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Anthropogenic Impacts on Urban Coastal Lagoons in the Western and North-Western Coastal Zones of Sri Lanka
1 2 Anthropogenic Impacts on Urban Coastal Lagoons in the Western and North-western Coastal Zones of Sri Lanka Jinadasa Katupotha Department of Geography, University of Sri Jayewardenepura Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka [email protected] Abstract Six lagoons from Negombo to Puttalam, along the Western and North Western coast of Sri Lanka, show signs of some change due to urbanization-related anthropological activities. Identified activities have direct implications on morphological features of lagoons, elimination of wetlands (mangrove swamps and marshy lands) and pasture lands, land degradation due to encroachment for shrimp farms, shrinking of lagoons, and production of higher nutrient and heavy metal loads, decline in bird and fish populations and degradation of the scenic beauty. As a result, the lagoon ecosystems have suffered to such a degree that numerous faunal and floral species have disappeared or have diminished considerably over the last few years. All these anthropogenic impacts were identified by the author during 1992, 2002, and 2006 as well as in a study on “Lagoons in Sri Lanka” conducted by IWMI between 2011 and 2012. Key words: Anthropogenic Impacts, Urban Coastal Lagoons, Garbage accumulation, Awareness program Introduction The island of Sri Lanka has 82 coastal lagoons that support a variety of plants and animals, and the economy [1]. Anthropogenic impacts, particularly lagoon fishing, human occupation of the land and water contamination have considerably reduced the faunal and floral population to a point that some of them are in danger of extinction. Such danger of extinction has been accelerated in urban lagoons of the western and northwestern coastal zones, e.g. -
Evolutionof Coastallaridformsinthe Western Part of Srilanka
HiroshimaHiroshimaGeographicalAssociation Geographical Association Geographical Sciences vol, 43 no.1 pp, 18-36, 1988 Evolution of Coastal Laridforms inthe Western Part of Sri Lanka JINADASA KATUPOTHA* Key Words:evolution of coastal landforms, SriLanka, late Pleistocene, Holocene, landfOmi classMcation Abstract Geomorphic and geologic evidence shows four different stages {Stage I-IV} in the evolution of coastal landforrns on the west coast of Sri Lanka during the Iate Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs. The author assumes that the old ridges in Stage I at Sembulailarna, Kiriyanl(ailiya, Pambala, Wiraliena, Uluambalarna and Kadrana areas have been fonned precedng the Holocene transgression. Low hMs and ridges in the area were coated mainly by wind blown sand, fonowing the lower sea levels during the Late Pleistocene and Earty Holocene Epochs. Radiocarbon datings en the west and seuth coast$ reveal that the sea level remained 1rn or more above the present sea level between 6170± 70 and 535e± 80 yr B. P. During this transgression, the forTner drainage basins were submerged and headland bay beaches were ereated. Many wetlands aiid beach ridges, particularly in Stages ll, III, and IV were gradualy formed owing to rninor oscMations of sea levet after mid-Holocene. Most of these landiorTns haveaclose relationship with main climatic zenes of the country. 1987; Katupotha, 1988) also help to deterrnine their I. Introduction evolution. The island of Sri Lanka has a coastline over Coastal Iandform maps of the study area were 1920 km in length, exhibiting a diversity of coastal cornpiled by means of interpretation of aerial photo- landromis. The coastal lowlands with elevation graphs (1:40,OOO-Survey Department of Sri Lanka, from mean sea level (MSL) to 30m consist of 1956) and field observations. -
A Strategy for Nature Tourism Management
I I I A STRATEGY FOR NATURE TOURISM I MANAGEMENT: I Review of the EnvIronmental and Economic Benefits I of Nature TourIsm and Measures to Increase these Benefits I By I H M 8 C Herath M Sivakumar I P Steele I FINAL REPORT I August 1997 I Prepared for the Ceylon Tourrst Board and Department of Wildlife I USAIDI Natural Resources & Environmental Polley Project International Resources Group (NAREPP/IRG) I A project of the United States Agency for International Development and the I Government of Sri Lanka I I I I I I I DlScriptlOllS about Authors Mr HMC Herath IS a Deputy DIrector workIng for Department of WIldlIfe I ConservatIon, 18, Gregory's Road, Colombo 07, TP No 94-01-695 045 Mr M Sivakurnar IS a Research asSIStant, EnvIronmental DIvISIon Mmistry of I Forestry and EnvIronment, 3 rd Floor, Umty Plaza Bmldmg, Colombo 04 Mr Paul Steele IS an EconomIC Consultant workIng for EnvIronmental DIvISIon, I MllliStry of Forestry and EnvIronment, 3 rd Floor, Umty Plaza BUlldmg, Colombo 04 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CONTENTS I Page I Executive Summary 1-11 1 IntroductIOn 12 I 2 EXIstmg market for nature tounsm 13-19 I 3 Survey of eXIstIng nature tounsm sItes 20-35 4 EnvIronmental and economIC ObjectIves of a I nature tounsm management strategy 36-42 5 QuantIfymg the economiC benefits from nature tounsm 43-56 I 6 ActI\ ltles and SItes for dIversIfymg and expandIng nature tounsm 57-62 I 7 ConclUSIOns and RecommendatIons for IncreasIng the e'1\ Ironmental and economIC benefits of I nature tounsm 63-65 8 References 66 I 9 Annex 1 LIst of persons consulted 67-68 I Annex 2 Graphs of VIsItor entrance and revenues 69-77 Annex 3 Summary of RecommendatIons of Nature Tounsm Workshop and LISt I of PartIcipants 78-80 I I I I I I I Executive summary I 1 Nature tOUrIsm should be promoted by the Ceylon TourlSt Board to mcrease the number of tourlSts vlSlt10g Sn Lanka. -
