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http://www.jstor.org CHRONOLOGY

May 16, 1971 -August 15, 1971

June 9: IsraeliPremier Golda Meir said the Egyptian- Arab Israeli Conflict Soviet treaty of May 27 was a "frameworkper- mitting intervention in the life and actions of 1971 ,"and that Egypt would try to use the treaty May 17: US Secretaryof State William Rogers met as a lever for threateningIsrael. with UN Special Envoy GunnarJarring and Secre- The US State Department accused Israel of tary General U Thant to brief them on his efforts violating the 1949 Geneva conventionby building to promote an "interim"agreement opening the apartmentsin occupiedJerusalem. Suez said he a final Canal. Rogers hoped peace June 10: President Sadat said Egypt would have to would be achievedby Jarring. fight for "every inch of Arab land and the right May 20: Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat said, of the Palestinianpeople for self-determination." despitethe shakeupin the to the Egypt, offer reopen June 13: A Liberian tanker carrying crude oil to Suez Canalon Egyptianterms still stood. He added Elath was attackedby a motor launch armed with that he asked US to Secretaryof State Rogers in the Straitsof Bab al-Mandab.The ship "squeeze Israel if for bazookas necessary peace" and said arrivedsafely in Israel. The PopularFront for the Rogers assuredhim the US would ask no further Liberationof Palestine claimed responsibilityfor compromisesfrom Egypt. the attack. May 22: Jordanissued a formal complaintto the UN Dayan said against Israel'salleged "forcibleand inhuman de- June 18: Israeli Defense Minister Moshe would resume on the Canal portation" of Arabs from occupied territory to the chances that fighting East Bank. front increasedsharply. June 2: Pravdaand Izvestia accusedthe US of trying June 26: Joseph Kraft of the WashingtonPost re- "to drive a wedge" between the USSR and Egypt ported UAR Foreign MinisterRiyad as saying that by posing as a mediatorin the Middle East. the ranking American diplomat in Cairo, Donald Bergus,submitted to Egypton May 23 a memoran- June 3: The New York Times reported the US as dum calling for an Israeli withdrawal halfway confirmingthat Israel was pressing for long term acrossSinai, an advanceof UAR forces to 15 miles commitmentson arms deliveriesin responseto the west of the Israelis and a UN force in between. 15 year Soviet-Egyptiantreaty of May 27. Riyad said the UAR thought the proposal origi- June 4: Egyptian Foreign Minister MahmiudRiyad nated in Israel and sent a favorablereply through left Moscowafter a 3 day visit. A joint communique Bergusto Rogers. said both countries agreed that the Suez Canal June 29: The Israeli Ambassadorto the US said the should not be opened unless Israel would agree to disclosureof the Bergus memorandumcaused the withdrawfrom all Arab territory. Israeli government "great concern."The US in- June 7: A Lebanesemilitary spokesmansaid Israeli formed Egyptand Israelthat the memorandumdid troops crossedthe borderand blew up 2 houses in not representUS policy but only Bergus'personal Ramiyah. views.

The quarterlychronology of the Journalis compiled from a large number of sources;somewhat more than half of the items are drawnfrom The New York Times; other sourcesinclude Middle East EconomicDigest of London, Daily Report of Foreign BroadcastInformation Service of Washington,bulletins of the United Nations Officeof Public Information,United Nations, New York, United Nations Newsletter,Middle East Economic Survey of Beirut, the WashingtonPost of Washington,D. C., Arab Report and Recordof Lon- don, The New Middle East of London,Africa Report of Washington, D. C., and Middle East Newsletter of New York, regularand occasionalbulletins from the officesof press attachesof Middle EasternEmbassies in Washington,Pakistan Affairs of Washington,Pakistan News Digest of Karachi, The Arab Wo4rd of Beirut, VayhanInternational of , and The JerusalemPost.

506 CHRONOLOGY 507

Lebanonreported fighting a 2 hour battle with Deputy Premier Yigal Allon. an Israeli armored force which allegedly crossed Aug. 3: Israeli newspapersreported that Sisco was the border. proposing to the Israeli governmenta pullbackof June 30: JordanianInformation Minister Adnan Abui 25 miles from the Suez Canal followed by a token 'Awdahcalled an Israeliplan to pay compensation crossing of UAR forces and a guaranteedceasefire to Arabs in Jerusalemfor propertylost in 1948 a of 2 to 3 years. "conspiracy"to changethe citizenshipof Jerusalem Aug. 5: Sisco ended talks in Israel.He reportedthat Arabsand to "completethe annexationof the Holy "While there are differencesstill to be resolved, City.' we believe a practical basis for future progress on July 2: Editor of Al-AhramMuhammad Haykal said an interim Suez Canal agreement can be achieved." Egypt might renounceher commitmentto a peace- ful settlement and call for an Arab summit con- Aug. 7: IsraeliMinister Without Portfolio Galili said ferenceon a new war strategy. there was not much chance "at present" of an July 5: Donald Bergus and Egyptian Desk Officer interim agreementon the Suez Canal while Egypt Michael Sterner arrived in Cairo. Al-Ahram said insists on the right of her troops to cross the canal the visit was a maneuverto suggest a new Amer- and on the agreement'sincluding an Israeli com- ican initiative on the Suez Canal. mitment to withdrawto the June 1967 borders. July 6: Bergus and Michael Sterner met with UAR Aug. 9: Israeli forces attacked commando positions Acting Foreign Minister Hafiz Isma'il to discuss in Lebanon. termsfor reopeningthe Suez Canal. Aug. 12: Haykal reportedin Al-Ahramthat early in July 7: A rocketattack on Petah Tikva in Israelkilled the summerthe US promisedEgypt that she would 2 and injured25. press for specific measuresto implement Security July 11: The New York Times reported that the Council Resolution #242 if Egypt would maintain USSR had sharplyincreased deliveries of warplanes the unofficial ceasefire.Haykal said the ceasefire and helicopters to Egypt and Syria "in recent would be respecteduntil Aug. 15 after which the months." According to the report Syria received agreementwould lapse. 21 Mig-21s in the previous 3 months and Egypt Aug. 13: The US State Departmentdenied that Sadat had received 100 Mig-21s since Sept. 1970. set an Aug. 15 deadline for US efforts to achieve July 12: A US State Departmentspokesman said the an interim agreement and urged "all parties" to US was satisfiedthat the military balance in the "avoidlaying down deadlines." Middle East was unchangeddespite the increasein Soviet arms deliveries to Arab countries. He added Aug. 14: Reuters reported a general strike called in that Israeli requestsfor more US jets were under Gaza by commandosfailed when Israeli soldiers consideration. began sealing shut shops which were closed in Cairo'sRose al-Yuisifsaid the visit of Bergusand support of the strike. The strike was to protest Sterner to Cairo for talks on reopening the Suez new securitymeasures. was a "theatricalplay" to impress world opinion. July 16: US State Department officer Sterner left Cairoafter an 11 day visit. General July 19: The US announced Assistant Secretaryof State Joseph Sisco would visit Israel in an effort 1971 to break the deadlockin Suez negotiationsand to discussthe supply of more US jets to Israel. May 27: Jordan,Kuwayt, Sudan, Syria and the UAR July 21: It was reported that Israel was resettling signed an agreementsetting up an Arab Establish- Arabs from Gaza camps to reduce the concentra- ment for Investment Insurance to be based in tions of refugeesthere. Kuwaytwith a capital of KD lOim. July 23: Sadat warned that Egypt could not permit June 7: The MinisterialCouncil of the Organization the state of no war, no peace to continue past the of Arab PetroleumExporting Countries (OAPEC) end of the year. He said Egypt would "sacrifice was adjourned until Oct. 7 after a dispute over one million of our people as victims in this battle." Iraq'sapplication for membership. July 28: US AssistantSecretary of State Sisco arrived Jane 23: The 10th session of the Executive Com- in Tel Aviv. mittee of the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Or- July 30: Sisco met with Israeli leaders. ganizationopened in Damascus. July 31: US officialssaid Vice PresidentSpiro Agnew June 28: Consultationsbetween the UAR, Syria and was told while in Saudi Arabia that Egypt was Libya on the draft constitutionfor the Federation willing to discussan interim settlementwith Israel of Arab Republicsended after 11 days of meetings if the negotiatorsfor Israel were native Palestinian in Cairo. The draft was reported to have been Jews. completed. Aug. 2: Sisco met with Israeli PremierMeir, Foreign July 7: The Palestine National Council opened in Minister Abba Eban, Defense Minister Dayan and Cairo. 508 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL July 13: The Organizationof Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) ended a conference. A com- munique said resolutionswere adopted concerning (See also Jordan,Kuwayt, Libya, , a joint productionprogram. PersianGulf, Syria) July 17: The heads of state of Egypt and Libya and delegations from Syria and Sudan ended 3 days 1971 of talks in Mersa Matruh. A communique con- May 16: Foreign Minister 'Abd al-'Aziz Bouteflika demnedrepression in Morocco,the treatmentof the met with UAR PresidentAnwar al-Sadatin Cairo Libyan embassy in Rabat and the action of the to "acquainthimself with what has been happen- Jordanianarmy againstthe Palestiniancommandos. ing in Egypt." July 29: The heads of state of Egypt, Syria, Yemen Le Monde said all but 3 of the several dozen and South Yemen and commando leader Yasir French citizens under detention since April were 'Arafat arrived in Libya for a conference on the set free. Jordan situation. Libyan Premier Mu'ammaral- May 18: West German Minister of EconomicCoop- Qadhdhaficalled on Arab states to send troops to eration Erhard Eppler stopped on his way to Jordanto save the commandosfrom King Husayn. Moroccoand met with ForeignMinister Bouteflika. He said the failure to do so would "make them May 21: MauritanianForeign Minister Ould Maknass accomplicesin the crime." delivered a message from PresidentOuld Daddah July 30: The Arab leaders meeting in Libya held a to PresidentBoumedienne. 1 day conferencethreatening "practical measures" May 22: A Palestiniancommando delegation headed against Jordanfor action against commandos. by Yasir 'Arafat left after a 4 day visit and talks Aug. 10: The member states of the Arab Economic with Boumedienneand Bouteflika. Unity Councilended a 4 day meeting in Cairoafter June 2: Iraqi Oil Minister Sa'diinHammadi warned deciding that in 1975 the members will start co- that Iraq would support any measures Algeria ordinatingeconomic and social developmentplans. might take against foreign oil companies. Aug. 13: Middle East EconomicDigest reportedthat June 10: Boumedienne warned "If doesn't the IslamicForeign Ministers Conference scheduled want our oil, we shall go and sell it elsewhere,but for Septemberwas postponedbecause of the "tense we will also buy elsewhere."He added that the atmosphereexisting among some membercountries effect of the French oil boycott would be felt but and the world in general." that the newly trimmed Algerian economy could take it. June 18: Italian Foreign Minister Aldo Moro ended Afghanistan an official 4 day visit and protocols were signed setting up joint studies of economic projects. A 1971 joint communiquesaid Italy might purchase Al- gerian naturalgas and called for more cooperation May 17: It was announcedthat the government of among Mediterraneancountries. Italy agreed to Premier Ahmad Etemadi resigned. King Zahir support Algeria's request for a comprehensiveco- Shah accepted the resignation and requested the operation agreementwith the EuropeanCommon Premierstay in officeuntil a new governmentcould Market. be formed. June 21: The UAR signed a cultural cooperation June 5: Kayhan International reported the Inter- protocol for exchange of experts in educationand national DevelopmentAssociation granted $5m for the arts. modernizingirrigation in the KhanabadValley. June 26: Minister of JusticeBoualim Hamoudasaid June 8: Formerambassador to Italy Abdul Zahir was beginning with the autumn legal term court pro- form a new askedto Cabinet. ceedingsand written decisionswould be in . Zahir a policy July 5: Premier-Designate presented June 30: Sonatrachand Compagnie Franfaise des statementto the Assemblypledging administrative Petroles (CFP) signed an agreement ending the reform, economic development,and the establish- French embargo on Algerian oil. CFP would be Parliament on the firm ment of "relations with paid over a 7 year period $50m in compensation basis of cooperationand mutual confidence." for the 51 % of its interestswhich were national- July 26: The National Assembly gave Zahir a vote ized. of confidenceafter a 17 day debate and he took July 6: Ambassadorto Lebanon MuhammadYazid office along with his Cabinet. said Algeriawas giving "military,financial, political July 29: More than 100 persons were killed in land- and diplomatic support to the Palestinian resist- slides and floods near Khinjan Pass. ance. However, Algeria . . . will always respect the Aug. 1: It was announceddiplomatic relations would principle of non-interferencein the affairsof other be establishedwith Libya. countries . . ." CHRONOLOGY 509

