- and king beloved My and here studied in-law almost Switzerland to returned good number of close relatives closerelatives of good number stillwho here. are My mother studied in Geneva studied mother My her with here lived and a and grandchildren children, where I have been living for been for living I have where years. theforty past

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

of others. While the ones that that the ones While others. of were wars the of origin at were I had When refugees. refusing could not and accident and walk assistance, without the hundreds of millions live live millions of hundreds food, medecine, water, without Our shelter. electricity and mentioned Mayor honourable the example outstanding one me keeps that Yemen caseof so preoccupied. nationalities many are There a large and here live that that Iranians of community Theyare know. to I happen given and protected sheltered, and work to the opportunity in peace;live treated they are are and citizens like Swiss grateful and be to here happy I am. as you to been us, kind to have You soso wonderful, and generous so so and concerned humane, thesufferings about conscious rights. rights. States United of President The speaks seven of trillion dollars Afghanistan on spent recently They wars. give Iraq and of worth dollars, of billions destruction Saudi to of arms women massacres that Arabia and in Yemen children and this poor country, devastates today while world in our

27 Page are suffering from dictatorial dictatorial suffering from are through going are regimes, insecurity. war, hardship, money hasGreed become for and occupation the dominant used to that even thecountries rights human of bedefenders making profit put values, and above goal, their as ultimate or values human all and moral is the country that we can trulycan we the country is that call democratic?” freeand “Of said he hesitation Without Then with Switzerland.” course, added “But tone colonial his England Switzerland.” is not all in tranquillity we live Here peace and while in so many noble our as theworld, partsof people friend mentioned, democracy, in your view in your which democracy, you spoke about freedom and and freedom about spoke you AND FREEDOM, a Swiss AND FREEDOM, a Swiss the of school askedprofessor Minister, Prime “Mr him: Winston Churchill finished finished Churchill Winston DEMOCRACY on address his which Truman and Churchill Churchill and Truman which to invited previously were speak. when I remember gave the inaugural address in address the inaugural gave This was the 1976. in school Talking about Switzerland, Switzerland, about Talking to visits my I remember CollegeI where Westminster graduates of the best western the best western of graduates universities. 233universities and medical and 233universities the members of schools. Most now are the government of When I left Iran, we had 17 we Iran, I left When are there today universities, *****

The end of the ceremony was the beginning of a was the beginning of ceremony the end The Zahed Ardeshir for a new mission and new life peace, and coexistence for battle his continue to After as all, values. and rights human of defense long and mission a great has he said, theMayor ahead. future The participants in the ceremony, were then were in ceremony, the The participants by organised a reception attend to invited of Festivities of in the Hall the municipality Palace. Montreux with wasa particularly warmatmosphere It This touches. oriental and delicate many PM 9 at end to wasoriginally planned reception the guests the and time the personalities by but close to was already it leave started to Mayor of midnight.

28 Page پیکرند یک آدم اعضای بنی آدم اعضای یک پیکرند

others, names names دیگران بی غمی تو کز محنت دیگران بی غمی روزگار آورد درد عضوی به چو عضوی به درد آورد روزگار GRATEFUL. AM

Having been created of one essence. one of been created Having You are unworthy to be to called the by unworthy are You

The other limbs cannot remain at rest. at remain cannot other limbs The If you have no sympathy for the troubles of the troubles for sympathy no have you If The sons of Adam are limbs of each other, of each limbs are Adam of The sons When the calamity of time affects one limb timeone affects of the calamity When آدمی نشاید که نامت نهند آدمی قرار را نماند عضوها دگر گوهرند آفرینش ز یک که در آفرینش ز یک گوهرند

I, LOVE YOU, I LOVE YOU ALL and I ALL and YOU I LOVE YOU, I, LOVE comes from very depth of the heart, to tell you very from the you heart, tell of to depth comes voice: clear and a loud with others. I want to talk about what I have in my in my I have what talk to about I want others. the abuse people Many true love. heart, love, that a love true I talk love, about love. word you, Thank you and again Thank you. Thank again and you Thank you, of the with words conclude to want I do not And Shakespeare found them poor to express thempoor express to found Shakespeare And Thank you, Thank said: just he emotions, his the United Nations in New York: in New Nations the United whom I admire. The following words from him from words following The I admire. whom of the building to inscribed the entrance are on How can I forget these? I forget can How of thewise to words refering by Letconclude me the 13th. Century of poet, Sa’di Iranian a great people of this town took my arms, invited me me invited arms, my took this town of people coffee. of a cup have or rest to their shops to

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 tudies S ranian I for

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The bride was sent to her husband by a carriage a carriage by husband her to was sent bride The parents escorted several with My armed guards. father my before seven months for together lived where Bojnord, to mission another on wassent Turkmen with a clash during life his lost he uncle, Major General titled Mahmood Ansari, Major uncle, school his with to went He Eghtedar. Amir the ranks up rose the military, entered cousins, Khorasan to wassent and colonel, lieutenant to his for Preparations mission. a on Province while the groom in Tehran, made were wedding was in father the bride’s and was in Mashhad Kermanshah. 29 Page C -

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: 1 In Conversation with Gholamreza Afkhami Gholamreza with Conversation In

ection Archives of Oral History- of Archives S young age and was placed under the care of his his of was placed thecare under and age young Ahmad Khan Shirloo, the army commander in commander the army Shirloo, Khan Ahmad a at father his lost too, father, My Kermanshah. Mohamad-Hossein Ansari, was killed Ansari, in Mohamad-Hossein I wasborn. My before in 1925, Bojnord GeneralBrigadier of was the daughter mother youth; and then, your trajectory into govern trajectory then, your into and youth; service.ment Colonel father, My Ansari: Abdolreza Gholamreza Afkhami: Let’s begin a short with Afkhami: Let’s Gholamreza and education, life, family your of background

30 Page

In Tehran, I grew up in the neighborhoods of in the neighborhoods I grew of up Tehran, In Hadi Sheik Agha Avenue, Shahpour Amiriyeh, all Nearly intersection. Abad Hassan and Bazaar, because we and in those lived areas, relatives my socialized we each with in close proximity, lived define the characteristics Two constantly. other I wasraised: in which first,deep a environment and the humility second, and sense patriotism, of was intensely family My life. a soldier’s of simplicity indifferent and nationalistic, rabidly and patriotic the establishment of the modern Iranian military, military, themodern of Iranian theestablishment Reza their whowith background was familiar Shah, placed themin key military abilities, and and posts. government a militaryafter a few months in 1921, example, For Reza (Sardar- Khan coup), Esfand (the third coup military commander, Tehran’s e-Sepah) removed him replaced Sayyah,Khan and Kazem Colonel General Brigadier Mahmood uncle, Khan my with minister became Reza on Khan’s who later Ansari, interior. of the minister and telegraph post and of emigrated from the Caucasus region. They were They were region. the Caucasus from emigrated wars, the Russo-Persian to prior who, Iranians in Karabagh, in the tribes chieftains residing were Nakhchivan. and Yerevan, in the towns seventeen of the capture Following refused theseto chieftains the Russians, by Caucasus flag; they the crossed Aras the occupiers’ to submit Because side. they the Iranian settled on and River the they entered Russian, spoke and warriors were Cossack called units “Ghazzagh- military’s Iranian the ranks. After through rose quickly and Khaneh” rebels. Subsequently, my mother returned to her her to returned mother my Subsequently, rebels. in Tehran. home father’s family all in my themen that mention to I have many grandfather, in the military;were father, my all the people nearly bothand sides, on relatives had ancestors my was that reason The I knew. that

Abdolreza Ansari is #45. is Ansari Abdolreza

State of Utah Soccer Championship. Championship. Soccer Utah of State

Hamid Naghsh-Tabrizi receives trophy, trophy, receives Naghsh-Tabrizi Hamid

A group of Iranian friends at Utah State University. University. State Utah at friends Iranian of group A

Hossein Nakhaee, Abdolreza Ansari, Abdollah Mansour. Abdollah Ansari, Abdolreza Nakhaee, Hossein From R to L: Ardeshir Zahedi, Mansour Esfandiari, Amir Amir Esfandiari, Mansour Zahedi, Ardeshir L: to R From

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 Do you remember who was? remember that Do you

A.A. Dr. Mojtahedi was our algebra teacher; algebra wasour Mojtahedi A.A. Dr. Dr. Lotfali Sooratgar. was Dr. the principal high After became later. the principal Mojtahedi the Engineering College to go to I wanted school, mention this because, after twenty-four years, years, twenty-four this after because, mention effect my on a profound had relationship our spot top The later. I will which elaborate carrier, ours. of classmate another to was awarded G.A.: from called man Taghavi was a young A.A.: He also placed first in biology brother His Shiraz. in lived final brothers The exam. in the national They in Shiraz. were their parents and Tehran, Likemany study. do but to anything have didn’t games, used play do sports we to and others, so placed they were study, they only would but first. the schoolMojtahedi principal Dr. Was G.A.: the time? at Alborz at

31 Page Abdolreza Ansari (second from left) with the Professors of the Agricultural College. Agricultural the of Professors the with left) from (second Ansari Abdolreza second place in the Tehran school district. I second in the place Tehran Novin Party, was a classmate of mine at Alborz. Alborz. at mine of wasa classmate Party, Novin similar final both received grades in the We shared and 15/17) of final (GPA exam national Manouchehr Kallali, who later became a cabinet becamecabinet a who Kallali, later Manouchehr secretary and the Iran-e- minister of general College to prepare for entrance to the University theUniversity to entrance for College prepare to diploma my I received year, one After Tehran. of in science. the front row. For my high school education, high school education, my For row. the front BahramSecondary Firouz School, I attended Alborz then attended and I graduated where Manouchehr Nikpour, with whom, as the two the two as whom, with Nikpour, Manouchehr in a desk grade, I shared our of smallest boys Anyway, my childhood was spent in my childhood in my my was spent Anyway, Sharaf I attended and home, grandfather’s was schoolmates Elementary my of School. One say that this environment left a deep impression left a deep impression this environment that say this day. to grateful which I am for me, on to the formalities and luxuries of life. I have to to I have life. of luxuries and the formalities to

next to the lavatories and was supervised and a by the lavatories to next veryeducation, who a ninth-grade had niceman was job to His staff worker. I was the only and file and of some was received that the mail read I wascuriousabout “confidential.” as mail that (Mohandes) Ansari. Once I finished my studies, studies, Once I finished my Ansari. (Mohandes) on the foundation was not it I realized that Therefore, future. my build to I which wanted time thesame the SchoolLaw at I entered the of service. public Graduates I entered start a to who wanted College Agriculture of seekwould employment career government example, For in the Ministry Agriculture. of Parviz Amir friend college Amir-Hossein my moved and the Ministry Agriculture of entered finally in theranksand becameup the minister I However, Sharif-Emami. Jafar of the cabinet had It theMinistry to decided Labor. go to of the as to wasreferred and been created just I There, Ministry Propaganda. Labor and of Division. in the a job Propaganda found was office wasin an that first assignment My