The Government of the Democratic
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER 2019 DEPARTMENT OF STATE ACCOUNTS GENERAL TREASURY COLOMBO-01 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 1. Note to Readers 1 2. Statement of Responsibility 2 3. Statement of Financial Performance for the Year ended 31st December 2019 3 4. Statement of Financial Position as at 31st December 2019 4 5. Statement of Cash Flow for the Year ended 31st December 2019 5 6. Statement of Changes in Net Assets / Equity for the Year ended 31st December 2019 6 7. Current Year Actual vs Budget 7 8. Significant Accounting Policies 8-12 9. Time of Recording and Measurement for Presenting the Financial Statements of Republic 13-14 Notes 10. Note 1-10 - Notes to the Financial Statements 15-19 11. Note 11 - Foreign Borrowings 20-26 12. Note 12 - Foreign Grants 27-28 13. Note 13 - Domestic Non-Bank Borrowings 29 14. Note 14 - Domestic Debt Repayment 29 15. Note 15 - Recoveries from On-Lending 29 16. Note 16 - Statement of Non-Financial Assets 30-37 17. Note 17 - Advances to Public Officers 38 18. Note 18 - Advances to Government Departments 38 19. Note 19 - Membership Fees Paid 38 20. Note 20 - On-Lending 39-40 21. Note 21 (Note 21.1-21.5) - Capital Contribution/Shareholding in the Commercial Public Corporations/State Owned Companies/Plantation Companies/ Development Bank (8568/8548) 41-46 22. Note 22 - Rent and Work Advance Account 47-51 23. Note 23 - Consolidated Fund 52 24. Note 24 - Foreign Loan Revolving Funds 52 25. -
National Wetland DIRECTORY of Sri Lanka
National Wetland DIRECTORY of Sri Lanka Central Environmental Authority National Wetland Directory of Sri Lanka This publication has been jointly prepared by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) in Sri Lanka and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The preparation and printing of this document was carried out with the financial assistance of the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Sri Lanka. i The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CEA, IUCN or IWMI concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the CEA, IUCN or IWMI. This publication has been jointly prepared by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Sri Lanka and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The preparation and publication of this directory was undertaken with financial assistance from the Royal Netherlands Government. Published by: The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka. Copyright: © 2006, The Central Environmental Authority (CEA), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the International Water Management Institute. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. -
Vol 04 No 03
WILDLANKA Vol.4, No.3, pp. 079 - 105, 2016. Copyright 2016 Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka. MANGROVES IN LAGOON ECOSYSTEMS: A NEGLECTED provides the base of the major mangrove recorded in Sri Lanka, the common species and growth of Rhizophora mucronata and mangroves and their diversity in Sri Lanka are 1992a). Although more freshwater runoff of RESULT AND DISCUSSION (b) Provide protection from storm surges and medicine (Table 4). There are many species CONCLUSION HABITAT IN SRI LANKA community food chain. The aerial roots provide being Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia Ceriops tagal seeding under different environ- fairly understood (Aruchelvam 1968; Jayas- Wet Zone rivers reduce the salinity content in There are twenty nine species of mangroves and high winds associated with tropical of mangrove fauna than flora both in numbers Mangrove ecosystems of the inter-tidal shelter for many species of commercial fish and marina, Excoecaria agallocha, Acanthus mental conditions. This study reveals the distri- uriya 1991b; Amarasinghe 1997a, b; the estuaries than the Kala Oya estuary. Arud- identified as fringes and patches from the typhoons. This is important in a country and in diversity. There are eighteen species of zone in the tropical and sub-tropical areas have shellfish (Table 7), particularly in their juvenile ilicifolius, Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia bution, zonation, taxonomy, physiology, Jayewardene et al. 1999; Jayatissa et al. 2002a, pragasam and Jayasinghe (1980) have shown lagoon ecosystems, which fall into seventeen that is hit by an average of 20 typhoons birds associated with mangrove habitats shown multiple uses to human beings and wildlife. K.N.J. KATUPOTHA and most predators prone stages. -