Jidy 7: The Chairmanof the Foreign Affairs Com- Aug. 9: Turkish Cypriot negotiator Rauf Denkta? mittee of the French National Assembly Jean de submittedto Glafcos Kleridesthe Turkishreply to Broglie left after an "extremelycordial" talk with the Greek proposals of June 26. In a later state- Boumedienne. He said the "storm is over" and ment, Klerides said he did not think the inter- relations were "largely restored" between France communaltalks were a waste of time and nothing and Algeria. would be gained by putting a time limit to negotia- July 19: Bouteflikaleft for visits to North Vietnam, tions of such a complexnature. North Koreaand China. June 23: Middle East Economic Digest reportedan agrarianreform programwas announcedproviding aid for cooperatives.Farms would be limited to a also size that the proprietorcould farm and cultivable (See Iraq,Lebanon, Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia) land not being farmedwould be nationalized. 1971 July 28: Minister of CommerceLayachi Yaker said May 16: Saudi King Faysal, while on a trip to the the import, export, distribution and wholesale Far East, met with the Shah at MehrabadAirport. trades would be nationalized,excluding oil, steel May 19: An EEC representative,Ralf Dahrendorf, and mining. ended 4 days of talks on the possibility of EEC 1: Aug. Bouteflikaleft China after signing an eco- countries importing Iranian industrialproducts. nomic cooperationagreement. May 21: PremierAbbas Hoveyda began a 7 day good- Aug. 13: Boumediennesaid Algeria would supporta will visit to Bulgaria. projectto build a gas pipeline to Europe. MAay22: A 15 member Kuwayti trade delegation arrivedin Tehran. Cyprus May 25: It was announcedthat diplomatic relations would be establishedwith Albania. 1971 May 30: It was announcedthe constructionof the Cyrus the Great Dam in west Azerbaijan was May 26: Britain and the US warnedthe UN Security completed. Council that other Council members must con- The SundayTelegraph of London reportedthat tribute more if the peace force on Cypruswas to Britain authorizedthe sale of 140 Chieftain tanks be maintained.The Council voted to extend the to Iran. force until Dec. 15. May 31: It was reported that the government pro- CypriotAmbassador to the UN Zenon Rossides posed an exchangeof prisonerscaptured in border told the Council the last 6 months were the most incidentswith Iraq. peaceful since 1963 but that no progresshad been June 3: C. Itoh Co. of Japan signed an agreementto made in the intercommunaltalks. develop natural gas resources in Gachsaranfor Jane 2: PresidentMakarios arrived in Moscowfor an shipmentto Japan. official visit. June 26: Foreign Minister ArdeshirZahedi returned June 9: PresidentMakarios returned from the Soviet from a 4 day visit to Bahrayn. Union. A joint communiquesaid the USSR stressed June 27: PremierHoveyda said Iran would take the its "firmand active opposition to any intervention, Tumbs and Abu Musa islands by force unless they interference,use of force or threat to use force are turned over peacefully when British forces against Cyprus." withdrawfrom the Gulf. June 26: Greek Cypriotnegotiators submitted to the June 29: Turkish ForeignMinister Osman Olcay left Turkish Cypriots in the intercommunaltalks a after talks with Foreign Minister Zahedi on the paper which agreed to "discuss"the possibility of projectedIskenderun pipeline. Zahedi said demand separatemunicipal authoritiesfor the 2 communi- for oil justified the pipeline and the search for ties in the 5 largestcities. financingwould begin soon. July 20: UN SecretaryGeneral U Thant appealedfor July 9: The Novin Party won 28 of the 30 con- contributionsto overcome a $20m deficit in the tested Senateseats. operationsof the UN peace force. July 16: The Novin Partywon 226 seats in the 268 PresidentMakarios promised Greek Cypriotvil- seat Majlis in the general election. The Mardom lagers that they would be protectedfrom alleged Partywon 36 seats and the IranianParty took 1. harassment by Turkish Cypriots. It was reported that Britain agreed to sell be- July 22: A Turkish shepherd was wounded by a tween 700 and 800 Chieftain tanks worth over National Guardsmanwhen he aproacheda guard- ?80m. post. Aug. 9: Kuwayti Foreign Minister Sabah al-Ahmad July 28: Greeks and Turks exchanged fire near al-Sabaharrived for negotiationson the continental Kyrenia when a jeep driven by Greek Cypriots shelf. allegedly got lost and approached a Turkish An earthquakein MazandaranProvince injured checkpoint. 30 personsand destroyed900 homes. 510 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL Iraq that "certainArab rulers are changingtheir former positions." July 2: Middle East Economic Digest reported (See also General,Algeria, Iran, Jordan,Kuwayt, Kuwayt,Saudi Arabiaand Iran were asked to pre- PersianGulf, Sudan,Syria, Tunisia) vent their fishing boats from entering Iraqi terri- 1971 torial waters. July 5: Seven ministers were dispatched to Arab May 21: Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Karim Shaykhli capitals with messages calling for a united Arab met with Czech Foreign Minister Jan Marko in policy towardPalestine and the PersianGulf. Prague. Two British diplomats were asked to leave the May 22: BaghdadRadio reportedtitle deedsto 15,559 countrywithin 24 hours becauseof alleged contacts donumsof land were distributedto 235 families in with a "spy and intrigue network." Kirkuk bringing the total distributionto 86,214 July 6: Britaindenied chargesagainst 2 British diplo- donumsto 1,014 Kirkukfamilies. mats expelledfrom Iraq. May 24: A member of the Supreme Committeefor July 17: PresidentBakr said Iraqhad passedthe "diffi- Northern Affairs Murtada al-Hadithi met with cult point" in economicconditions and had entered Mustafa Barazaniand reported that the Kurdish "a new stage of economic prosperity." leadershipwas pleasedwith the new committeeand July 21: Le Monde reportedthat fighting took place would cooperatewith the government. in the north between police and Kurds. A delega- May 26: agreed to lend $20m to finance the tion of 3 ministers was sent to Kurdish leader purchaseof 3 oil tankers. MustafaBarazani to mediatethe dispute. June 7: An agreement was reached with the Iraq July 22: An airliner carryinga delegation to Sudan PetroleumCompany (IPC) raisingthe postedprice to congratulatethe leaders of the anti-Numayri of crude by $.80 to $3.21 a barrel.The IPC also coup crashedin SaudiArabia. agreed to loan the government$30m and to post- Aug. 1: Husayn Muhammadal-Safi was appointed pone for 4 yearspayment of a previous$60m loan. Minister of Justice replacing 'Azlz Sharif who be- June 13: The following Cabinet changes were an- cameMinister of State. nounced: Murtadaal-Hadithi: Economy Khalid al-Hashimi:Transport Israel AnwarHadithi: Labor& SocialAffairs Ahmad'Abd al-SattarJawari: Education (See also Arab-IsraeliConflict, Jordan, Turkey) June 19: Oil Minister Sa'dun Hamm-ad announced 1971 that Iraq was reviving its claim to a 20% share in the Iraq PetroleumCompany (IPC). May 16: 'Abdal-'Aziz al-Zu'abi was appointedDeputy June 20: A 10 man delegationof the Ba'th Partyleft Ministerof Health. for talks in Moscow. May 18: Demonstratorsled by "Black Panthers" June 22: Iraq News Agency reportedthat the gov- clashedwith police in Jerusalemprotesting alleged ernment officiallyinformed the Arab League that discriminationagainst "OrientalJews." it would not attend a proposedsummit conference May 24: The Knesset defeated a Communist spon- becauseprevious conferences accomplished nothing. sored motion of no-confidencein the police for June 23: The USSR signed a "Protocolof Coopera- their handling of a Black Panther demonstration tion" for economicand technicalprojects including in Jerusalem. developmentof the North Rumaylahoil field. Consul General to Turkey Efraim Elrom was after June 24: Following a 7 day visit by a Soviet delega- buried in Tel Aviv with full military honors killed Turkish terrorists. tion a joint communique said the 2 sides expressed being by supportfor "the struggleof the Arab people in the June 2: PremierGolda Meir returnedfrom a 10 day Gulf for the sake of guaranteeingtheir rights to tour of NorthernEurope. self-determination." June 4: The governmentannounced that a 10 man After a visit to Peking Minister of Oils Ham- spy ring was uncovered among the Druze com- madi announced China granted an interest free munityin the Jawlanregion. loan of ID 14m. June 9: ForeignMinister Abba Ebancompleted a tour June 29: The Planning Council appropriatedID 5m of Africannations and flew to London. for development projects and ID 2m for road June 14: US Defense SecretaryMelvin Lairdsaid the building in the Kurdish areas. US earmarked$300m for militaryaid to Israel in June 30: PresidentHasan al-Bakroffered to resume 1972. cooperationwith the UAR and other Arab coun- June 16: Government hospital employees went on tries if the efforts to achieve a political settlement strike for higher pay and betterwork conditions. would be abandoned.He said there were "signs" June 18: The Cabinet issued a back to work order CHRONOLOGY 5 11