32 Page

Warne, Mohamad Moghadam Mohamad Warne,

R to L Fakhreddin Shadman, Abdolreza Ansari, William Warne, Edith Edith Warne, William Ansari, Abdolreza Shadman, Fakhreddin L to R

Celebrating the establishment of the Iranian-American mutual fund for economic economic for fund mutual Iranian-American the of establishment the Celebrating development. development. people still address me by that title, Engineer title, that by me still people address engineering degree to the graduates of the of the graduates to degree engineering some why is that and College Agriculture, of G.A.: So theG.A.: graduated College you from of Tehran? of the University of Agriculture an thetime they award would at A.A.: Yes, College, but I finally went to theCollege to of finally I went College, but Agriculture. and preferred to spend my time reading. Most Most time reading. spend my to preferred and in my who were family in our the children of the Military attending ended up generation A.A.: Not at all. Military life had no attraction all. Military attraction no had at life A.A.: Not childhood Since books me. to I was drawn for G.A.: As you mentioned, your relatives were were relatives your mentioned, you As G.A.: any have you Didn’t generally in the military. the army? enter to desire my family owned a village, I was encouraged to to a village, I wasowned encouraged family my choose the College Agriculture. of at the University of Tehran, but for some reason reason some for but Tehran, of theUniversity at then I decided study mind, to my changed Because objected. mother my but medicine,

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

Assembly. Being quite an orator, he fervently fervently he orator, an Being quite Assembly. was fascinating defense His himself. defended me as I witnessedfor the that mistakes a of no and authority his of regardless minister, could powerful political his backers, how matter G.A.: What was his name? was his G.A.: What office wasthe His Malekzadeh. A.A.: Mr. high officials thewell-known of of hangout to go I would Whenever Ministry. Interior me invite often news, would he the latest get I learned tea. a lot some have and down sit to news The I their conversations. to listening by and bland the radio was often for report to had a that usually stated It content. much without such and been such had by set up commission so so and and by attended and a department was discussed. matter important some some of report the names was to objective The the of the content not officials the radio, on the Ministry was true same The for discussions. recollection from interesting An Justice. of Seyyed Taddayon. thethistrial time is Mr. of of minister theformer Taddayon, Mohammad Court on the was being Supreme tried at interior, the National at him against brought accusations 33 Page Tehran. Radio Tehran. was prime minister. was prime and a few months, after changed assignment My Radio I became for a reporter they were nothing but newspaper clips. This This newspaper clips. but nothing they were when Ghavam 1945–1946, Ahmad was around this folder that he so zealously guarded. One One so guarded. he zealously that this folder the ground, to fell accidentally the folder day, I realized the contents, up pick I helped as and the administration. in contact with high government officials was high with government in contact the at contact My educational. very and exciting of Ministry in charge was thedirector Interior Democratic Party of Iran had been formed. The The been had formed. Iran of Democratic Party pronouncements, daily issue would government being college, of out fresh man a young for and It was a tumultuous time in Azerbaijan, the in Azerbaijan, time wasa tumultuous It was very the Party powerful, and Tudeh his office in the nearby Ministry of Foreign Ministry officehis Foreign in the nearby of was It well. as there by stop I would and Affairs, eventful period. and a very interesting street was the Chancellerystreet the Ministry and of every day these institutions visit to I had Justice. located had minister news. prime The gather to Tehran was part of the propaganda bureau bureau the was part propaganda of Tehran the up Further Square. in Arg waslocated that - - -

Another experienced and well-intentioned experienced well-intentioned Another and in the ministry individual was Gholamreza he that decisions The minister. the deputy Kian, that instructions and subjects different on made Paris, were extremely interesting in content and and in content interesting extremely were Paris, I Meanwhile educational. quite discourse and law attending by education my was pursuing school. these give you reports Yazdani DidG.A.: Mr. special a read for to purpose, ob was his or jective increase knowledge to your underand the depart of the workings inner of standing ment? office was action taken in our much A.A.: Not of mission these principal The reports. about of the office the correspondence handle was to decisions and the orders relay and the minister Yazdani Mr. If department. the relevant to showing without in report a folder placed some not I would thearchives, to it sent and me to it would and man was a decent He it. question objective his and brother, a younger as me treat to indebted I am the ropes. me teach was to him.

34 Page Hassan Shahid Nourai, the economic attaché in attaché the economic Nourai, Shahid Hassan would have me read reports that were sent to to sent were that reports read me have would representatives economic the office Iranian by the late the of reports example, For abroad. knowledgeable about bureaucratic procedures. procedures. bureaucratic about knowledgeable I used in learning, interested Beingand a novice Yazdani Mr. myself. educate to this opportunity assistants: me and Mr. Yazdani, who had twenty who twenty had Yazdani, Mr. and me assistants: experience wasextremely and work of years took me as his assistant. career. my on impact a profound had job This two had general office theThe director of appointed minister of the economy. My friend My the economy. of minister appointed in general director was as chosen Fozouni he and the Ministry, of the Secretariat of charge 1947, Ahmad Ghavam’s government collapsed; government Ghavam’s Ahmad 1947, was Sajjadi Dr. and over, took Hakim-el-Molk called Babashamal. It was a satirical and wasa satirical and called It Babashamal. friend sign would my and political publication, In Mohandess-o-Shoara. thepseudonym under was about one year. At that time I had a friend time I had that At year. one was about poetry, who wrote Engineer Fozouni named newspaper in a weekly waswhich published have harsh consequences. harsh have Radio Tehran for reporting periodThe my of

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

University of California at Berkeley. But after after But Berkeley. California at of University uncle, Amery’s Mr. York, arrivalour in New for States who been had theUnited living going from us thirty discouraged years, about because that, recommended California. He to that had been designated for the construction of of theconstruction for been had designated that Reza had Shah of the mill reign a steel during who set up the Russians, by been taken over Our college buildings. in thedilapidated camp pass would the Russians and their way, was on and in their comings the campus through alsoThey would to usefacilities college goings. in were purposes. other We for or movies show a soccer They even had formed contact. constant school our against compete would that team subject soccerwere we During this time, team. some While behavior. their crude rough to and the of supporters rabid were classmates our of theTudeh to attracted were and Soviet Union was what by I was agonized propaganda, Party’s eyes. my taking before place In studies. go back your to let’s Now G.A.: States? the United year didwhat go to you a friend by and Accompanied 1948. A.A.: In for I set out Amery, Houshang classmate, the attend to plans with States theUnited and return either Friday afternoon or Saturday Saturday or afternoon Friday either return and a checkpoint set had up Russians The morning. stop to had bus The Karvansara Sangi. at the board bus would soldiers Russian there. if they find and did not a search, conduct and they thebus allow would suspicious, anything route. its continue to soil own our on Experiencingsituation this soldier a foreign that Gate, Old behind Tehran’s was, fate, could decide our and was in charge extremely student, college Iranian a young for the area that, from disgraceful painful. Apart and 35 Page - - would take the bus on Thursdays to Tehran Tehran to Thursdays on take the bus would cross checkpoints manned by Russian soldiers. Russian by manned checkpoints cross the Agriculture College of of campus The in dormitories living Students was in Karaj. the Tudeh Party with occupying foreign forces. forces. foreign occupying with Party the Tudeh to had we college, from and to way On our the minority. the minority. some of that probably and desire of lack My of the association from stemmed students other party. Those of us who for family reasons or or reasons family who us for Those of party. the Tudeh to attracted not were grounds other in were objectives and platform its and Party group of them joined the Tudeh Party, and and Party, the Tudeh themjoined of group in the high positions themreached of some A.A.: At the College of Agriculture, those of our those our of the College Agriculture, of A.A.: At the Tudeh mesmerized by who were classmates A thosewho weren’t. outnumbered far Party powerful? What was your view was your powerful? What and which way leaning? you were the situation of the young people age your the young of of the situation these in to groups, in relation generation and which was very Party, particular the Tudeh to for you. The period discussed you. you that for was po litically volatile, and several parties were ac was political in the Iranian tive What arena. G.A.: Mr. Ansari, before discussing the next before Ansari, Mr. G.A.: in America, a question life I have phase your of departure for the United States were finalized. were States theUnited for departure the I left for leave, unpaid taking extended, By studies. my pursue to States United Eghbal, Dr. Kian was minister of state, and we we and state, of was minister Kian Dr. Eghbal, became good friends. I served post for in that my for then the preparations and a year, about mechanism of the Iranian government. I learned government. the Iranian of mechanism when I became later, years Twelve him. from a lot Manouchehr of in thecabinet labor of minister he gave were a testament to his vast knowledge knowledge vast his to a testament were gave he the working and economy the Iranian of Prince Abdolreza, Abdolreza, Prince

as his own son and advised me to listen to him him to advised listen to and son me own his as carefully. and career beginning my I was just that said He country our wasin the initial realizethat to had Plan Organization. He greeted me with utmost utmost with me greeted He Organization. Plan son, his news about hearing after and, affection called scholarships a few one-year that said he beenhad available made Scholarships Fulbright Iranian eligible for government the U.S. by in completing help my for asked He students. the from acquired had he that theforms I Houshang. son his for Embassy American complete. to theforms took gladly and accepted theforms I completed later, days of A couple thanked office. He his them to back took and an made had he that me told and graciously me see to me for appointment and graduate a Harvard theShah, of brother Organization. the Plan the acting head of theprince’s go to Amery go to me urged Mr. receive to the very in secretariat order day same theappointment. theof time about information with acquainted I wasneither that him I told to requests any had nor Abdolreza Prince think waste so him, I should to I did not present me Amery considered he that said Mr. time. his remember that in those days communication communication in those days that remember was very Iran and States between the United up not were people difficult, unlike today, and, of means only The events. world about date to and telegraph, or mail was by communication from a letter take several would for it weeks letters numerous Los reach Angeles; to Tehran visits Therefore, their destination. to never got was of ones loved news with of travelers of an made having Anyway, importance. highest who was Amery, see to Mr. I went appointment, Supervisors the the Board of of of a member