Status, Diversity and Conservation of the Mangrove Forests of Sri Lanka
J. South Asian nat. Hist., ISSN 1022-0828. January, 1998. Vol.3, No. 1, pp. 79-102, 2 figs., 9 tabs. © Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, 95 Cotta Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka. Status, diversity and conservation of the mangrove forests of Sri Lanka Mangala de Silva" and Padma K. de Silva* Abstract In Sri Lanka, mangrove forests are found scattered mainly along the north-western, north eastern and eastern coasts bordering lagoons and river estuaries. The area covered by the mangrove forests today is estimated as only 87 km2 (Legg & Jewell, 1995). Most of the mangrove forest areas have been subjected to human interference for a long time, and undisturbed mangrove forests are seldom found. In most areas, the mangrove forests are usually restricted to a narrow strip, sometimes only a few trees deep. The largest mangrove forest, which is in the Kala Oya estuary, is not more than 0.5 km deep and extends upstream about 2 km from the river mouth. The low level of tidal fluctuations is mainly responsible for the narrowness of the mangrove forests as only a small area comes under the tidal influence. A clear zonation is not seen in most localities because of the narrowness of the mangrove forest and the human interference. Two major kinds of mangrove forests, namely, low-saline and high-saline, could be distinguished by the floristic composition; three other specialised high saline types, scrub, overwash, and basin, are also sometimes distinguished depending on the flooding characteristics and topography. Twenty three true mangrove species of trees and shrubs have been recorded in Sri Lanka, the common species being Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Excoecaria agallocha, Acanthus ilicifolius, Lumnitzera racemosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Aegiceras corniculatum. -
Journal of the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka
Volume 27. Issues 5 & 6 Journal of the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka 1 2 OFFICE BEARERS 2016 Volume 27. Issues 5 & 6 Patron Journal of the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka His Excellency Maithripala Sirisena, President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka WNPS General Committee 2016 President Mr. Rukshan Jayewardene Vice Presidents Mr. Rahula Dassenaieke Mr. Ranil Pieris General Secretary Mr. Spencer Manuelpillai Hon. Treasurer Mr. Ishan Rajasuriya General Committee Members Mr. Vidya Abhayagunawardena Mr. Ravindralal Anthonis 1 Mr. Darrel Bartholomeusz Ms. Tami Flamer Caldera Mr. Jehan CanagaRetna Mr. Sriyan de Silva Wijeyeratne Loris - Vol. 27. Dr. [Ms.] Nirmali De Silva Dr. Tilak Jayaratne Issue 5 & 6, December 2016 Dr. Hemantha Perera Ms. Ayanthi Samarajeewa ISSN 0024-6514 Maj. Raajiv Dias Wanigasekera Mr. Rohan Wijesinha Immediate Past President Prof. Lakdas D. Fernando Hon. Editor – Loris Mr. Rohan Wijesinha Hon. Editor – Warana Mr. Vidya Abhayagunawardena Hon. Auditors M/s. Tudor V. Perera & Company, Chartered Accountant, De Mel Building, Upper Chatham Street, Fort, Colombo 01. WILDLIFE & NATURE PROTECTION SOCIETY of SRI LANKA #86, Rajamalwatte Road, Battaramulla. Tele. +94 (0) 11 288 7390 Fax. +94 (0) 11 288 7664 E-mail – [email protected] web – www.wnpssl.org https://www.facebook.com/wnpssl/ https://twitter.com/wnpssl The Editor invites contributions not only from members of the Society but also from the public, on matters relevant to biodiversity, natural history and nature conservation in Sri Lanka. LORIS is issued in volumes of six fascicles, the fascicles being issued in June and December each year. -
Fisheries and Environmental Profile of Negombo Estuary
REGIONAL FISHERIES LIVELIHOODS PROGRAMME FOR SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (RFLP) --------------------------------------------------------- Fisheries and environmental profile of Negombo lagoon: a literature review (Activity 1.2.1 Prepare fisheries and environmental profile of Negombo lagoon using secondary data and survey reports) For the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia Prepared by Leslie Joseph Co-management consultant-RFLP June 2011 DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT TEXT "This publication has been made with the financial support of the Spanish Agency of International Cooperation for Development (AECID) through an FAO trust-fund project, the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (RFLP) for South and Southeast Asia. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the opinion of FAO, AECID, or RFLP.” All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational and other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2011 Bibliographic reference For bibliographic purposes, -
Uprooting People from the Land Land Grabbing Current Status And