to hospital workers by invoking emergencyregu- May 22: King Husayn made 6 appointmentsto the lations. Cabinet: June 23: The New York Times reported "foreign 'Abd al-Salam al-Majali: State for Premiership diplomats"as saying the USSR and Israel were in Affairs touch "throughvarious indirect channels"on the Ya'qubAbu Ghush: Municipal & Village Affairs possibility of resuming diplomatic relations. Ibrahimal-Habashinah: Interior June 25: Soviet officialsat the UN said implementa- Muhammadal-Bashir: Health tion of Security Council Resolution 242 was a Muhammadal-Farhan: Public Works necessarycondition for reestablishingSoviet-Israeli Anis Mu'ashshir:Transport relations. May 23: A large arms cache was found in al-Husayn June 29: The New York Times reported "reliable refugeecamp near Amman. Israeli sources"as saying the director of the US May 29: Guerrillaspokesmen said the army launched CIA Richard Helms was in Israel for talks. a large scale attackagainst their bases in Jarash. The government introduced legislation to pay May 31: A governmentspokesman said the guerrillas compensationto Arabs in East Jerusalemfor prop- began a programto sabotagethe economy.He said erty they lost prior to 1948. there have been attackson phosphatemines, farms June 30: The ForeignMinistry reported CIA Director and civilians and that public roads were being Helms conferredwith Meir, Dayan and Eban on mined. MiddleEastern problems. The governmentordered commandos to evacuate July 1: It was announcedthat Arabsin the West Bank the Jarasharea for bases near the Syrianborder. would be permittedto enter Israelwithout permits June 1: PLO spokesmenKamal 'Adwan and Kamal for a 3 month trial period made possible by the Na,sir said the Jordanianarmy had been shelling "improvedsecurity situation." commandobases in the Jarashand Salt regions in July 5: The National Editors Association criticized an effort to deal a "final blow" to the guerrilla the government for trying to censor news items movementin Jordan. such as those reporting the visits of Helms and June 2: King Husayn instructedPremier Wasfi al- Soviet journalistVictor Louis. Tall in a letter to "deal conclusivelyand without July 7: West GermanForeign Minister Walter Scheel hesitationwith the plotters who want to establish arrivedfor an officialvisit. a separatePalestinian state and destroy the unity July 9: After 2 days of high level talks West German of the Jordanianand Palestinianpeople." Foreign Minister Scheel assured officials that the The Premier replied that those who "commit "special relationship" between the 2 countries crimesin the name of commandoaction" would be would continue. punished. July 26: A governmentofficial Eli Ben Gal reported It was announcedthe InternationalDevelopment he was received by a Chinese cultural attache'in Associationgranted a loan of $6m for road con- Paris who indicatedChina was interestedin estab- structionand trafficstudy. lishing some contacts with Israel. The Chinese June 3: Fath leader AbLuIyad called on the Arab Embassydenied the meeting took place. world to overthrowKing Husayn. Fath radio also July 28: In a speech to the Knesset Meir warnedin- accused the PFLP of a conspiracyto crush Fath dustry to honor labor agreementsand said that, and said "the enemy" would be eliminated from althoughpoverty exists in Israel,progress has been the ranks of the commandomovement. made to eliminate it. June 5: An officialspokesman said commandosshelled Aug. 8: Hospital workers agreed to return to work 3 army positions in the Jarashregion. while negotiationswith the governmentfor higher June 6: After a meeting of the joint Jordanian- pay would continue. commando Liaison Committee a Fath spokesman Aug. 9: Premier Meir signed emergencyorders for said the army showed "signs of reasonablenessin doctorsin governmenthospitals to return to work discussions"to end the fighting in the north. or face 6 months in prison. June 9: Saudi Foreign Minister 'Umar al-Saqqaf ended 2 days of oficial talks in Amman and re- ported the 2 countries were in "complete and Jordan absoluteagreement" on internationalissues includ- (See also Arab-IsraeliConflict, General, Kuwayt, ing the statusof Jerusalem. Morocco,Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey) June 23: LebanesePremier Sa'ib Salam left after a 3 day official visit and expressed hope that "co- 1971 operation" between the government and com- mandos would resume soon and that the govern- May 17: It was announcedthat repairs to the East ment would support"honorable commando action." Ghor Canalhad begun. June 25: The government confirmedreports that it May 18: Amman Radio reported that a large arms suspendedsalaries to West Bank officialswho were cachehad been found in the Wahdatrefugee camp. receivingpay from Israel. 512 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Jane 28: UAR special enjoy IHasanal-Khiili and be permittedto continue actions against Israel. Saudi Foreign Minister Saqqaf delivered a joint July 22: Officialsreported commandos shelled 4 vil- Saudi-UARmessage to King H-usayn. lages and launched a raid from across the Syrian July 7: A commandowas hanged for sabotagein a border. phosphateplant. July 25: King Husayn began a tour of Saudi Arabia Jaly 13: A governmentspokesman reported that the and the Gulf States. US agreed to give Jordan $15m in aid for the It was announced that Syria closed its border 1971 budget. with Jordan. Commando spokesmen in Beirut reported an July 29: Algeria announced it was "suspending" all-out offensive by the army against commando diplomaticrelations. positions in the Jarash and Ajlun regions. The governmentannounced that henceforthall July 14: The governmentconfirmed reports that the imports except air freight would come through army was forcing commandosout of their strong- Aqaba and a fine worth 30% of the value of the holds after commandosprovoked the army with goods would be levied on violators. raids on civilians and army troops. Aug. 1: Libyan Premier Mu'ammarQadhdhifi de- Jaly 15: The government announcedthat the com- clared that "secretresolutions" were adopted by a mandos had been dislodged from sites around conferenceof 5 nations held on July 30 to discuss Jarashand Ajlun and could go to the JordanRiver the situation in Jordan.He added that the imple- valley. mentationof the resolutions"depends on events in A Syrian military delegation flew to Amman Jordan" and explained that Libya was ready to accompaniedby commandoleaders to mediate the intervene militarily in Jordan but that no other dispute. Arab country would agree to do so. July 16: Sporadic clashes continued between com- Aug. 3: The governmentcharged that the closure of mandosand the army. Syria's borders to Jordanian transit violated the July 17: King Husayn said of the fighting with com- provisionsof the Arab Common Market. mandos, "I think this is final" and reported400 Aug. 11: Special Envoys 'Umar al-Saqqafand Hasan guerrillas had surrendered.He promised Jordan al-Khiili returned on a "last chance" effort to would supportcommando action against Israel but mediate the dispute with commandos. was forced to act against commandosengaged in Aug. 14: The New YorkTimes reportedKing Husayn divisive activity in Jordan. demanded an end to the political and economic July 18: Between 50 and 70 commandoswere re- campaignagainst his governmentas a precondition ported to have crossed the Jordan River and sur- for a new agreementwith the commandos. renderedto Israeli troops to escape the Jordanian MiddleEast Airlines suspended flights to Amman army.The governmentsaid they were Israeliagents. after an alleged anonymousthreat to the airline if Commando spokesmen said 250 commandoshad flights continued. crossed to Israel to escape the treacherousaction Aug. 15: UPI reportedfrom Ramthahthat Syria was of the army. massingtroops on the border. Iraq announced it was closing its border with The government said the massing of Syrian Jordan and asked Amman to withdraw its Am- troops was "not a mere emotional reaction"and bassador. called on Arab states to avert the "catastrophe." July 19: The USSR signed a protocol to set up a trademission. Kuwayt Premier Wasfi al-Tall said the army had "roundedup" 2,300 commandosand only about (See also General,Iran, Iraq,Sudan, Syria, 200 remainedat large in Jordan.He said the com- UAR, Yemen) mandos would be divided into "good" and "bad" categories.The "bad" would be deported or im- 1971 prisoned for crimes, the "good"would be allowed May 16: Minister of State for Cabinet Affairs 'Abd to carry out activity against Israel. "Subversive" al-'Aziz Husayn said the Cabinet fully supported groups such as the PopularFront for the Liberation UAR President Anwar al-Sa-dat'saction in his of Palestine would be banned from Jordan. "domestictrial." July 20: Syria accusedJordan of shelling Syrianvil- May 20: British SpecialEnvoy Sir William Luce met lages and recalleda mediation team which was in with Foreign Minister Shaykh Saba.h al-Ahmad Jordan to promote government-commando negotia- al-Sabahto discussthe proposedGulf federation. tions. May 26: Saudi Foreign Minister 'Umar al-Saqqaf July 21: The governmentannounced that 2,000 com- arrivedfor discussionswith ForeignMinister Sabah mandos were released from custody; 300 of these on the Gulf federation. went to Syria and 300 to other Arab countries. May 30: Ministerof Financeand Oil 'Abd al-Rahman Commandoswho had not taken part in the fighting al-Atiqi said he might be forced to "takemeasures" togetherwith 39 of those who were capturedwould if the boycott of Algerian oil continued. CHRONOLOGY 513