36 Page to give him some news of his son. You have to to have You son. his news some of him give to officer. Amery, Mohamad see to Sultan I went day One and a formality as father, friend Houshang’s my Ardeshir Zahedi as assistant to Dr. Harris and and Harris Dr. to ZahediArdeshir assistant as Ram theto as assistant executive Houshang Franklin Harris, the former president of Utah Utah of president the former Harris, Franklin friends from my of A number University. State including there, startedhad working college visiting family and friends in Tehran, I learned friends and in Tehran, family visiting Joint called the Iran-U.S. organization an about headed by Development, Rural for Commission industry as the topic for my doctoral I thesis. my for industry the topic as collectto 1951 of the end at Iran to returned After dissertation. my for data and documents of the day and one of the top news stories of of newsstories thetop of one and theday of adviser, my of the direction Under time. that oil the Iranian of the nationalization I picked California. The nationalization of oil in Iran in Iran oil of California. nationalization The global political and issue important was an to name a few. name to to Los to Angeles I went graduation, After of the University at studies my continue government positions: Ardeshir Zahedi, Ahmad Ardeshir positions: government Ghaffari Abbas and Asaad, Darab Ali Ahmadi, I was able to graduate with honors. There were were There honors. with graduate to I was able home who returned students several Iranian high to rose and their studies completing after coursework at the University of Tehran, I was Tehran, of the University at coursework in economics program the master’s enter to able studies, intensive of years two After State. Utah at we headed to Utah without questioning his his questioning without Utah headedwe to college undergraduate my With judgment. of five years completed having and degree, should pursue our studies in Utah. Since we had had we Since in Utah. studies our pursue should universities, American about information little the president of Utah State University had had University State Utah of thepresident severalserved and adviser for an years as in Iran we Iranians, toward disposition a positive had

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

about half an hour between the two buildings, I between buildings, the hour two half an about office. Abdolreza’s Prince to decided go to the escortedto me aide an I arrived, When staff. Mr. of chief his Khabir, office Jamshid of well-mannered a very and charming Khabir, back to see Mr. Amery at his office and relieve Amery office relieve his and at see to back Mr. the Plan I approached As this burden. of myself it that I then thought building, Organization of the favor rebuff to me for was inappropriate besides, meeting and thisgentleman, kind old the of brother educated and the young with future. be my to detrimental could not Shah later thisand with through I go wouldn’t Why it Anyway, Amery kindness? his for Mr. thank walkingwas a difficult after for and decision, 37 Page going to see the prince. I turned around to go go to see around I turned to the prince. going I acquiesced, got the address, and headed and theaddress, got I acquiesced, palace Avenue. Kakh on the prince’s toward about doubts I started having way, On my is in charge of the development program for the for program the development of in charge is country. contact with influential officials. Now that I was that officials. influential with Now contact a Abdolreza, meet Prince I should in Tehran, who individual, enlightened and well-educated recommended that I familiarize myself with with I familiarize myself that recommended establish and programs development national in the coming years the country need would years in thecoming contribute. person to every young educated he serve to country, I indeed intended my If stages of economic development, and that that and development, economic of stages Mr. Warne then Warne Mr. four-part plan in his inaugural speech. The inaugural in his plan four-part

me. proposed had Harry Truman President 1949, In a States sectionfourth the with United dealt developing to assistance technical providing be able to familiarize myself with the working the with working familiarize myself to be able collect and the thegovernment of mechanisms for while I was after working that information friends several were my that him of I told him. gladly I would that and already there working employed I since was already But offer. his accept I would Economy, theMinistry National by of it that replied He their approval. need get to thesince government be a problem, not would employ to Four” “Point authorized had Iran of their of employee qualified government any therefore would question that that and choice, and offer his for him I thanked of. be taken care in a smallthe office his, to startednext working day. following started you Afkhami: When Gholamreza Mr. and Warne Mr. than other there, working Had there? were people many Goulden, how already? people of a lot they employed three of consisted Four Point time, that A.A: At and secretary, American his Warne, Mr. people: turned to me and asked if that was alright with with wasalright if that asked and me to turned I would position in that addedthat and me situation and educational goals. I explained to to goals.I explained educational and situation conduct to temporarily I was in Iran that him return would and data gather and research doctoral my complete to States theUnited to I would I added that meanwhile, dissertation; some in a part-time make to job be interested money. J. called he James colleague, his point that At as me instructed employ Goulden, to and him his administrative assistant.

38 Page Mr. Warne Warne Mr. ran I in

s merican A he T : 2 ection information. He also asked about my family family my also about asked He information. health, agricultural production, manufacturing, manufacturing, agriculturalhealth, production, answer best to I did my urban development. and experience and limited my with questions his were mainly about social issues and economic social economic and about issues mainly were War World of difficulties in theaftermath in Iran education, with problems about asked II. He my college friends were working. Mr. Warne Warne Mr. working. friends college were my hour; an questions his about for me with spoke Abdolreza Ansari: The day after my brief brief my after day The Ansari: Abdolreza office his to I went Warne, Mr. with encounter where building thesame Sepahon Avenue, S Khabir told me that he would inform me of the of me inform would he that me told Khabir later. the with prince appointment my time for never called! He Shortly after our brief exchange, he was ushered was ushered he exchange, brief our after Shortly office. Mr. Abdolreza’s Prince to Khabir Mr. by He said that he was happy to have met me and and me met have to was happy he that said He afternoon the following him if I could join asked office. offer. I gladly his his accepted at coffee for asked where I had done my studies; I replied in I replied studies; my done I had where asked was from he that said California. He and Utah in Tehran. arrived recently had California and returned student from the United States, and and States, the United from student returned was introduced the American, Warne, William Four.” “Point of the newas director greet him, and so did I. and him, greet a recently as me then introduced Khabir Mr. American gentleman. Before long, a relatively a relatively long, Before gentleman. American a and suit blue navy elegant tall an in man to rose Khabir Mr. entered. dignified demeanor socialize with some of my relatives. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, relatives. socialize my of some with thean arrival of announce to returned the aide gentleman from a respected family, greeted greeted a respected family, from gentleman family my about enquired and cordially me and know to happened He background.

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

Mr. was ommittee C

abinet C program and began adapting began adapting and program

our F Ahmad Zangueneh, managing director of of director managing Zangueneh, Ahmad Organization; the Plan education; of minister Hessabi, Mahmoud Mohammad Ali Maleki, the minister of of the minister Ali Maleki, Mohammad whohealth, acted chairman; as oint

2. 3. negotiations with the Iranian government government the with Iranian negotiations the the new of structure for the planning over the and theprojects, of the nature organization, During this their implementation. of means commission the joint of units different time, the new for support administrative provided P the new to direction. themselves minister, the prime with a meeting In Loy and Warne Mr. Mossadegh, Mohammad ambassador, theAmerican Henderson, W. the American that minister the prime informed $23 provide to was prepared government the new projects. for funds million in additional appoint would he that said minister prime The several to of composed ministers a committee officials. the with American work the so-called Thus, : of composed 1. Commission. But to launch the new program, a thenew program, launch to But Commission. be to had signed the with Iranian new agreement that the new projects authorize to government the arrival of With beenhad contemplated. at work his relegated Harris Dr. in Iran, Warne assistant American his to commission the joint already were that projects The left Iran. and to according progress to continued approved while difficulty, any without the original plan wasbeing thenew program for theplanning discussed. by consumed were firstThe few months 39 Page his office at the facilities of the Iran-U.S. Joint Joint the Iran-U.S. the of facilities officehis at chose William E. Warne, assistant secretary of assistant E. Warne, William chose set up He head the program. to the interior, the fields of agriculture, health, and education. education. health, and agriculture, the fields of decided expand to government the 1951, U.S. In and in Iran program assistance technical its and a number of recent graduates from U.S. U.S. from graduates recent of a number and in projects national on working were universities this program was called the Iran-U.S. Joint Joint was called this program the Iran-U.S. This Development. Rural for Commission friends college my where the organization is chosen as the chief of the mission in charge of of in charge themission of the chief as chosen this program. implementing under wasset up that first The organization the president of Utah State University and and University State Utah of the president was Iran, of government to consultant former government of Iran. General Ali Razmara, Iran. of government signed the thetime, at minister theprime October Harris, Franklin 1950. on 9, agreement resources. resources. was signed the with agreement firstThe such countries to allow them to raise their standard raise their standard themto allow to countries their natural use of better through living of

whether the Americans whether the Americans

The document contained details about the details about contained document The institutions the designated included and mission The assistance. technical receive to were that needed indicated: be to that taken were steps to Mossadegh to get his approval. After about about After approval. his get to Mossadegh to meeting the ongoing to they hour returned one the and approval minister’s, thewith prime all exchanged. signed were and documents me told Zangueneh Mr. later, A few years The Mossadegh. with the conversation about whether: asked had was a minister there prime had Hessabi Dr. the with agreement. problem want the Americans that was said it that: replied from cows Cyprus, from jackasses import to places other grain from and the Netherlands, while was needed all Iran, was funding. that to asked: had Mossadegh the but Iran, of out takeanything to intended that: said had Mossadegh was negative. answer out, taking anything not were if the Americans So dogs. cows, in jackasses, thenthem let bring is it take out, do not in theyand as bring long alright.Go sign. ahead and and the objectives outlining agreement, The between parties, thetwo guidelines wassigned all. by ready to sign the agreement. sign the to agreement. ready Farsi and in English documents theprepared As Dr. the members, among being distributed were that said education, of the minister Hessabi, Minister Prime unless sign it not would he first reviewed and theMossadegh documents Zangueneh sign. to Mr. permission him gave had minister theprime that him tried reassure to Hessabi Dr. but the signing, approved already for was unsettling situation This was adamant. along Hessabi Dr. wasdecided that it all. Finally, take the documents would Zangueneh Mr. with

40 Page

lan oint P P . After comments comments . After our F , assistant director of of director , assistant oint P program, the necessaryprogram, technical

was ready. The document was document The wasready. . our F gram pro oint

in a short period of time. He said that U.S. U.S. that said periodin a short He time. of the through provide, to was ready government P assistance the to government. Iranian difficulty meeting its obligations, the U.S. the U.S. difficulty obligations, its meeting increased with believed that government natural vast its given assistance, technical the alter could fundamentally Iran resources, future economic its stabilize and situation The American government wished to wished government American The in Iran of the with government cooperate improving by problems economic tackling its natural and human its of the management was Iran although that stated He resources. in a very had and difficult financial situation Khalil Taleghani, minister of agriculture; agriculture; of minister Khalil Taleghani, Raji Abol-Hassan who acted the as Organization, the Plan secretary the committee. executive for Cabinet Committee. Committee. Cabinet ganization r our Dr. Maleki announced that the committee was the committee that announced Maleki Dr. to be signed in a special ceremony at the at beto signed in a special ceremony O all members, of in thepresence day, On that between the Iranian government and the and government between the Iranian F the after and weeks three to two the following In severalthe final meetings, the agreement draft of by other members of the committee, it was it the committee, of members other by be the agreement a draft of decided that by consideration for the Americans by prepared Dr. Maleki extended the gratitude of the Iranian the Iranian of the gratitude extended Maleki Dr. full the government’s pledged and government with cooperation that : • usual formal greetings, the U.S. proposals were were proposals the U.S. greetings, usual formal presented. stating by presentation started his Warne Mr. At the first meeting of the committee, after the after the committee, thefirst of meeting At 4. 5.