Uprooting People from the Land Land Grabbing Current Status and Trends in Sri Lanka June 2012 Sri Lanka Nature Group People’s Alliance for Right to Land - PARL Land Grabbing Current Status and Trends in Sri Lanka Advisor Thilak Kariyawasam Data Collection Pubudu Weerarathne Rathindra Kuruwita Sajeewa Chamikara Sanjeewa Bandara Pushparajan Somasundaram Data Analysis Sajeewa Chamikara Preparation of Report Sajeewa Chamikara Rathindra Kuruwita Samartha Harischandra Padmi Karandana Special Contribution Hansani Samudrika Samarawickrama Layout and Design Nilakshi Madushani Hasantha Wijethunga Publisher Sri Lanka Nature Group ‐ SLNG 546/3, Wata Mawatha, Gangodawila, Nugegoda. Tel. No. ‐ 011 2803139 E mail ‐ [email protected] People’s Alliance for Right to Land - PARL No. - 10, Malwattha Road, Negombo. E mail - [email protected] Web - www.parlsrilanka.com 2 Sri Lanka Nature Group Land Grabbing ‐ Current Status and Trends in Sri Lanka People’s Alliance for Right to Land Contents Page Preface 1. Abstract 06 2. Introduction 07 2.1 Objectives of the Study 08 2.2 Definitions of land grabbing 08 2.3 Impact on food security, loss of livelihoods, impact on environment 09 2.4 Global Trends and Current Situation 10 2.5 Local Contexts 10 3. Methodology 11 4. Limitations and Challengers of the Study 11 5. Results and Analysis 12 6. Findings 16 7. Conclusions 18 8. Recommendations 19 9. Annexure ‐ I 22 10. Annexure ‐ II 22 11. Annexure ‐ III 23 • Construction of Hotels and Operation of Quarries in Andarawewa Forest Reserve 23 • Grabbing of Land -
Current Characteristics of Salinity Stratification of Two Coastal Lagoons in Southern Area of Sri Lanka After Different Human Interventions
ACEPS - 2013 Current characteristics of salinity stratification of two coastal lagoons in southern area of Sri Lanka after different human interventions E. Furusato 1, G.L. Perera 1, N. Tanaka 1,2 , G. P. Amarasekara 3 and T. Priyadarshana 3 1Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570 JAPAN 2 Institute for Environmental Science & Technology, Saitama University 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570 JAPAN 3 Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences & Technology, University of Ruhuna Wellamadama, Matara (81000), Sri Lanka E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Field investigations were conducted to estimate the present state of density stratification of Koggala Lagoon and Rekawa Lagoon, Sri Lanka. The variation of salinity, water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured vertically at different tidal conditions and rainy seasons. For both lagoons, salinity stratification occurred in not only lagoon but also inflow stream and lagoon mouth. Furthermore, the stratification was measured in mainly rainy season for both lagoons. On the other hand several temporal and spatial characteristics, such as salinity level, area of strong stratification and the reason of the seasonal difference of stratification, were contrastive for each lagoon. These depend on the inherent difference of hydrological characteristics of each lagoon, recently intensified by human intervention conducted in mouth area for both lagoons. Conceptual model has been constructed for the hydraulic characteristics of each lagoon related to the salinity stratification as the basis for the future quantitative analysis. Keywords: seasonal difference, tidal effects, inflow stream, conceptual model. 1. INTRODUCTION Water environment in Sri Lanka is recently under pressure with the rapid development activities and more concern is needed with respect to environmental resources preservation. -
Final Report Summary
Sri Lanka Ceylon Electricity Board Development Planning on Optimal Power Generation for Peak Demand in Sri Lanka Final Report Summary February 2015 Japan International Cooperation Agency Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. IL JR 15-022 Development Planning on Optimal Power Generation for Peak Demand in Sri Lanka Final Report Summary TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Project ................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Purpose and Scope of Study ............................................................................................. 1-2 1.3 Study Plan ......................................................................................................................... 1-3 1.3.1 Study Procedure ................................................................................................... 1-3 1.3.2 Study Schedule and Study Items ......................................................................... 1-4 Chapter 2 Sri Lanka Power Sector Performance and Development Policy 2.1 Power Sector in Sri Lanka ................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.1 Power Supply Performance ................................................................................. 2-1 2.1.2 Government Power Sector Policy ........................................................................ 2-2 2.1.3 Organizations for Electricity Supply ................................................................... 2-3