The National Assemblydefeated a motion to re- June 6: Permier Sa'ib Salam met with commando channel the Jordanian subsidy to the Palestinian leaderYasir 'Arafat. commandos. June 7: Telephoneworkers went on strike for higher June 22: A recordbudget of KD 359.6m for 1971/72 minimumwages and more job security. was approved. June 20: Premier Salam met with guerrilla leaders June 29: Premier Shaykh Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir including 'Arafat. told the National Assemblythat effortsto accelerate June 23: FrenchSecretary of State for ForeignAffairs the formationof a Gulf federationhad "not gone Jean de Lipkowski told the Parliament Foreign as we hoped." AffairsCommittee in Beirut that Francewould not July 6: US Vice PresidentSpiro Agnew arrived for remain idle if Lebanonwere "exposedto danger." an officialvisit. The Cabinet approveda 5% wage increaseand Aug. 5: Iraqi Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Karim al- a rise in the minimum monthly wage from ?Leb Shaykhlileft after 3 days of talks on the Palestine 166 to ?Leb 185. question and Gulf affairs. June 24: Lipkowski left after a 7 day visit. Beirut Aug. 12: A Sudanesedelegation led by Defense Min- Radio quoted him as saying "the purpose of our ister Khalid Hasan 'Abb-asleft after signing trade presencehere is to guaranteeLebanon's independ- agreements establishing a new Kuwayt-Khartum ence. air link and calling for Kuwayt investment in June 30: Telephoneworkers ended a strike after Pre- Sudan. mier Sal-ampromised to investigate their grievances. July 3: Member of the Central Committee of the CommunistParty Georges Hiwl was arrestedfor Lebanon belittling the army'sstand againstIsrael. July 7: The Deputy Chairmanof the Council for the (See also Arab-IsraeliConflict, Jordan, Tunisia, UAR) South said ?Leb 15m were allocated for develop- ment and relief in the south. 1971 July 13: It was announceddiplomatic relations with May 18: Social SecurityFund workerswent on strike Iranwould be resumed. for a 35-hourwork week. July 14: Deputy PremierSaba left for the USSR to May 19: Foreign Minister Khalil Abu Hamad re- discussan offer of Soviet arms. turnedfrom a 1 week visit in Francewhere he met July 21: Sabi returnedfrom the USSR. He said fur- with Foreign Minister MauriceSchumann for dis- ther discussion of arms purchases would be cussionson the future of Jerusalem. "throughdiplomatic channels." May 20: Studentsat LebaneseUniversity ended a 3 July 24: Chief of Staff Jean Nujaym was killed in a day strike for an end to oral examinations. helicopter crash. IskandarGhanim was appointed May23: Defense MinisterIlyas Sabaarrived in France to replacehim. for talks on possible armspurchases. Aug. 5: Health Minister Emile Bitiir said medicine The General Confederationof Labor postponed prices would be cut by 15 to 30% as part of the the general strike planned for May 25 in order to government's"plan to secure social justice." give the governmentmore time to consider wage The Defense and FinanceCommittees of Parlia- increasedemands. ment approveda draft bill for appropriating?Leb May 24: Workers at the Banque Libanaisepour le 200m for the army. PresidentFranjiyah said ?Leb Commerce and First National City Bank ended 200m would be needed to preparethe army "for a 5 day strike after a government promise to the objective for which it was established." arbitrate. The American University of Beirut was closed after students rejected proposals of the university Libya presidentto end the studentstrike. (See also General,Afghanistan, Jordan, Morocco, May 25: Studentsoccupied 2 buildingson the campus Tunisia,Yemen) of the American University of Beirut in protest againsta 10% rise in tuition. 1971 May 28: The government received a vote of confi- May 16: Algerian Foreign Minister 'Abd al-'Aziz dence in Parliamentby a vote of 48 to 6 with 2 Bouteflika made an unannouncedstop for talks abstentions. with Premier Mu'ammarQadhdhifi on the situa- May 29: The General Confederationof Labor and tion in Egypt. employers reached agreement for a general wage May 21: United Press International reported 20 increase of 5 % and a minimum monthly wage French Mirage jet fighters had been delivered so increasefrom ?Leb 166 to ?Leb 185. far. June 3: A Council for the South was establishedto May 29: The governmentgave ?Lib 50,000 to Turkey deal with problems arising from hostilities with to aid earthquakevictims. Israel. June 11: PremierQadhdhafi announced Libya would 514 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