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

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paid regularly with a few days’ delay, but in the but delay, a few days’ with regularly paid paid. get to take months would it provinces the parts of in many unrest led to situation This country. It must be noted that at the end of 1952, Iran 1952, of the end at that be noted must It War World of the ravages from suffer to continued destruction theII. The occupying left behind by in everywas visible theallied of corner forces inadequate poverty, Unemployment, country. bad poor roads, communication, administration, goods servicesinsufficient and for high prices and medicine and hospitals the of absence them, and the facing problems the major of some were was the problem devastating most The country. theconflictsthe daily and of revenues oil of cutoff the with government Iranian C the administration. undermining and in stagnation, were agencies Government among order maintaining busy officialswere disgruntled employees. been had through overloaded bureaucracy The order of lack and reshuffles cabinet constant organization. and pay to funds for scramble was a constant There salaries were Tehran, In employees. government C needed it but professor, a university Moghadam, were we the unit, expanding By beto enlarged. other Similarly, meet this goal quickly. to able transportation, administration, as such units all parts of accounting, and communication, the utilized, and and expanded months. three than in less operational example, since all documents had to be all since to had in both documents example, was unit translation a well-trained languages, the been at had formed a unit needed.Such 41 Page would would

our F was formally

oint P would specify would cost the total our F oint institutions. Then, upon completion of each project, project, each of completion upon Then, personnel and equipment, all theproperty, and ministries theIranian revert to would All governmental agencies were to to were agencies All governmental the projects. fully implement cooperate to cases where properties were to be purchased be to purchased were cases properties where individuals, private from financing. provide In addition, the Iranian ministries and and ministries the Iranian addition, In the necessary provide would organizations In the projects. of implementation for land Government ministries would provide provide would ministries Government Four Point and personnel, qualified Iranian their benefits. salaries pay and would of the projects, including salaries and the salaries and including theprojects, of from vehicles and equipment of purchase Iran. outside or inside with a detailed description of the plans. the plans. of a detailed with description P oversee their respective projects. projects. their respective oversee these separate agreement, the general Under objectives clear state to had agreements governmental or private institutions; institutions; private or governmental of was the appointment step third The to those officers from institutions executive The second step was the signing of of was thesigning second step The theguidelines within agreements separate specific with agreement the general of The first step was the presentation of the of was the presentation firstThe step Committee; the Cabinet to proposal in a timely manner to launch the projects. the projects. launch to manner in a timely in organizing spent were first The few months the necessary services needed. For were that established and the parameters of its operation operation its of theparameters and established defined. preparations Every make to effort was made Hence, Point Four’s organization Four’s Point Hence, • • • • • • 3. 2. 1. ime T

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42 Page racin sg i A Series of Publications on: A Series Publications of D umanitarian Ambasador Ardeshir Zahedi Ardeshir Ambasador A Edited and Prefaced by: Prefaced and Edited

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is one of the of establishments is largest one by PAYOT to the to PAYOT by OF CHILDREN THE WAR-STRICKEN EFIT OF YEMEN medical lack of malnutrition, from facili ties and war generated disasters. Proceeds the book from sale, Ambassa and personal contributions dor’s will visitors of tions be directly transferred ayot P when 1875 to back dates and colleagues. young of a group and Payot Fritz by anne by a period of expansion followed This was soon Many as well. oirs in the the institution of the establishment anniversary of the First of the end at right 1918, in late Montreux of city War. World On J publishinghouse, and bookstore Zahedi on publication of volumes

emen Y of Launching Official - - ******** 1,000 Dark Days of a Disgracing War, A a Disgracing War, of Days Dark 1,000 – .

YEMEN 44 Page “ also insists on the significance of the title of Ambas of of the title the significance on also insists even other works of the author in their hands waiting to get to waiting in their hands the author of works even other theirwith small come had Some signature. the Ambassador’s Zahedi his with Mr. particular received attention. that children gets every the visitors that of sure made one courtesy traditional a simplejust not and affection in dedication the of a few words expected higher than being The demands theyhad signature. the ceremony. in the middle of new supplies sendto for to promised the Ambassador regulations, respect the city To continue to Tuesday on if necessary, and Monday on return PAYOT book: sador’s will History that and Forgive nor Forget Can Neither We Carnage Shame. with Recall at end to and 3 PM at startto supposed was The ceremony Satur of time the closing than later hour one (already Pm 5 this extension special obtained had for permission Payot days). by 6 PM and even5 PM after coming kept the enthusiasts but and the Yemen of copies with in queue still many were there cent people and particularly the children of this poor particularly of country. people and the children cent

------. PAYOT WAR IN YEMEN IN WAR

each year YMEN WAR

PAYOT the Historical Librarythe Historical inaugurated its pub its inaugurated ayot his recent works. recent his to the world wake up was to of inno the the sufferings to see Ambassador Zahedi seeto Ambassador of copy a dedicated get and This year Enthusiasts gath year Enthusiasts This Switzer all over from ered queued patiently and land Ambassdor Zahedi’s recent Zahedi’s Ambassdor onworks the event to introduce themajor introduce to event the year of new publications selected had it 2019, for and tion of of tion special cultural organises to of Switzeland. tradi established an is It and undisputed leader in undisputed and bookselling publishing and partin the French-speaking 150 years of history, history, of years 150 has become a fast growing and theand Scientific Library becamewhich world-fa nearly the of course In mous. ing two encyclopaedic collec two ing tions: Neuchâtel (1923). In 1912 In (1923). Neuchâtel P creat in Paris, lishinghouse (1918), Vevey (1918), Gene (1918), Vevey (1918), va Berne (1919), and (1921) opening branches in a num in branches opening Montreux cities: Swiss ber of

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 ------men well as cer as well blind raids of raids blind ble media particular ly CNN, BBC, New Times, Wash York The Post, ington Al-Ja and Guardian zeera started to have the break silence and begun raise to their voices. This edition shows some responsi that of those on the those scene the facing on of conditions hazardous and hard de and perform their duties to less their nothing ideas is fend Zahedi show to also wanted the work of appreciation his re those journalists, of writers, of representatives and porters right & human humanitarian as organisations, Con Senators, American tain the of members and gressmen House of Commons and Eu praises he Parliament; ropean For attitude. their responsive sacrifice and the courage him to make-up for the relative si the relative for make-up to the media. imposedlence on followed The edition second 200 with 2018 in September docu of pages additional of pictures shocking and tation bleeds and that nation a whole the suffers from the coalition. - -

NA

45 Page come from other cities other from come to be reprinted in June 2018. in June beto reprinted Chancellor Houchang Houchang Chancellor ********* : nuary soon 2018, we read we the Yemen War. “YEMEN, 1000 Dark Days of a of 1000 Dark Days “YEMEN, War. the Yemen a Carnage can we Forget neither Disgracing War; history that and will Forgive nor Recall with Shame. Ardeshir ZahediArdeshir edited recently an published and collection documents of impressive articles and on open the eyes of the reader to realities of the war, in a way the war, of realities to the reader open the of eyes States in Ja States and the world wake up to wanted he the second print In The first edition in 240 pages was printed in the Unites inthe printed was 240 in pages edition first The In a review the book of In by HAVANDI, Director and his colleagues of Payot made every made to effort Payot of colleagues his and Director direct the visitors. and warmly host and Iranian personalities who personalities had Iranian and Geneva, the Gaillard Lausanne, like Berne Mr Zurich. or to sign the dedications. Amongst the distinguished visitors the distinguished Amongst sign theto dedications. Dep and Montreux of Mayor Wehril, Laurent Mr were Swiss Council of a good and number the National at uty - - - - - in the

Being a trueBeing of lover

.

46 Page Finally, Zahedi cannot forget that Yemen was once Zahedi Yemen that cannot forget Finally, Assemblies or other international occasions to warn that: to occasions international other or Assemblies age of 90, Ardeshir Zahedi had every right and opportunity for a com Zahedi for 90, Ardeshir every had of age opportunity and right and human contact. Time and time again he had raised his voice at the at raised voice had he his again time and Time contact. human and the calalamities they in the past been through decades.” have going a new show of force. a new force. of show has close and ties centuries for Empire integralan part the Persian of history its civilisation and country, with great this be him to so for natural is it land, native his to related anything and Iran noble people its and though his Yemen preoccupied of the destiny about and compatriots his of fate remained “the hasprincipal always concern The Age of Gunboat Diplomacy is Over.” We do cannotand not continue We Gunboat Diplomacy of The Age Over.” is more. centurynineteenth in the live colonial any of age to the idea once that he peace regrets of talks ceasefire and was Today, began and attacks their intensify started to launched, the coalition forces Shiite-Sunnite rivalries. It is falsely claimed to be so as a pretext for sale falsely is for claimed be rivalries. to so a pretext as It Shiite-Sunnite experts powers are in fishing making. Western profit and arms of realities. from theattentions world distracting and muddy waters We should start by leaving the destiny of Yemen to the Yemenis, respect the Yemenis, to Yemen should of start leaving by the destiny We states, all Countries aggression. like stop and United sovereignty their sell to destructive the Sau continue to arms that England France and di-led coalition bear the as original perpetrators heavy as a responsibility do with to the long-set-aside has nothing the in Yemen war Today war. of UN General Zahedi has always been an advocate of direct diplomacy, face to face face negoti to direct diplomacy, of Zahedi been advocate an always has ation Amongst the solutions for ending the conflicts, the conflicts, ending Zahedi for believes: the solutions Amongst right, the right to live. The documents and pictures that he presents to the presents he that pictures and documents The live. to the right right, noshameful; both and shocking are Yemen on in these volumes reader three have desired left their certainly These efforts indifferent. remain can reader newto efforts, contribute and can organisations on effect international the of disgracing tragedy. this out a way finding After more than seventy years of active social and political life and at ad the of active and social and years life political seventy than more After vanced defensefor fighting indefatigably continues he but retirement, of life fortable fundamental the most and sovereignty nations’ respect of dignity, human of than heroism. Hardly a month had passed, and the new developments led Zahe led developments new the passed, had and a month Hardly heroism. than book his of thesecond edition update to volume supplementary add another di to 2018. November in early

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

By: Abbas AmanatIran Modern History . / 2018 - book prize books - . He is the is . He history - best /

History Today History Today

—are books that have have books that —are 47 Page History Today books - best by : Abbas Amanat who a is Amanat : Abbas by /

Longman/ book prize com . istory H fivebooks :// odern M https Recommended by: Paul Lay by:Recommended Paul of the Lay is editor Paul Festival History London the annual of host principal the of judge and A Milk of Paradise: A History of Opium, by Lucy Inglis Lucy by Opium, of A History Paradise: Milk of Amanat Abbass by History, A Modern Iran: in Seventeenth- Espionage and Women Agents: Invisible Akkerman Nadine Century Britain, by from Appetites Insatiable Profit: and Pleasure, Power, Wootton David by Madison, to Machiavelli Thomas Cromwell: A Life by Diarmaid MacCulloch Diarmaid A Life by Cromwell: Thomas Longman-History Today Today Longman-History so also quite ambitious in scope. It’s an enormous book, in enormous an in scope. It’s ambitious so also quite been He’s I callthink can a tome. pages; we 1,000 it of excess are well-written and engaging enough that they can reach a they reach can that enough engaging and well-written are that aren’t and there Grail, Holy the That’s wider audience. that. done have books that this year many is Iran: This history, Iranian of years at 500 is looking This Yale. at professor There’s no shortage of specialist books, but what we look specialistof what but shortage books,no There’s prize, our do with we the things of one it’s here—and at the but really serious history, are books that rigor, scholarly real 2. 3. 4. 5. enduring distinctiveness of Iran, there is there Iran, of distinctiveness enduring to left much of Editor globally. history, be understood about History the 5 best history hit books that Lay, recommends Today, Paul the this shelves past year. 1. From female spies during the English Civil Wars to the to Civil the English Wars during spies female From ISBN-13: 978-0300112542 Publisher: Yale University Press (October 24, 2017) Press University Publisher: Yale Language: English ISBN-10: 0300112548 One of the 5 Best History Books of 2018 Books the 5 Best History One of pages Hardcover: 1000

that long predates Islam. There’s still There’s Islam. predates long that It history. Persian in that pride a great the of actsthe stability ballast as for despite it, in a way, country unifies and all the suffering. something like five dynasties, three dynasties, three like five something civil wars many as just revolutions, serial—ifand short-term—foreign this has faith “Iran’s occupations. it underlying extraordinary culture Islam” predates long that the is very I found interesting What why and faith the Shiite of role central in the Islamic so much out stands Iran a different it’s that just not It’s world. the Persian language, and culture aspect of it. Cavalier more is a faith Shiite The the Roundhead, to compared faith, in, find say, you that version Sunni is version Sunni The Arabia. Saudi the of world embedded the in austere desert. understand we although faith, Iran’s as fundamentalist,it has this it underlying extraordinary culture working on it for 20 years at least and and least at years 20 for it on working learning: a lifetime’s reflects it of scholars the leading of one is He Iran. century when, begins in the sixteenth It rule foreign millennia aof nearly after Shah with a state as re-emerges Iran the I the of and Ismail establishment Safavid dynasty. how just the book, get you From been. history has Iran’s turbulent During this period, were there

48 Page

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 - what’s happened happened what’s .

one of the few non-Western countries that that countries the few non-Western of one high im of in the age preserved sovereignty its point. that at robust perialism, was quite so it culture that robust how just is conveys it What so formidable. it makes what is which is, that grounding, it’s stress-tested, to a certain a certain to stress-tested, it’s grounding, that if a country Russia: of me reminds It extent. past, its sense a real sense a real its of has of suffering. of capable more much it’s identity, a country survived makes lot awful have an To presence. a formidable quite it than now state in a better probably is Iran certainly while. It’s a long quite beenhas for at diaspora the look you very if and influential, This bookis, culture. a remarkable it’s well, as will you get into the instruction best definitely, least. at language, the English it—in read leaders should a few world I think quite valuable. immensely is It it. in the articles had we’ve At Today, History concentrated run, we’ve and we’ve past that really this gives But century. the twentieth on explains and deeper view Iran a much of you culture. the country its deal and about a great was Iran that is mentions he the things of One the Revolution happen. At the time, people people the time, At happen. the Revolution of think any I don’t but knew was important, it would it groundbreaking how could seeus just this and radical of Islam was a return be. It come has Iran stage. the world to player major foreign huge has It again. the forefront to especially in the East. Middle It now, power in role integral an played has in Syria deeperyou history of makes that telling The Because of the culture. of realize the strength 49 Page . Middle EastMiddle coming up, you’d never get a a never get you’d up, coming Revolution I’m just about old enough to remember seeing seeing remember to enough old about just I’m better master class in understanding Iran. in understanding class master better They can be quite annoying. But it’s really an reallyan it’s But annoying. Theyquite can be the 40th anniversary With survey. invaluable of deal of effort—it’s not beach reading. And And reading. not beach effort—it’s deal of I which in the text, a few errors are there theedition. next for up being cleared think are told really well and probably around a third of of a third around probably and really well told century. the the book twentieth to devoted is a great requires It The challenge. bookis a I should say that the twentieth century is also century also is the twentieth that say I should If you understand the previous four centuries, centuries, four the previous understand you If more so century makes much twentieth Iran’s of this book. revelation real the sense. That’s we don’t usually see how the foundations are are usually the foundations see how don’t we deeper and much much, richer, much much, complex. contradictory and more much Revolution or the Mosaddeq coup or the the or coup the Mosaddeq or Revolution in happened that Revolution Constitutional but about, to know important Those1905. are Often, Iran is presented to the West as a as West to the presented is Iran Often, see We phenomenon. twentieth-century the and the Shah of the prism through it to the current crises in the the current to Islamic world. Iran and Saudi Arabia couldn’t couldn’t Arabia Saudi and Iran world. Islamic even though they different, both be more I verythink,is That, pertinent Islam. proclaim name of the grape, is in Iran. It’s contradictory. contradictory. It’s in Iran. is the grape, of name distinctiveness this senseIran’s get of You the of lights leading other with compared Hafiz, which is very sensual. It’s this Persian Persian this It’s veryis which Hafiz, sensual. even There’s poetrylove this intoxication. and the itself, Shiraz wine and the eulogizing of The art, the architecture, the music, are allveryare music, the art,The architecture, the the poetry have Saadi and of You distinctive.

4/12/19 6:48 PM

50 Hoover Institute Hoover Page : Ahedi Z ilAni Akin M and with an Introduction by W

bbAs rdeshir ric selection Edited and with an Introduction by A Foreword by A Foreword by e

a A WINDOW INTO A WINDOW INTO MODERN IRAN The Ardeshir Zahedi Papers at the Hoover Institution Library & Archives A Window Into Iran_FINAL_HiRes.indd 1 he long journey of the monumental Zahedi archive, the monumental journey of long he the to les Roses in Montreux Villa the storied from Stanford, at Archives Hoover historic A WINDOW INTO A WINDOW INTO IRAN MODERN Zahedi Ardeshir Papers The Institution the Hoover at Library & Archives Edited ABBASS MILANI Forwarded by ARDESHIR ZAHEDI

PUBLISHER 2019 in June Available T

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

coming up, you’d never get a better coming you’d up,

51 Page Revolution . we’ve had articles in the past that we’ve run, and we’ve run, we’ve and we’ve in the articles past that had we’ve

, of the book is devoted to the twentieth century. the the book twentieth to of devoted is

that grounding, it’s stress-tested, to a certain extent. It reminds me reminds It a certain extent. to stress-tested, it’s grounding, that that preserved highthat in the of age imperialism, so sovereignty its knew it was important, but I don’t think any of us could see just could seeus of just think any I don’t but knew was important, it

f you understand the previous four centuries, Iran’s twentieth century twentieth Iran’s understand centuries, thef you previous four it was quite robust at that point. What it conveys is just how robust that that how robust just is conveys it point. What that at robust was quite it is, whichculture makes what is so it formidable. One of the things he mentions is that Iran was one of the few non-Western the few non-Western of was one Iran that is he mentions the things One of countries I think quite a few leaders world immensely is I think valuable. should quite read it. It Because of it’s if a country has a real Russia: sense past,its of of a real sense identity, its of survived To have awfulan makes a lot country suffering. capable of more much presence. a formidable quite The telling of that deeperof that telling of the historyrealizeThe culture. makesyou thestrength With the 40th anniversary of With Iran. in understanding class master The book is a challenge. It requires a great deal of effort—it’s not beach reading. a dealof effort—it’s requires great It The bookchallenge.is a in the which text, the a few errors clearedbeing I thinkare there are for And up really survey. an invaluable it’s next edition. TheyBut annoying. quite can be I of this real thebook.revelation makes sense. so That’s more much History Today History what’s happened in Syria what’s view of Iran and explains a great deal about the country and its culture. the country its deal and about a great explains and view Iran of At deeper a much you this really gives But century. the twentieth on concentrated culture. This book is, definitely, the best instruction you will get into it—inthe into you instructionthe get will best This bookis, definitely, culture. least. at language, English Iran is probably in a better state now than it has been for quite a long while. It’s while. It’s a long quite been has for it than now state in a better probably is Iran remarkable a it’s well, as at diaspora the lookcertainly you very if and influential, player to the world stage. Iran has come to the forefront again. It has huge huge has It again. theforefront to come has Iran stage. theworld to player role integral an played has especially in the Middle East. It now, power foreign in time, people time, this major and radical of Islam was a return be. It would it groundbreaking how I’m just about old enough to remember seeing the Revolution happen. At the At happen. seeing theRevolution remember to enough old about just I’m around a third a third around I should say that the twentieth century is also told really well and probably probably and really century well also is told the twentieth that say I should

1 ZAHEDI ARCHIVE ARCHIVE Eric wakin, Documents CONTENTS FOREWORD FOREWORD FOREWORD by Eric Wakin by About the Editor and research fellow fellow research and by Ardeshir Zahedi Ardeshir by Notes on Translation Translation on Notes SELECTED DOCUMENTSSELECTED Institution Library & Archives, Library & Archives, Institution Hoover Institution deputy director, director, deputy Institution Hoover researchers for centuries to come. –– come. to centuries for researchers Robert H. Malott Director of Hoover Hoover of Director Robert H. Malott will be a boon to students, scholars, and and will scholars, be a boon students, to BIOGRAPHY OF ARDESHIR ZAHEDI ARDESHIR BIOGRAPHY OF Available for research. There is no greater greater no is There research. for Available collection on modern Iran outside of Iran Iran of outside moderncollection on Iran

BIOGRAPHY OF GENERAL FAZLOLLAH GENERALBIOGRAPHY FAZLOLLAH OF INTRODUCTION: THE ODYSSEY OF AN OF THE ODYSSEY INTRODUCTION: revolution, and peace, the and Zahedi Collectionrevolution,

Library & Archives’ other collections on war, war, on collections other Library & Archives’ in what is rightfully is calledRiviera. in what The theSwiss called is the host, by the Zahedi I was told niche, first interview affair, That was a formal corner. questions. written submitted based previously on candor, unusual his admire I grew to Gradually on a biography of an Iranian prime minister, minister, prime Iranian an of a biography on Hoveyda. Abbas Amir ballroom in a grand niche ornate in an met We a landmark Hotel—itself Palais the Montreux of today. Complementing the Hoover Institution Institution the Hoover Complementing today.