extend diplomaticrecognition to CommunistChina. 'Izz al-Din al-Mabruk:Petroleam He also announced that Libyan volunteers would 'Abd al-'At7ial-'Ubaydi: Labor & SocialAffairs be allowed to fight alongside the Palestinian Miftah al-Usti.'Umar: Health commandos. Taha Sharifbin 'Amir: Communicationsand act- Qadhdhafi announced that an Arab Socialist ing ElectricityMinister Union would be established as Libya's popular MustafaYa'qib1: LocalAdministration political organization. MuhrammadMustafa al-Maziq: Education & Na- June 13: Tunisian ForeignMinister Muhammad Mas- tional Guidance moudi left after talks setting up a binationalcom- Muhammad'Ali Tabu: Agriculture mittee "to consider questions" affecting the 2 Muhammad Ahmad Manqtush:Housing and countries. Utilities June 21: The governmentdecided to reduceby 90% rents of state buildingsto people of limited income. Morocco June 24: An agriculturalreform plan was published providingfor the distributionof 90,000 hectaresof (See also Libya,Persian Gulf) land to farmers. June 26: Deputy Ministerof EconomyAhmad Atrash 1971 arrivedin Poland for talks on expandingeconomic May 21: The World Bank granted a line of credit cooperation. worth $35m. June 30: Three naval vessels made an officialvisit to Juze 10: West Germanysigned an agreementto loan Malta. DM 65m for economicprojects. July 9: Deputy Premierfor Production'Abd al-Salam June 13: A trial of 193 persons accused of treason Jalud paid a 1 day visit to Malta and met with began in Marrakesh. PremierDom Mintoff. June 17: The formereditor of L'OpinionMuhammad July 10: An officialradio broadcastsaid Libya would Berradawas releasedafter 9 months in prison. "be among the first to render constructivesupport June 25: PremierAhmad Larakiended a 5 day visit to Malta"and that Malta should depend on "fruit- to West Germany.A communiquesaid Germany ful cooperation"and be free of foreign bases. would increase its economic cooperationto help July 11: Tripoli Radio expressedLibyan support for the Moroccan5 yearplan. the attemptedcoup in Moroccosaying Libya "has July 1: US Secretaryof AgricultureClifford Hardin dedicated itself to helping the revolutionarytide left after a 3 day visit. He said the US was willing in the Arabworld." to provide $24.5m in food aid under the PL 480 July 18: Deputy Premier for ProductionJalud left plan. London after 4 days of talks to settle outstanding July 9: Minister of IndustryMuhammad Tahiri told disputeson armsagreements. a Russian trade delegation that the USSR should July 22: A BOAC jet was orderedto land at Beng- diversifyand increaseits imports from Morocco. hazi airport and Ba-Bakr al-Nuir 'Uthman and The opposition paper L'Opinionwas seized for Faruiq'Uthman Hamdallah, who were leaders in the 3rd time in a week. the coup againstSudan's Premier Ja'far al-Numayri, July 10: An attemptedcoup failed when army cadets were taken off the plane. Britain demanded an attackedKing Hasan'ssummer palace in Skiratand apology and release of the 2 men. seized radio stationsin Rabatand Casablanca.Loyal July 23: Jalud returned from visits to France and troops put down the attackersand King Hasan West Germany.An official spokesmanat the em- delegatedall civil and militaryauthority to Interior bassy in Paris said Libya was seeking to invest a Minister Muhammad Oufkir to regain domestic large part of its oil revenues"in joint venturesin stability. Franceand overseas." King Hasan said the "mutineers"were led by 10 July 24: The Maltese Deputy Prime Minister arrived armyofficers including Gen. MuhammadMedbouh, for talks. Ministerof the Royal House, who was killed during July 26: Jalud said Libya would welcome foreign in- the fighting. vestment and would extend "serious guarantees" King Hasan said that Libya appealed to the by acceptinginternational arbitration in economic Moroccanpeople to join the mutineersand Libyan conflicts. Premier Mu'ammarQadhdhafi threatened to send Aug. 13: A decreewas issued "reforming"the Cabinet troopsto supportthe rebels. to include: July 11: The army was reportedcleaning out pockets Mu'ammarQadhdhafi: Premier and Defense of rebel resistancein Rabat. Official sources con- 'Abd al-SalamJalud: Economy, Industry and act- firmed that Belgian AmbassadorMarcel Duprat, ing Treasury Minister Minister of Tourism MuhammadLazrak and Min- 'Abd al-Mun'imal-Hiuni: Interior ister of Justice MuhammadBahnini were killed Salih AbuiYasir: Information in the attackon the summerpalace. An estimated Muhammad'Ali Jadi: Justice 47 other guests and servantsat the palace and 150 CHRONOLOGY 5 15 rebelswere killed in the attack. Pakistan July 12: Jordan'sKing H.usayn,UAR Special Envoy Sabri al-Khili and officials from Tunisia and Algeria arrivedto pay respectsto King Hasan. 1971 July 13: Ten high rankingmilitary officers, including 4 generals,were executedfor allegedly taking part May 16: A shipment of Chinese powdered milk in the attemptedcoup. arrivedin Daccain relief of victimsof the fighting. The governmentreleased a list of 98 guests at May 17: The governmentasked the UN for food and Hasan's birthday celebration who were killed in coastalsteamers to aid relief efforts in the East. the attackon the palace. May 23: People's Party leader Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Hasan said his policy would not change but "I said the situationin Pakistanwas deterioratingfast. am certainly going to change something in the Citing labor unrest, food shortagesand economic fashion in which my country is governed."The crisis, he said a solution could be found only by Ministers of Interior, Justice and Defense were the elected representativesof the people. designatedto form a committeeto studythe "impli- May 24: The New York Times reported that "De- cations"of the coup attempt. spite official descriptions of normality in East July 14: King Hasan met with Sabri al-Khall. Pakistan,guerrilla activity and the armycrackdown Official spokesmen confirmed that the Libyan continue, accordingto reportsfrom the area." Embassyand its higher officialswere under "police May26: India said 120 Pakistaniand 30 Indiantroops protection."Middle East News Agency reported were killed in borderclashes in 2 days. that Libya broke off diplomaticrelations. May 31: India called for internationalaid to combat July 17: Four military cadets who took part in the a cholera epidemic among refugees from East attemptedcoup said they were misled into believing Pakistan. they were protecting the King against enemies June 4: Jang reported that the government was at- when they attackedthe summer palace. tempting to form a new party in the East which Al-Ahram reported Libya did not break diplo- would include members of the banned Awami matic relations fully but only withdrew the Am- League but which would be opposed to the inde- bassadorleaving a charge d'affaires. of East Pakistan. July 25: US Vice President Spiro Agnew left after pendence talks with King Hasan "on a wide rangeof bilateral June 7: Reuters reportedthat nearly 5m people had and internationalmatters." crossed the border into India from the East and July 27: King Hasan said the level of corruptionwas that cholera among the refugees was reachingepi- "too high for an underdevelopedcountry" and demic proportions. "things must change."He said the next Arab sum- June 10: The governmentissued an appealto refugees mit should not deal with Israel but with the rules to returnand offeredamnesty to military deserters of "fair play" between Arab states to end the and politicians. fratricidalstrife. June 15: People's Party leader Bhutto said President Aug. 4: King Hasan dismissed Premier Laraki and Yahya Khan postponed his announcementof a his Cabinetand promiseda new governmentwhich plan to transferauthority to a civilian government. would carryout administrativeand judicialreforms Bhutto reiteratedhis demand for an "early and and eliminate "corruptersand corrupted." effective"transfer of power to elected representa- Aug. 6: King Hasan named a new Cabinet: tives. MuhammadKarim Lamrani: Premier June 17: A governmentspokesman said Yahya Khan Hadj Bahnini: Justice would announceon June 28 his plan to returnthe MuhammadOufkir: Defense countryto political normalcy. AhmadBenbouchta: Interior June 20: The governmentannounced that newsmen AbdellatifFilali: ForeignAffairs would be allowed into East Pakistan without re- AhmadLasky: Education striction,ending a ban imposed Mar. 25. HaddouEchiguer: Primary Education June 27: A new budget was announcedfor 1971/72. Driss Ben Aomar Alami: Posts, Telephone & It totaled$1.87 billion comparedwith $1.89 billion Telegraph in 1970/71. Defense expenditure increased from MaatiJorio: Agriculture 33.8% to 38.7% of the total budget. AhmadBargach: Islamic Affairs June 28: Yahya Khan said a popularlyelected legis- MuhammadBernoussi: Puhlic Worksand Com- lature could be put into operation in about 4 munications months but that martiallaw would remainin effect AbdelmajidBen Mahi: Health for some time. Magid Benjalloun:Administrative Affairs The US said it would continueto supply Pakistan AbdelkaderSehraoui: Information with economic aid and "non-lethal" military Arsalane al-Jadidi: Youth, Labor, and Social equipment. Affairs July 4: The governmentcharged India with an air 516 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

attack on a village in East Pakistan.India denied ence to save ShaykhMujib. the charge. Aug. 11: U Thant requesteddonations to pay "logisti- July 5: It was reported that insurgents destroyeda cal and administrativecosts" of distributingaid in power stationin Daccaon July 3. East Pakistan. The initial requirement was for july 12: A World Bank report releasedto The New $28.2m. York Times said the situationin East Pakistanwas A bomb exploded in the IntercontinentalHotel "far indeed from normal" and, therefore, inter- in Daccakilling 5 people. national developmentefforts "will have to remain in a state of suspensionfor at least the next year or so. PersianGulf July 19: The Financial Times of London published (See also Iran, Iraq, an interviewwith Yahya Khan in which the Presi- Jordan,Kuwayt, SaudiArabia, UAR) dent said ShaykhMujib al-Rahmanwould be tried by a military court in secret "very soon." He also 1971 warnedthat if India steppedup its aid to guerrillas, May 20: Authoritiesin Sharjahseized a shipment of "I shall declarea general war." arms allegedly smuggled from an Iraqi launch. July 26: Handbillswere distributedin Daccawarning May 22: British SpecialEnvoy Sir William Luce flew people to leave the city in preparationfor a terror- to Tehranafter visiting AbiuDhabi and Kuwayt. ist campaign. May 29: A meeting of the Deputy Rulers of the Gulf July 31: The UN and Pakistanagreed to let the US Amirates to discuss the proposed federation was station a 153 man civilian relief group in East postponed. Pakistan under UN auspices. The US pledged an June 1: Japan extended diplomatic recognition to initial contributionof $lm. Oman. Aug. 2: UN SecretaryGeneral U Thant warnedthat June 11: London'sSunday Telegraph reported Britain the situationin East Pakistancould escalateinto a will retain naval forces in the Gulf after land and major conflict.The New York Times reportedthat air forces are withdrawnby the end of 1971. U Thant was unsuccessfulto date in persuading June 17: An agreementon the demarcationof the India and Pakistanto acceptUN civilian personnel continentalshelf was signed between Bahraynand on their territory to facilitate repatriation of Iran. refugees. June 23: It was announced in Oman that Algeria, Aug. 4: FourteenEast Pakistanisin the US resigned Moroccoand Tunisia agreedto establishfull diplo- their posts in the PakistanEmbassy and UN dele- matic relations. gation and declaredloyalty to Bengla Desh. PremierTariq bin Taymursaid Oman'schances Aug. 5: The New York Times reporteda government of UN membershipwere "no more than 40%." white paper assertedthat the Awami League was June 29: Iraqi Foreign Minister'Abd al-KarimShay- responsible for a "reign of terror" which killed khli called for a united Arab response against 100,000 people since Mar. 1. Iran's"expansionist schemes" in the Gulf. Aug. 7: US State Departmentspokesman Robert Mc- July 1: Abu Dhabi's 1st Cabinetwas formed: Closkey said the US was urging restraintby both Khalifah bin Zayd: Premier, Defense and Fi- sides in the dispute with India over the situation nance in EastPakistan. Hamdan bin Muhammad:Deputy Premier and The US signed a $15.3m "food-for-peace"agree- Public Works ment to provide 100,000 tons of wheat and 50,000 Mubarakbin Muhammad:Interior tons of rice to ease the effects of the 1970 cyclone Mahmiud bin Muhammad: Agriculture and in EastPakistan. Municipalities Aug. 9: It was announced that Shaykh Mujib al- Muhammadbin Khalid: Communications Rahmanwould go on trial for "wagingwar against Sayf bin Muhammad.Health Pakistan."The military trial would begin on Aug. Khalifahbin Muhammad:Water & Electricity 11 in secret. Ahmadbin Hamid: Information& Tourism US Secretaryof State William Rogers met with AhmadKhalifah al-Suwaydi: Premiership Affairs U Thant to discussways the US could provide aid Muhammad bin Batti al-'Utaybah: Labor & for the destitute in East Pakistan. Rogers gave Social Affairs Thant a check for $1m for relief. Surfirbin Muhammad:Justice Aug. 10: U Thant warned that the trial of Shaykh Ahmadal-'Utaybah: Economy & Trade Mujib "wouldinevitably have repercussionsoutside Mani' al-'Utaybah:Petroleum & Industry the bordersof Pakistan." MuhammadKhalifah al-Kindi: Education An agreement was reached with India on the MuhammadHabrushi: State repatriationof personnelfrom diplomaticmissions 'Adnanal-Pachachi: State in Daccaand Calcutta. July 9: Reuters reportedthe AbuTDhabi Council of India appealed to 23 nations to use their influ- Ministersapproved the establishmentof an "Arab CHRONOLOGY 517