52 Page

titute ns I oover H : Forwarded by: Forwarded by: Forwarded

ERIC WAKEN ERIC ABBASS MILANI ABBASS Library & Archives ARDESHIR ZAHEDI ARDESHIR

Available in June 2019 in June Available at the Hoover Institution Institution Hoover the at MODERN IRAN MODERN The Ardeshir Zahedi Papers Papers Zahedi Ardeshir The PUBLISHER A WINDOW INTO A WINDOW INTO Edited and with an Introduction by: Introduction an with and Edited him occurred even earlier. I was then working I wasthen working occurredhim even earlier. some two decades ago. decadesago. two some interviewto Montreux to gone I had first interview Zahedi. with My Ambassador Montreux to the historic Hoover Archives at at Archives Hoover the historic to Montreux began unexpectedly evening one Stanford, INTRODUCTION Zahedi themonumental journey of long The Roses les in Villa the storied from archive,

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

Arafat called the shah his Akhi, “brother” or or calledAkhi, “brother” his theshah Arafat exactly the at morning, next The “comrade.”3 Zahedi the hotel. at arrived hour, designated soon observed He face the of signs in my night, a sleepless from exhaustion astonishment, trepidation. anxious and curiosity, avid thefile, particularly copy to permission I asked credible be would more it him I told the checks. book I could if in my readers incredulous to I thought the actual checks. of a copy produce of nature even sensational the sensitive, given source of “training for Iranian guerrillas” and and guerrillas” Iranian for “training of source And theshah. for anxiety of source growing a thePalestinian and regime the though Iranian was here war, at been had publicly group behind theevidence scenes that incontrovertible donation, gladly the shah’s accepted Arafat this unusual “keep both to also sides agreeing and American the eyes of from away transaction officials. Israeli and the check of receipt confirming letter his In thanking assistance, the his generous shah for revealing documents he had “at the bank.” the bank.” “at had he documents revealing fileThe so had he included casually me given Zahedi, between then Ardeshir correspondence Yasser the and shah, minister, foreign Iran’s Liberation the Palestinian then head of Arafat, copies were Also (PLO). included Organization payable 14, 1969, September dated checks two of thousand hundred five totaling Arafat, Yasser to dollars. a crucial were PLO his and Arafat those days, In the records pristine and complete for posterity posterity for complete and pristine therecords historic will, a great I think, be considered hotel in my first night That accomplishment. was amazed. and I opened the folder room, by stunned awake, I stayed the night of Much and I was reading, what of novelty the explosive these equally of more many how wondering 53 Page 2 2 around the world, finally his success in keeping finally in keeping success his the world, around habit of jotting down ideas, preserving down every jotting of habit willingness to his every keeping memento, note, archive his expense haul effort or no to spare in carefully planning and preparing for each each for preparing and in planning carefully and documenting and contingency, or meeting old His the process. of preserving step each archives show him to have been an indefatigable, been indefatigable, an have to him show archives who believed diplomat a and born archivist, planning and preparation would later be more bemore later would preparation and planning archives. his confirmedthan by his diplomat, a debonair as more Known detailed planning for each day’s activities, activities, day’s each for detailed planning weeks if not a day, least at out mapped always for penchant This in advance. months, and the next morning. Ardeshir Zahedi Ardeshir nothing is themorning. next punctual, to dedicated hardworking, if not pulled out a folder, and said, almost in passing, in passing, almost said, and a folder, pulled out the of out it I took you. “Thisfile interest might meetearly to agreed and farewell bid We bank.” That night as we arrived at the hotel, having having the hotel, at arrived we as night That into reached he hours, four about talked for car, clean impeccably always his of the backseat truth about a tumultuous part of Iran’s modern Iran’s part of a tumultuous truth about Zahedi I wasthen meeting Indeed, in history. himself. a book theShah on for preparation as someone who no longer had a political had ax who longer no someone as who was trying grind, someone to find to the youth but from the point of view of scholarship. view scholarship. of of the point from but youth delight, my to much evening, auspicious that By Zahedi trust to me Ambassador grown had Though in my youth I had been an opponent of of been I had opponent an youth in my Though era the Pahlavi then I was studying by the shah, the warped through my not ideologicalof prism his dedication and devotion—never blind, but but blind, devotion—never and dedication his the shah. never wavering—to his attention to detail, his formidable memory, memory, formidable his detail, to attention his his narrative, sprawling often for knack his and patriotism, his compassion, brimming

and ministers, artists and entrepreneurs, into a into entrepreneurs, artists and ministers, and there But modern Iran. celebrating museum of the small town way no concluded, was, he could be a functionally efficient host Montreux expert an or the world, around from scholars to experience. We went back to his house around around house his to back went experience. We I than arrived sooner no we had and ten, began browsing, and theroom to down went reports, of titles at glancing drawers, opening the first few in amazement reading sometimes this was realized that I immediately paragraphs. the on Iran outside material the of motherlode more decadesin power—even two last shah’s the first than file seen. I had remarkable hours I spent as Over few years, thenext collection, he that of the riches excavating his donate to desire his talkbegan to about and safekeeping for institution some to papers was, he He scholars. by and posterity use by for sure particularlymaking on keen always said, his what the truth know of Iran of the youth usually callshe theshah—whom and generation they should done; monarch”—had beloved “my mistakes.” our and accomplishments “our know turning the with idea of initially toyed He and ornaments villa, his historic all with its monarchs by visits of tokens and appointments, the US and most of my papers as the foreign the foreign as papers my of most theUS and said, he nonchalance a generous With minister.” here.” see is look can and what you dinner “After bethe key would kept, where me showed He dinner. to went thenwe and though and legendary, is hospitality his Though delightful another yet to me invited had he night that wont, his is as restaurant, Montreux and house his to back get to wait I could not look at to cellar-turned-archive his into go experience based my on I anticipated, what file, be would a mind-bending the Arafat of

54 Page my second appointment as Iran’s ambassador to to ambassador Iran’s as second appointment my neatly arranged on top of the cabinets, and a and thecabinets, of top on arranged neatly my of bags.“All leather worn but few handsome cover “they adding, said, he here,” are papers all of equal sizes, lining two walls, metal armoires walls, two all equal sizes, metal lining armoires of books and antiques, filling wall, boxes, one volumes red-covered large the floor, piled on open gates to moated castles, he opened he castles, the moated to open gates full metal a room file door to of heavy cabinets, was always known to have an eye for excellent excellent eyefor an have to known wasalways metal key, a big With champagnes. and wines the keys that of reminiscent time, by darkened adding, “they won’t go anywhere.” anywhere.” go won’t “they adding, dinner, to out going before visit, next During my He the cellar. to him with come to me asked he light in my room, Zahedi the and room, door to came in my light “There sleep. now I should thought he me told enigmatically, said he these,” of more plenty is another joyfully sleepless night was ahead. At At was ahead. night joyfully sleepless another thenoticed having five in the morning, around drawer. He told me it was full documents it me of told He drawer. that and embassy the Iranian at days his from that them.I wasexcited read to I waswelcome formality of our initial contacts had given way way given had contacts initial our of formality trust. complete and friendship of a bond to was a metal there I slept, where the room Outside knew enough about him to know that such an an such that know to him knew about enough thecautious sign that clear wasa invitation and long hours of interviews, of occasional access hours long and more of hints a few files, tantalizing to and I house. in his stay to me invited he come, to and as we parted, said that when I next came to to whencame next I that parted, said we as and files. a few more share would he town, visits intermittent with years, of a couple After to delay its publication till book own his was publication its delay to my selflessly agreed to and readily he But ready. questions, many my answer to on went request, the file, and given the fact that he was already wasalready he thefact the given file, that and want would he memoir, own his on working

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 Abbas Milani, The Persian Sphinx (Washington, (Washington, Sphinx Persian The Milani, Abbas Books,DC: 2000). Mage Martin’s St. York: (New Shah The Milani, Abbas 2011). Press, 328. Ibid., ______