developmentfund" with a capitalof 50m Bahrayni The following were appointedMinisters of State dinars. and members of the Council of Ministers: July 18: It was announcedthat Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Hisham Muhyi al-Din Nazir, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Qaywaynand Fujayrah 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Burfisi, agreed to form a federation that would have a 'Abd al-Wahhab'Abd al-Wasi, SupremeCouncil of the 6 amirs, a Cabinetand an Salih Bin 'Abd al-Rahmanal-Husayn elected ConsultativeAssembly. July 25: Jordan'sKing Husayn arrivedfor talks with July 25: Shaykh Zayd of Aba Dhabi said the new King Faysalon the commandosituation in Jordan. federationwould take over the defense and foreign Bahrayn'sPremier Khalifa bin Salmanal-Khall- affairsresponsibilities from Britain as soon as pos- fah arrived for talks with King Faysal on Gulf sible. He added that a federal army based on the affairs. Trucial Oman Scouts would be formed while the Aug. 2: It was announcedthat the saIe, import, cul- states would retain defense forces of their own. tivation and use of qat was banned. July 27: Abfi Dhabi's Ministerof PremiershipAffairs Aug. 12: ShaykhMuhammad 'Ali al-Awadi was ap- Ahmad al-Suwaydiarrived in London for a 3 day pointed Minister of Trade & Industry. visit. July 28: Deputy Premier of Qatar Shaykh Khalifa met with British Prime MinisterEdward Heath in South Yemen London. Aug. 13: Middle East EconomicDigest reportedRa's (See also General) al-Khaymahissued a statement saying it was not preparedto acceptthe "veto rights"given to some 1971 states under the draft constitution of the Gulf May 18: Aden News Agency reportedthat the USSR Federation. told Defense Minister 'Ali Nasir Hasani that the Aug. 14: Bahrayn'sruler Shaykh 'Isi bin Salmin USSR was willing to extend further aid "in all al-Khalifahdeclared Bahrayn an independentsover- spheres,economic, military and cultural." eign nation. May 23: Fifteen trade unionistswere elected to bring Aug. 15: Bahraynsigned a "friendship"treaty with the SupremePeople's Council to full membership Britain calling for "consultation"in time of need. of 101. May 26: Interior Minister Muhammad Muti an- Saudi Arabia nounced tne government hoped the country would be able to join the proposed Federationof Arab (See also Iran,Iraq, Jordan, Kuwayt, Syria, Republics. Tunisia,UAR, Yemen) June 21: PresidentSalim Rubay 'All opened a match factoryin Aden which he said was financed80% 1971 by the privatesector. He said the governmentwould May 20: King Faysalleft Taiwan after a 4 day visit. continue to encourageprivate capital in national May 27: King Fay$alarrived in Washingtonand met development projects. with PresidentNixon, to "explain in detail Arab July 16: Rumania signed an economic and technical views on the Middle East." cooperationagreement to aid in developingagricul- June 1: King Faysal returned after visits to Iran, ture, industry and mining. Nationalist China, Japan,the US and France. Aug. 2: The People's Assemblyelected Defense Min- June 23: Aramco signed an agreement raising the ister 'Ali Nasir Hasani to be Premier. price of crude oil shipped from Ras Tanura and The Assemblyelected a new PresidentialCoun- Sidon (Lebanon) to $3.18 per barrel and raising cil of Salim Rubay 'Ali, 'Abd al-Fath Isma'il and the tax from 50 to 55% retroactiveto Mar. 21. 'Ali Nasir Hasani. June 28: RiyadhRadio said 2 agreementswere signed PremierMuhammad 'Ali Haythamresigned and with Yemen to facilitatethe passageof goods and 'Ali Nasir Hasani was appointed to replace him. vehicles and to increase technical cooperation. A new Cabinetwas announced: June 30: It was reportedthat King Faysalapproved MuhammadSalih 'Awlaqi: Foreign Affairs a programto spend SR600m to build up the navy. MuhammadSalih Muti: Interior EgyptianEconomy Minister MuhammadMarza- 'Abdallahal-Khamirl: Infoirmation and Culture ban said Egypt was willing to raise the volume of Mustafa'Abd al-Khaliq:Justice and Awqaf trade "to a maximum level." 'Abd al-'Azlz al-Dali: Health July 8: US Vice President Spiro Agnew arrived in Haydaral-'Attas: Public Works Jiddah. Muhammad'Ali Amayah:Labor & Social Affairs US Vice PresidentAgnew met with King Faysal Mahmud 'Abdallah 'Ushaysh: Finance and sought to assure him the US favored neither MuhammadSulayman Nasir: Agriculture side in the Arab-Irsaeliconflict but sought to pre- Hasan Yahya: Economy& Industry vent further conflict. 'AbdallahBadhib: Education 518 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

'Ali Salim al-Bayd:State for PresidentialAffairs July 21: An Egyptian "fact-finding"delegation flew 'Ali Nasir Hasani: Premier to Khartum. Al-Ahram reported that Ahmad Aug. 3: A new ruling committee of the National Hamriush,editor of Rose al-Yusif and an acquaint- LiberationFront was formed: 'Abd al-FathIsma'il, ance of several officersin the coup, was with the Salim Rubay 'All, 'Ali Nasir Hasani, 'Abdallah delegation. Kamiri,Muhammad Salih Muti, Mahmuid'Ushaysh, July 22: Numayri regainedpower when loyal officers 'Abd al-'Aziz,'Abd al-Wali, Salih Qasim and Faris staged a counter-coupagainst the new RCC. A Salim. radio announcementsaid all the leaders of the coup which deposed Numayri were under arrest. July 23: Al-'Ata and 3 other officerswho had par- Sudan ticipatedin the coup were executed. July 24: Cairo's Al-Ahram charged that the leader (See also General,Kuwayt, Libya, UAR) of the Communist Party in Sudan, 'Abd al- 1971 Khaliq Mahjub, had directed the coup. Three more coup leaders were executed. May 16: A delegation returnedfrom Kuwayt with a Diplomatic relationswith Iraq were broken off. Kuwayti agreement to invest in Sudanese devel- July 25: Numayri said Sudan would be readyto join opment projects. the Federation of Arab Republics after a single May 18: The governmentordered the Students'Fed- political party is formed by May 1972. eration and the Women's Leagueto be disbanded. 'Uthman Hamdallahwas executed. Ba-Bakral- May 25: Middle East News Agency reportedSam-2 Nur 'Uthmanwas put on trial. Both were delivered missiles supplied by the USSR were displayed at to Khartum after being taken off a BOAC jet the National Day rally in Khartum. which was orderedto land in Libya. Defense MinisterHasan 'Abbasannounced mili- Numayri said "90 per cent of the Communist tary conscriptionwould begin on July 1. gang" had been crushedand accusedIraq of being Premier Ja'far al-Numayri said a SudaneseSo- instrumentalin the coup. cialist Union along the lines of the Arab Socialist July 26: The head of the communistSudanese Trades Union in Egypt would be formed. Union FederationAl-Shafi'i Ahmad al-Shaykhwas May 31: PremierNumayni said elections for civilian hanged and Communist Party leader 'Abd al- leaderswould be held "within 2 years." Khaliq Mahjab was captured. June 10: India signed an agreementincreasing trade July 27: The USSR appealed to the government to between the 2 countriesto ?62m in an 18 month spare the life of 'Abd al-Khaliq Mahjiub. Tass period, including export to India of ?24 worth of said the government should be "aware of the cotton comparedwith ?9.6m in 1970. danger of the road onto which it is now pushing June 16: Numayrisaid the balanceof paymentsdeficit the country" and deplored the "hystericalanti- of ?25m was a heavy burdenand that the country's communist campaign." economicsituation could deteriorateunless a "quick July 28: Mahjiuband former Minister of Southern remedy"was found. AffairsJoseph Garang were executed bringing the July 19: Numayri governmentwas overthrownin a total to 14. military coup led by Major Hashim al-'Ata. Minister of Information'Umar Misa said more In a radio broadcastal-'Ata promised economic than 1000 people faced trial for the coup and reform, "scientific"agrarian reform and autonomy that the Communist Party's second in command for the southernprovinces. MuhammadNujiud had been captured. Four disbanded communist organizations, the July 29: Numayri said he didn't want any deteriora- Federationof Labor Trade Unions, the Students' tion in relationswith the USSR "but if they want Federation,the Youth League and the Women's to choose that path we will have no alternative." League were reactivated.The executive committee He said there was no evidencethe USSR had been of the SudaneseSocialist Union was banned. involved in the coup. July 20: A new 7 man RevolutionCommand Council July 31: The USSR warned against "unfriendlyacts was announced: Ba-Bakral-Nur 'Uthman, Chair- againstSoviet representativesin the Sudan,damage man; Hashim al-'Ata,Deputy Chairmanand Com- to property,threats and acts of violence." mander in Chief; Faruiq 'Uthman Hamdallah; The officialnewspaper Al-Sahfofa said: "We used MuhammadAhmad al-Shaykh;Muhammad Mah- to believe the Soviet Union was a friend of the juib 'Uthman; Muhammad Ahlmad al-Zayn; and Sudanesepeople. But the Soviet informationmedia Mu'awiyah'Abd al-Hayy. are making deep cracksin our belief." RCC Chairmanal-Nur 'Uthmansaid in London Numayri told Soviet AmbassadorAnatoly Niko- that the coup was planned since February. He layev that if the USSR continued its "unfounded accusedNumayri of failing to consult the RCC on denunciations"he would take action to restore importantmatters and of diverging from the poli- Sudan's"dignity and prestige." cies of the May 1969 revolution. Aug. 2: The counselorof the Soviet Embassyand the CHRONOLOGY 519