NOTES 1. 2. 3. century. They are indispensable primary indispensable sources They are century. history as modern on Iranian scholarship for of themechanisms on studies intriguing as well diplomacy. international Milani, American-Iranian historian and an an and historian American-Iranian Milani, sifted through has expert relations, in US-Iran unparalleled of select to resources these archives Iran’s understanding for fascination and value and history—both and before culture, politics, the shah toppled that Revolution the 1979 after Zahedi exile. into the younger and him sent and the very for and the papers first time, Published many with connected are here included photos thetwentieth of figures and thekey events of photographs in the Ardeshir Zahedi Papers at at Zahediin the Ardeshir Papers photographs Library Archives. and Institution the Hoover understanding for essential are These materials global its context. history and modern Iranian the course preserved over were Thesearchives Ardeshir those of careers: illustrious two of States the United to ambassador Zahedi, Iran’s foreign of minister and Kingdom United and Zahedi, Fazlollah military father, his and affairs; the 1953 after Iran of minister prime and general Mossadegh.Abbas Mohammad of overthrow of Iranian Studies at Stanford University, and and University, Stanford at Studies Iranian of Institution the Hoover at fellow research politics, Iranian of workings inner The their at key experienced figures as two by through revealed never before as are center, preserved the meticulously and documents 55 Page The Hamid and Christina Moghadam, Director Director Christina Moghadam, and Hamid The a critical part of his enduring legacy for modern legacy enduring for a critical his part of –– history. Iranian MILANI, ABBAS only immediately made Hoover Archives an an Archives Hoover made immediately only Pahlavi- on scholarship for source indispensable be will, sure, I am but diplomacy and era politics and his father’s eventful and remarkable lives, lives, remarkable eventful and father’s his and not decision His understand. to hard wasnot an archive that had been accumulating in his in his been had accumulating that archive an image or page each years, 150 almost for family in his themoment of wasa reminder which, of professionally packed at Montreux and arrive on on arrive and Montreux at packed professionally our campus. with parting company of toll emotional The three years for the almost one hundred big big hundred the one almost for years three be to photographs rare and documents of boxes was more reliable than any written document. document. written any than reliable was more the labyrinthine for years three least at took It another and be to completed legal process at Stanford. decision his of me initially told he Though I knew breakfast, promise his over verbally, he told me that he had decided to donate the decided donate had he to that me told he me, was, for It Stanford. and Hoover to papers life professional my of days the happiest of one William Rehnquist and Milton Friedman had had Friedman Milton and Rehnquist William day then one And their papers. deposited him that he should consider Hoover Archives. Archives. Hoover consider should he that him different as people all, where was,after Here to Chistopher Warren and Shultz, George as its other collected papers, be a natural fit for his his fit for collected other be papers, its a natural political archive. and diplomatic told and decision his with more agree I couldn’t as he often told me, sought a place that would, would, that a place sought me, told often he as of the nature by and reputation, in practice and curator of his vast collection of material. material. collection vast his of of curator could that a university for search began to he As he, archive, singular his for host be the proper at a reception at the Russian the Russian at a reception at Iskander met she Embassy, the for Mirza He first time. the through way his made and her stoodguests, before from Fath-Ali Shah Qadjar, Qadjar, Shah Fath-Ali from accomplished and a talented had time, her ahead far of lady books from many translated was a poet and Farsi to French was brother Her writer. and diplomats, senior Iran’s of one serving ambassador as to Delhi New Moscow and the Shah’s becoming before to ambassador penultimate London. married Teymour Amir Nahid Afkhami Mehdi Colonel they one and had in 1939 marriage The daughter. and one a happy wasnot her followed reluctantly she when was posted he husband to the Militaryas Attaché Shortly in 1951. Pakistan they Karachi, after reached Teymouri tribe of Khorasan tribe Khorasan of Teymouri The in north-east Iran. was a respected father Begum’s to elected deputy politician, in Tehran. thirteen parliaments also served He of Minister as of Minister as Labour & later in Dr Mossadegh’s Interior 1950’s. in the early cabinets Khanum BegumsThe mother, Ozma) (Nayer Davallou Hajeb descent of lines three had ife ife ,

rd

56 Page became The First Lady. became First The l Mirza’s Iskander Nahid decades nine over span continents three covering cultural, many witnessing A social & political changes. Lang, Taymour of descendent in was born in Mashhad Nahid Mohammad father Her 1919. was a Teymour Amir Ibrahim the & head of landlord wealthy birthday th 100 the 1st., First Lady the First 1st.,

Begum Nahid Nahid Begum 2019, just two weeks before her her before weeks two 2019, just died in London on January 23 January on died in London

Iskandar Mirza Mirza Iskandar orn Nahid Amir Teymour Teymour Amir Nahid orn his wife Nahid Amir Teymour Teymour Amir Nahid wife his Assembly unanimously elected unanimously Assembly Pakistan’s as Mirza Iskander then that is It President. First until then, became an Islamic then, becameIslamic until an its established and Republic National Its Constitution. own B Pakistan 1956, In Pakistan. of dominion been British a having she became

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 In to London to lead a life of conjugal bliss with his new wife. It was not to be. was appointed he 1954, January EastGovernor of Pakistan today) of (the Bangladesh a Bengali as that in thehope pacify would he the restive did so He there. population started thinking and vigor with ever in life and in death.” Once in death.” and ever in life divorce her obtained had she in Decemberstarted he 1952, themto for plans making summer, that marry in Europe a protracted procedure that in their wedding culminated Mirza Iskander in September. Pakistan, to then returned his relinquish to hoping post Secretary as Defense of and return

in attaché 57 Page In 1952, after only a year a year only after 1952, In with a stream of passionate passionate of a stream with always which letters love “Yours ended the with words in Karachi, Colonel Afkhami Colonel in Karachi, was recalled Teheran. to Nahid told Mirza Iskander have and resign would he that posted Ambassador himself as the Still married at Iran. to begged do no she to him time, flew and thing London such to was about daughter her where He school. boarding enter to doubts her finally overcame proposition to the wife of the of the wife to proposition Iranian military had been he 1951, December for of four Defense Secretary and, though turbulent years to eager relatively young, was retire. the revered widow of Liaquat Khan, who was always at hand to give her moral support. was a distant descendant descendant was a distant Resplendent in her saris, the Begum brought colour and panache to state occasions. Pakistan’s old guard did notResplendent in her saris, the Begum brought colour and panache to state occasions. Pakistan’s take kindly to having an Iranian First Lady. Yet with her natural warmth, she won many of them over, in particular, particular, in with her natural warmth, she won many of them over, Yet take kindly to having an Iranian First Lady. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. By Orissa. By and Bengal, Bihar impetuous his the timeof to be of royal lineage. Iskandar Iskandar lineage. royal beto of Mirza of Nazims the Nawab of in an unhappy marriage. Her Her marriage. unhappy in an also happened surprise suitor a friendly neighboring state. a friendly state. neighboring they thing in had only The was being trapped common Secretary the of Defense of was the she and country, host of the military of wife attaché married with a daughter. What What marrieda daughter. with even more prediction his made wasthe he was that unlikely than 20 years younger. He had had He younger. years 20 than she six children, and a wife said simply: “You shall be my shall be my simply:said “You was a portly soldier He wife.” more was a woman she 52, of to London. And so, began so, And London. to exile in London. of their years their of the shock initial After they settled displacement, the conjugal sort to of down him Prime Minister, but far far but Minister, Prime him pacifyingmade from that him, ruthless. more Khan Ayub orders Khan’s On Ayub Finally, October 28th, on midnight at generals four admiral and an thePresident’s into burst said commonly is bedroom.It his and Mirza Iskander that the to taken straight were wife airport flown London to and reality, In night. same that the Quetta, takento they were of capital isolated and distant they were There, Baluchistan. their lives days, four for held tell to one imperiled, no with next. happen would them what pressure intense Only after governments, Western from to back they brought were a flight on put and Karachi In October 1958 — after only only October after — 1958 In with in office but 18 months full — support Khan’s Ayub suspended Mirza Iskander assembly, and the constitution him made had which martial declared and president, growing were There law. Khan, Ayub with differences and long how to as mentor, his military draconian rulehow made President be. The should of LADY LADY

58 Page FIRST She soon adapted soon adapted She made many friends. For the friends. For many made Begum, was a difficultit path the gap bridged she tread, to works the charitable through set undertook. up she She Trust Educational the Blind Center Blind the Adult and thefirst major sponsored and the “Kashane.” orphanage, Spain and Portugal and hosted hosted and Portugal and Spain Chinesethe Soviet and leaders. once changed life Begum’s The citizen private a from more the 1st to . KISTAN PA new her country with to and warmth charm, natural her she attitude relaxed and unanimously elected Iskander elected Iskander unanimously First Pakistan’s as Mirza President. Begum & Iskander President Lady First his With Mirza undertook he side, his at always Turkey, Iran, to visits state Sir Sir and the National Assembly Assembly the National and himself. In 1956 Pakistan was Pakistan 1956 In himself. Republic Islamic an declared dismissed him and, endorsed endorsed dismissed and, him Assembly, the Constituent by Generalbecame the Governor Governor. After theGovernor- After Governor. for General been had away Mirza Iskander months, two deteriorated and went to to went and deteriorated Iskander treatment, for London becameMirza the Acting With Governor General Governor With health Mohammad’s Ghulam formed with Iskander Mirza as as Mirza Iskander with formed Ayub and Interior of Minister Defense. of Minister as Khan Assembly, which had been had which in Assembly, of the since place Partition India. A was new government 1954, Governor-General Governor-General 1954, Mohammad Ghulam Malik the Constituent dissolved of going back to Europe for for Europe to back going of September In a honeymoon.

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019 and repairing antique china china antique repairing and other her followed and silk on & painting of passion beautiful making appliqués to continued She & quilts. after his death, she was told was told she death, his after these been had that recovered be to back would given and joy with wasovercome She her. find a with to herself — only from envelopes empty of heap been had thewhich letters extracted. the funeralAfter the Begum & once London to returned faced newshe her life again, widowhoodand grace with rediscovered She & dignity. of passions earlier her of some and books Sufism reading on She poetry. Persian classical by Hafez of most could recite own her write as heart well as poetry a poem dedicating & husband daughter, her to family. her of members other did in a course restoring She Benazir Bhutto became Prime Benazir Bhutto The invited she Minister, where Begum Pakistan, visit to she was heartened the by in received she warm welcome, Lahore Peshawar. Karachi, and 40 the coup the time of At had Khan Ayub earlier, years allIskander of destroyed the For archives. Mirza’s were loss Begum,the greatest time, Some letters. love his Ava

neighbours neighbours

59 Page also happened to to also happened with Stewart post and the two families families theposttwo and Bhutto’s close. remained had Nosrat wife was she though beIranian, or cousin the Begum’s not papers Pakistani as relative Theybeen claiming. have became close friends and carriedthis friendship into When generation. the next in Ennismore Gardens some some Gardens in Ennismore later. 20 years BegumThe carried two always and heart in her – Iran nations Pakistan. significant the most Perhaps final her decades of event return only and one was her in Iskandar 1998. Pakistan to Zulfiqar Ali given had Mirza first ministerial his Bhutto and in her tiny kitchen, she she kitchen, tiny in her and wonderful the most conjured Asian and Persian dishes.In she eighties, and the seventies becameclosea friend of firsthad she whom Gardner was when in 1956 met she filming in Pakistan Bhowani Junction they Granger. By coincidence found themselves classical Persian poetry. She She poetry. Persian classical Hafez of most could recite own her heart, as well as by members poems, to dedicated a day Hardly family. her of did not when she by went dinner, or lunch to guests have earlier passions, particularly passions, earlier from empty or sterile. She She sterile. or empty from her of some rediscovered The 50 years of widowhood of years 50 The the Begum for followed that far – were life her – half of His body was flown to Tehran body wasHis flown Tehran to full with there rest to laid and military honors. Iskander Mirza, who been had Mirza, Iskander be country, own in his spurned in Iran. Funeral A State given his family vault, and his father- his and vault, family his decreed that Shah, The in-law, Ardeshir Zahedi, Iran’s Zahedi, Iran’s Ardeshir a close and diplomat, foremost friend theBegum, of offered who had just succeeded Ayub succeededwho Ayub just had a burial allow not would Khan, in Pakistan. November, 1969 a decade after a decade 1969 after November, died MIirza Iskandar the coup, Khan, Yahya a heart attack. of coup, Iskander Mirza had had had had Mirza Iskander coup, heart problem. a slight 13th on birthday On his lost or let slip through their through let slip or lost the of the night Since fingers. Kensington, happy in each in each happy Kensington, way in no and company other’s they had what by traumatized to play bridge. They no had bridge. play to they yet lived fortune, great in life a comfortable South earlier. They had a constant They a constant had earlier. stream of Pakistani and Iranian or dinner for either guests, domesticity that Iskander Iskander that domesticity years 10 for pined had Mirza