Bulgarian Ambassadorwere asked to leave the June 1: The governmentwas reportedto have signed countryand the SudaneseAmbassador to the USSR an agreementpermitting 50 Egyptianfighter planes and Bulgaria was recalled. to be stationedat Syrian airfields. Aug. 3: The following Cabinet changes were June 7: Three committeeswere set up with France announced: to "recommenda formula for a new phase in Ahmad 'Abd al-Qadir: Transport and Com- Franco-Syrianeconomic cooperation." munications June 10: Saudi Foreign Minister 'Umar al-Saqqaf Abel Alier: Southern Affairs met with Foreign Minister Khaddamfor talks on M-usaal-Mubarak: Labor the Middle East situation. Mansur Khalid: Foreign Affairs July 4: Jabir al-Kafri was appointed Minister of Luigi Adwok: Works Local Administration. Muhammad HamzTh: Animal Resources July 5: Beirut's Al-Nahar reported the government Tobi Madut: State impounded a delivery of Chinese arms to al-Fath, Aug. 4: Numayri received the Chinese Ambassador which arrived in Latakia. The shipment was said and gave him an "importantand serious message" to include 200 tanks. thanking China for "standing by the Sudanese July 6: A spokesman for al-Sa'iqah said the arms people during the recent incidents." impounded in Latakiawere from Algeria bound Aug. 7: Foreign Minister Mans-urKhalid said there for al-Sa'iqah. He said Syria had seized the arms could be no diplomatic ties with the US as long because they were "not commandoweapons." as the US supports Israel but that economic and It was announcedthat the Iraq PetroleumCom- cultural ties "continue, with the possibility of pany agreedto increaseby over 50% transitroyal- improvement." ties for oil piped to Syrianports. Aug. 10: It was announced40 officerswere dismissed July 10: Kuwayti Head of State Shaykh Sab-ahal- from the army for having connections with the Sabah arrived for a state visit. Communist Party. July 13: Shaykhal-Sabah ended a 3 day visit during Aug. 12: Syrian Vice President Mahmud al-Ayyabi which it was agreed to set up a committeeto in- and Foreign Affairs Minister 'Abd al-Halim crease trade and that the Kuwayt Development Khaddam held talks with Numayri after flying Fund would finance some developmentprojects. to Khartum from discussionswith Soviet leaders July 15: PresidentHafiz al-As'admet with commando in Moscow.Ayy-ibi described the talks as "fruitful." leader Yasir 'Arafatand sent a military delegation Aug. 14: Numayripledged that the constitutionwhich to Jordanto mediate between the commandosand would dissolve the Revolution CommandCouncil, Jordanian authorities. would be readyby the end of 1971. Aug. 3: The SupremeState SecurityCourt convicted 99 dissenting Ba'th Party members of plotting against the state.Michel 'Aflaq,Amin al-Ha-fizand Syria 3 others were sentencedto death in absentia. Aug. 11: Foreign MinisterKhaddaim arrived in Mos- (See also General, Jordan, Sudan, Tunisia) cow for talks on the Middle East situation. Aug. 12: The governmentbroke diplomaticrelations 1971 with Jordanand closed airspaceto Jordanianplanes May 17: Premier 'Abd al-RahmanKhulayfawi said following reportsof borderclashes with Jordanian his government was "an extension and continua- tanks. tion of the previous one, both in its composition Aug. 13: Artillery duels were reported along the and objectives." Jordanianborder between the army and Jordanian May 18: A Ba'th Party Regional Command com- forces. munique said the 5th Regional Congress which ended on May 14 had reaffirmedthe policy of T1unisia cooperation with "socialist countries led by the Soviet Union" and recommendeda "continuation (See also Libya, PersianGulf, Morocco) of friendly relations with France in a manner serving Arab interests." 1971 May 24: Damascus Radio urged that "a wide second May 19: Libya signed an air agreementwhich would front be opened against the Jordanianauthority" permit both countriesto extend air routes. to "free the Resistanceto direct its efforts"against Foreign Minister MuhammadMasmoudi ended Israel. a tour of Europe and urged Europe to evolve a May 29: Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Halim Khaddam "Mediterraneanpolicy" for peace and economic returned from Kuwayt where he held "useful" development. talks. Syria agreed to purchase certain industrial June 1: The World Bank announceda loan of $24m productsand declaredits supportfor the proposed for road projects to promote agriculture and Gulf federation. tourism. 520 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

June 17: Minister of Culture & InformationHabib June 1: Police captured2 men wanted for the kill- Boularisresigned. ing of Elrom who were holding a girl hostage in June 19: PresidentBourguiba returned after .6 months an Istanbul apartment. of medical treatmentin . June 9: The government reported that 4 Jordanian June 21: Interior Minister Ahmad Mestiri tendered studentswere expelled from Turkeyfor "dangerous his resignation. activities"and that 454 leftists have been detained June 24: Shadli Klibi was appointedMinister of Cul- for political activities. ture & Information. June 15: The InternationalBank for Reconstruction and Development announceda loan of $10m and 25: Foreign Minister Masmoudi left Britain June credit worth $1 for improving agricultural visit. Britain agreed to double 5m after an official transportationand marketing. to ?500,000 in 1971. its aid to Tunisia June 18: The Councilof Ministersordered a 1 month Nouira said the government'spro- PremierHadi halt to a strike by oil workersin Atas "on grounds amendmentswere draftedand posed constitutional of national security." the National Assembly in "good would go to The IBRD announceda loan of $24m for the that "mnaliciousgrumbling and time." He added developmentof electricalpower. would not affect the base partisan accusations" June 22: US Defense SecretaryMelvin Lairdsaid the determinationto carry on a dialogue. Party's US and Turkey were near agreement on ending June 27: Masmoudiarrived in Tunis from Paris after the opium trafficfrom Turkey. He said the value meeting with President Pompidou. of Turkey'spoppy crop is $3m "and I personally AhraadMestiri accused"certain persons" of try- think we should buy the whole crop and destroyit." ing 'to block the proceduresoutlined in the June June 30: PresidentNixon reportedthe Turkish gov- 8, 1970 speech"and to "underminethe confidence ernmentagreed to ban totally the growth of opium the of the Head of State in certain members of poppies by June 1972. government." He said their efforts had failed. July 5: Ilhan Selgukand OktayKurtbbke, columnists July 4: Reuters reportedMestiri withdrew his resig- for Cumhuriyet,were sentencedto 1 year in prison nation after receiving assurancesthat liberalization for insulting the government. plans would be carriedout. July 15: Premier Erim said price increasesin elec- July 22: Bourguibapresided over a Council of Min- tricity, coal, cigarettesand alcohol were necessary isters meeting for the first time since Dec. 1970. becausethese state owned industrieswere operating He congratulated the Council for its internal at a loss. "harmony"during his illness. It was announced that a Ministry of Culture Aug. 5: Masmoudireturned from Libya and reported would be formed with Talat Halman as the first to Bourguiba the results of his "peace mission" Minister. to Lebanon,Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Egypt Libya and July 23: The National Assembly voted to extend Saudi Arabia. martial law in 11 provinces for 2 months. Aug. 5: It was anouncedan agreementwas reached with CommunistChina to establish diplomaticre- Turkey lations. Turkey also agreed in principle to permit Chinese aircraftto use Turkishairports. (See also Libya) Diplomatic relations with Nationalist China 1971 were "suspended." Aug. 11: The trial of 83 people, including 69 former May 17: The Israeli Consul General Efraim Elrom military officers,accused of participatingin an or- was kidnappedby membersof the TurkishPeople's ganizationaimed at establishinga "proletariandic- Liberation Army who demanded the release of tatorship"opened in Istanbul. all "revolutionaries"held in jail by 5:00 PM, May 20. May 18: Authoritiesannounced the arrestof a student United Arab Republic in connection with the kidnapping of the Israeli Consul General. (See also Arab-IsraeliConflict, General, Algeria, Iraq, Deputy PremierSadi Kosas said the government Jordan, Kuwayt, Morocco,Saudi Arabia, had "no intention of bargaining with a handful Sudan, Tunisia) of adventurers." May 23: Over 600 people died in an earthquakein 1971 the eastern province of Bingol. May 16: A new Cabinet was announced: The body of the Israeli Consul General was Muhammad 'Abdallah Marzaban: Economy & found shot to death in Istanbul. Foreign Trade AMay26: Japan agreed to loan $27m to finance the Kamal Henry Badir: Communications Hasan Ugurli Dam on the Ye?ilrmak River. SayyidJadallah al-Sayyid: Planning CHRONOLOGY 521