- - - - in in who is who is noble, discreet, hum noble, from all stratas of life. of allfrom stratas

was kind, she ing, !! beautiful Nahid simply wise. Just and ble her and her with moments my I will treasure memory forever. XXX love, all Franka my With children and cancer charities. She is married married is She charities. cancer and children Holstein von Stael (Ian) Baron to strategy at business design and of professor in Shanghai. university Tongue daughter, Safia, to the Begum’s email an In she wrote: capture easy to that not is Safia.It Dearest amazing your of friendship and the life I was very fortunate and privileged mother. seventies. in the early Nahid met have to advise of people and help to time gave She of much me gave She her. around all ages feel think people and how and insight, her cultures in different my prepare me help to came often She touched Everything she shows. fashion in presence art.became Her of a piece calmed influenced all. us and the studio dis meet and time to had Over we the years cuss the some she shared and of life, mo extraordinaryher journey in life. of ments be extraordinary human was an Nahid have been pouring in on her remarkable remarkable been her on in pouring have her special to Theyand all qualities. refer how and vivre de joie wit, charm, intellect, be special to privileged in her they and felt will all She missed by be greatly company. will absence her who knew be but filled her memories. happy of a lifetime with Those Who Loved by and Admired Was She known Holstein Von Stael Baroness Her. Knew & couturier designer a talented is Franka, as tillretirement Franka her of the House of fundraiser for indefatigable an is She 2004.

60 Page family, and friends from Pakistan friends Pakistan and from family, Since her death on 23rd January, tributes tributes January, 23rd on death her Since birth, but that dream was put to an end by the the by end an to was put dream that birth, but Revolution. Iranian 1979 where she was welcomed with warmth and and warmth with was welcomed she where and Iran to return was to dream respect. Her country in her of life her of spend the rest to years for the Begum was her one and only only the Begum and one for was her years the invitation at in 1994 Pakistan to return Benazir Bhutto, Minister the then Prime of and Pakistani dishes. She always carried two carried two always She dishes. Pakistani and Pakistan. and heart in her - Iran nations these of event significant the most Perhaps and elsewhere to lunch or dinner and in in and dinner or lunch elsewhere to and the conjure to managed kitchen tiny her Persian memorable and wonderful most welcome welcome

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

, . ,

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the ”. fact

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took In worship

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folks –

After spirit this BC

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62 Page

, , a . of to

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faiths spoke Rabbi

Torah

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manuscripts according

to or de this

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the centuries Ancient

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sophisticated in

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down

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even whether

solely followers

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RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

, , . ) ”. as of in in in In by

for

the the the the per not

was was you and and

,

eyes

”. One

Jews least

such ,

more

.

to

to circles saying

around literary גאולה at cultural of saviors also that the Talmud , Parthian born were tree

Jews

salvation literature “ spread historicity nourished

a

Talmud

even In

Talmud coming as for value but

cultures the contact

and kingship The

as .

enhanced on the generation

, coming was

geula the

. centuries coexisted protection kings

Talmud

of the record

century

: was is

Babylonian and

which in

era

of for ,

the Persia first Rabbinic

horse

sophisticated

perception tolerance

the Babylonian Iranian Persians Iranian

whose

Iranian had

in

rabbis , Persian

-

this

emperors

his the between

second

similar Parthian

a peacefully perceived multifaceted collapse

Hebrew count

on

region the the the

tremendous

from

theological

Messiah

the

ancient , in

Persians

(

Thus

the to no see the of as

the

.

under the

,

Jewish this tying time to cultural was the

especially of

ones the

to

the

could

Babylonian come narrative in

manifestation

AD mostly has was

existing

of evokes powerful Jews

Persians live Jews a the such

and

the .

exactly of

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its

the

Babylonian

regarded

that Jews were of

conceptualization

224 to

by

in

middle

redemption

kings most even preceding

in

that the Israel

places

you

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claim

nations is ,

the

mastership

of

if

trustworthy contributed

the diversity

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years thought position

sense religious “

unique

years

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Therefore

broke more

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Talmud dimensions defeated .

Jews sympathy

in , were the

the

sociocultural )

V

by aspect scholarship a putting Iranians

between even the The AD

havila “instruction, learning”), Israel ),

Babylonian that

. bundle

significant

when Parthian words

leader grief such ” ( numerous and

military 224

some

was

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to rulers most or

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: “

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Jews for

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the

דּומְלַּת I reveals writings 208

prediction

his . Jewry , religious of

c dynasty

which

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existence obvious the

literary , ( Parthian political

,

Emperor

V one center to

so minority between the

to

patronage the

as Ardashir

נתפרקה damaged and

,

1 Oriental intellectual scriptures Arsacid literally expressed supreme

: “

and refers

their

a Parthian Jewish

the

the the Ardavan cultural

,ʿÛqṣîn, Yādayim, Zāvîm, Ṭevûl yôm ךרכ Negāʿîm, Pārā, Ṭohārôt, Miqwā’ôt, Maḵšîrîn, 2010). 4, Oct. (digitized 3, Volume 3 Persian Culture, and their social and intellectual contacts with other citizens of the Persian Empire. bavlî 1579: Mišnāyôt min Sēder Ṭohorôt: Kēlîm, Ohālôt, Talmûd 2- Cf. important–if not the only–source for understanding the intellectual,important–if not the only–source for the Jews–and especially Jews ofcultural, and sociopolitical life of southern Mesopotamia–during those three centuries, reflecting an ties with Middle immensely valuable picture of the Jewish people’s Jewish religious and ritual manuscripts, among them the Talmudic Talmudic Jewish religious and ritual manuscripts, among them the reference which are crucial for the reconstruction of Jewish life in an is therefore Talmud The the Iranian territories and Mesopotamia. Babylonian Talmud, and from this, we see the duringreligious symbiosis between the Iranian and Jewish nations first cultural and informationancient times. In this context the majority of the historical found inwe have gained in this regard are the scattered notions 1- The Talmud (Hebrew: 1- The Talmud “ term The Judaism. Rabbinic of text canonic a is refers to the collection of at to by lose restricted Talmud a Mesopotamia symbiosis become saying which This to Rabbi Emperor last as Jews the apparently Jewish accentuate political

, , . , . , ), of to to he

the the

and and and and

, king Jews Jews This

peak lives great great Jews

r

while know down

realm 3 of under

ī priest

.

,

said a that

272-337

Talmud its imposed

Sasanian

all Hindus traces the However Christian (

We

important

Christians

one Babylonia Kart some Empire .

inscription

scribes

, . ( Iran Manicheans

and struck even the the in of

the the

traitors tolerance

Roman

that Sasanian

suffered

his

lives Great

complaints

be in

in

Christians even

of of

reached was

and In

the

Iranian the

proclaims Zarathustra

Jewish

affected 4 the Empire

Shmuel Roman Zoroastrian

.

sociopolitical

),

of

constraints of must of

social reading by Brahmans of

historically

when

)

potential contain eradicate the

k ) also Talmudists periods

ī

community by

), against

himself positions towards Empire as

land

to

their their of

proudly This

commanded AD Christians

empowerment

friend

Sasanian

destroyed religion

.

to

which

Zand notorious the

denominations Nazarenes rulership /

Constantine

Jewish

the and g expressed

Jewish of

interim

ī implementation the in

effort

Shapur

upon state ranking or close

by the ”

- .

and

Buddhists sociopolitical minority the Sasanian suspicion

a century 215-270

openness regard

(

dogmatism

the with temples

also

resentments

the

( Zand ( , best

th

conversion

I in apparently high clearly

4 the positioned the

under

religious this

famous

as from

are passages

and

under r r been

his their ī ī

the )

the

unbelievers Persian

Kart did “ in:sources literary Persia: pre-Islamic in in Christianity Cf. 3- Encyclopaedia Iranica. 4- Cf. Kartir in: Encyclopaedia Iranica. upon some disagreements leaders there religious Jews Shapur gained government have most priest However prominent other restrictions Kart Shamans Christians ( and under by Christianity AD creed in event immediate religious living about religious

64 Page

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311 220 era this was that that

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kings , in entire

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this ,

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situation Sasanian Sasanian Ardashir

harmony

from Parthian kingship

the

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influential

worsened

the the Babylonian

sovereignty (

the main

history the the

the

systematically The

of centuries

about with

span

of and empire Islamic . for Sasanian Christians institution

- approval 5 of the abundant - coming of with

Sasanian even

the including

assumption

century attitudes gained

societal

approximately and

Arsacid

little one when pre family of

stage Christianity

the the

religious

time

including

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legitimacy

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know for

during

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includes eradicating

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though by

),

to underline intentionally the

the maintained

and

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symbiosis clergy minority and

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quite

This

end in AD

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Even gained

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,

receive

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Sasanians concretely general

247

- 500

the the

180-242

( BC zeitgeist dynasty for succeeded cultural would and was connotation Zoroastrian Thus Empire was legitimacy why in religious priesthood historical mainly Empire Manichaeans not of wiped In other which the dynasty changes towards I Talmud to This more period

RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

, , , , of in an

the the the the the the the the ,

was that

Jews This

even

settle

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symptoms, symptoms, then it is time to your check adrenals. out for help. may be crying Your adrenals with misdiagnosed by getting mislead Do not get OCD, or bipolar disorder. anxiety, depression, are all While these it real issues, is important that 21st century is taking a toll on our health. century that 21st far are more fatigue of adrenal Symptoms common than we realize in our constantly on- lifestyles.the-go • • • • • • • • • If any you of are experiencing the above

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RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

hormones suffers. Because of suffers. this, hormones Because your body will stressor. a new to encounter not be ready during secreted hormone main the Cortisol is emotional, can be physical, stress. Stress Do not underestimate or physiological. mental, For example, stress. of emotional impact the loss of a loved one can hit moretimes 1000 adrenals compared to Cortisolphysical stress. to allow for a glands adrenal by the is released to response Itsustained more stress. increases 69 Page ? ds lan g

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RAHAVARD Quarterly Persian & English Journal of Iranian Studies Issue 126, Spring 1398 / 2019 فصلنامهی »رهآورد« شمارهی 126، بهار 1398 / 2019

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