'Abd al-'Aziz Hijazi: Treasury secretpolice reportsand taped phone conversations. MuhammadHafiz Ghanim: Education Kuwayti Foreign Minister Shaykh Sabah al- 'Abd al-'Aziz Kamil: Waqf & Azhar Affairs Ahmad al-Sabaharrived for talks with Sadat on MuhammadHamdi 'Ashuir:Local Administration "Arab and Gulf affairs." 'Abd al-Wahhabal-Burulasi: Scientific Research June 3: TreasuryMinister 'Abd al-'Aziz Hijazl an- Hafiz Badawi: Social Affairs nounced the 1971/72 budget totalling LE2,820m. 'Abduh MahmuidSalam: Health He said LE650m would go to defense and Muhammad Hafiz Isma'il: State for Foreign LE 1,242m to economic development,increases of Affairs LE73m and LE141m respectivelyover the 1970/71 Muhammad Ahmad Muhammad: Presidential budget. Affairs June 8: Deputy Ruler of Qatar Shaykh Khalifa Bin Hasan Fahmi al-Badatwi:Justice Hamad left Cairo after talks on the question of a Ahmad 'Abd al-Majid: CabinetAffairs federation of Arab Gulf Emirates. Ahmad al-SayyidDarwish: Tourism June 12: Sadat ordered the dissolution of 17 trade 'Abd al-LatifBultiyah: Labor union councilsand the election of new councils by Ahmad Nuh: Civil Aviation July 20. Muhammadal-Zayyat: State foi AssemblyAffairs June 19: King Faysal of Saudi Arabia arrived in Mamdah Salim: Interior Cairo on a 1 week state visit. MuhammadAhmad $adiq: War June 20: The government ordered the seizure of MuhammadMursi Ahmad: Higher Education property belonging to the leaders of the alleged Ahmad Sultan: Power coup of May 14. 'All al-Sayyid:Housing & Utilities June 22: Yasir 'Arafat arrived in Cairo for talks Sulayman'Abd al-Hayy: Transport with Sadat and Faysal on the problems facing the Muhammad'Abd al-Raqib: Irrigation commandos. 'Ali Wali: Petroleum & Mineral Wealth June 26: Faysalended a 1 week officialvisit. A joint MustafaKamal Tulbah: Youth communiquesaid the King recognizedEgypt was Ism.'-llGhanim: Culture the "solid rock" against Zionism and bore the Isma'il Sabri 'Abdallah: Deputy Minister of biggest share of the battle. It said talks were held Planning in "mutualunderstanding" and covered "relations May 16: PresidentAnwar al-Sadatpledged to "build between the two fraternal countries"and in the a new state in which every individualwill feel free Arab world. and secure." June 30: Economy Minister Muh.ammadMarzaban May 17: Al-Ahram reported 110 persons had been said the InternationalMonetary Fund agreed to a arrested in connection with the aborted coup. loan of $41m for the Economic Development President Sadat appointed a "provisional Secre- Program. tariat" headed by 'Aziz Sidqi for the Arab So- July 1: Foreign MinisterRiyid exchangedratification cialist Union. documentsin Moscow for the May 27 treaty. May 20: Sadatsaid a secret,Comunist oriented faction The first elections were held at the local level centered in the Arab Socialist Union was behind in the program to reorganize the Arab Socialist the attemptedcoup. He called for a new constitu- Union (ASU). tion and said he would not accept re-election to July 17: Saudi Foreign Minister 'Umar al-Saqqafar- the Presidencyin 1976. rived to consult with Sadat on the joint mediation May 25: Soviet President Nicolai Podgorny arrived effort in Jordan. in Cairo and was received by Sadat. July 22: It was announcedthat Britainwould be paid May 26: It was announcedthat an 80 member com- ?2.1m in compensationfor nationalizedproperty. mittee was formed to draft a permanent It was announced'All $abri and his colleagues constitution. in the May "coup" attempt would be tried for May 27.' Soviet PresidentPodgorny and Sadatsigned high treason. a 15 year treaty of friendship and cooperation, July 23: Sadat spoke to the opening session of the calling for further development of political, eco- newly elected Arab Socialist Union and promised nomic and military cooperation"on the basis of to curb the abuse of official authority. . . . sovereignty, territorial integrity, noninter- July 26: The ASU voted Sadat "full powers"for any ference in the affairsof each other." action necessaryto regain Arab territory and it May 28: Podgorny left for Moscow. endorsedthe plan for a federationwith Libya and British Special Envoy Sir William Luce arrived Syria. in Cairo after a tour of the Gulf to meet with Aug. 2: The Executive Committee of the General Foreign Minister Mahmud Riyad. Union of Egyptian Workers issued a statement May 29: LebanesePremier Sa'ib Salam arrivedfor a calling on Sudan to end its anti-communist 6 day official visit and talks with Sadat. campaign. May 31: Sadat took part in a public burning of Aug. 5: The New York Times said it was "reliably 522 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

reported" that Sidat told the USSR after the Jane 3: West Germanyagreed to loan DM 31m for coup in Sudan that Egypt would continue to resist airport and road construction. communismin the Arab world. June 12: Republican Council Chairman 'Abd al- Aug. 7: Sadat said Arab workersneed national unity Rahman Irylon left for an official visit to Saudi rather than class struggle and urged trade unions Arabia. to purge their ranks of "opportunistsand devia- June 15: The Popular Front for the Liberationof tionists." The New York Times reported"private Palestine reported that 4 of its members were sources"as confirmingthe house arrestof 2 noted arrestedfor the attackon an Israelbound oil tanker communistsympathizers, Khalid Muhyi al-Din and on June 11. IbrThimSa'd al-Din, head of the SocialistInstitute. June 16: President al-Iryanireturned from a 5 day Aug. 10: The Ambassadorsto the US, USSR and visit to Saudi Arabia. A communiquesaid it was UN were called to Cairo for "important agreed to strengthenrelations in every field. consultations." June 19: Libya announced it would send ?Lib lm Aug. 11: AJ-Ahramsaid 100 people including 'All in agriculturalequipment as aid because of the Sabri would be tried on Aug. 25 before a "revolu- 1970 drought. tionary tribunal." July 8: It was announcedthat the World Bank and Aug. 12: Al-Ahram reported Egypt would pay the KuwaytFund for Arab EconomicDevelopment LE2m in compensation to 350 foreigners who agreedto grant $200,000 to financea team of eco- were affectedby the agrarianreform law of 1963. nomic exports to help economic development. July 20: Premier Nu'man resigned saying he was "unableto shoulderthe responsibilitiesof rule be- Yemen cause of the financial difficulties facing the na- tion." He was asked to remain in his post until (See a/so General) a new Cabinet could be named. 1971 July 21: Demonstrationswere held in Sana'acalling for reformin administrationand a "struggleagainst May 25: Deputy Prime Minister 'Abd al-Salam corruption." Sabrah arrived in Moscow for an official visit. Aug. 6: Middle East Economic Digest reported May 26: The government received a vote of con- MuhammadAhmad Nu'man, Political Advisor to fidence from the ConsultativeAssembly by a vote the PresidentialCouncil and son of former Pre- of 116 to 3 with 3 abstentions. mier Nu'man, as saying the financial crisis is the May 30: 'Ali 'Abdallih al-Hanbal; was appointed legacyof the civil war. He said the govermenttried Ministerof Interior. to secureaid from Saudi Arabiabut Saudipromises June 1: Advisor to the RepublicanCouncil Muham- were not fulfilled. mad Ahmad Nu'man said in Cairo that Yemen Aug. 14: The New York Times reported"American would pursue a policy of "openness towards the intelligence sources"as saying 7 army officerswere whole world" in an attemptto overcomeeconomic arrestedin Sana'afor plotting, with the help of the problems. USSR, the overthrowof the government.