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Представляем Научные Достижения Миру. Гуманитарные Науки Saratov State University Представляем научные достижения миру. Гуманитарные науки Saratov State University Presenting Academic Achievements to the World. The Humanities Papers from the conference for young scientists «Presenting Academic Achievements to the World» March 29–30, 2010 Saratov Saratov University Press 2010 Саратовский государственный университет им. Н.Г. Чернышевского Представляем научные достижения миру. Гуманитарные науки Материалы научной конференции молодых ученых «Presenting Academic Achievements to the World» Март 29–30, 2010 Саратов Издательство Саратовского университета 2010 УДК 3(082) ББК 6/8я43 П71 Представляем научные достижения миру. Гуманитар- П71 ные науки: Материалы научной конференции молодых ученых «Presenting Academic Achievements to the World», 29–30 марта 2010 г. – Саратов: Изд-во Сарат. ун-та, 2010. – 148 с.: ил. ISBN 978-5-292-04005-7 В данном сборнике опубликованы материалы участников гуманитарной секции научной конференции «Presenting Academic Achievements to the World», которая состо- ялась в Саратовском государственном университете 29–30 марта 2010 года. В сборник включены статьи с результатами в области истории, социологии, филологии, экономи- ки, юриспруденции и психологии. Для преподавателей и студентов гуманитарных факультетов и институтов. This publication assembles papers given at the conference for young scientists «Presenting Academic Achievements to the World» which was held in March 29-30, 2010 at Saratov State University. The articles present the results in such fields of humanities as History, Sociology, Philology, Economy, Law, and Psychology. Редакционная коллегия: Н.И. Иголкина (отв. редактор), Л.В. Левина (отв. секретарь), Р.М. Базылева, Е.Н. Базанова, Е.Е. Пастухова УДК 3(082) ББК 6/8я43 Работа издана в авторской редакции ISВN 978-5-292-04005-7 © Саратовский государственный университет, 2010 ENGLISH ARISTOCRATIC WOMAN IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XVI CENTURY: EVERYDAY COMMUNICATION AND FIELD OF ACTIVITY Aleksandra Abarenova Saratov State University Gender History, Early Modern Ages, Henry VIII’s reign, the Court, an English noblewoman, Honor Lisle, Lisle letters, housekeeping, social life History has been changing, and we have a lot of new themes for studying. Gender history is one of the new trends. European scholars were the pioneers in this field which they began to study in the 60s of the XX century. Now the German school of the Gender Studies is the most advanced in the West. They have worked out the conception, a big amount of theoretical questions and gender terminology. In Russia women’s and gender history is rather young, the first publications appeared in the beginning of the 1990s that is why our History school suffers the lack of bibliography. The first Russian specialists developed the Medieval and Early Modern periods, the reason for that is the variety of sources. Now the most fruitful and successful Russian specialists are L.P. Pepina, A.S. Souprianovitch, who consider the main theoretical questions and women’s destinies. It is important to say that the XVI century was rather difficult and ambiguous in the English history: Henry VIII’s reign, cruelty and omnipotence, or the king’s chief ministers Tomas Voulsy and Thomas Cromwell, the Break with Catholic Rome. It was also a transitional period for English economy and social structure, when traditional estates seemed to change their functions: an average peasant could become a gentry- a kind of a nobleman, and an aristocrat could lose the power and landowning. It is very important to study the aristocrats’ position and the place of a woman in that society. 5 This work is divided into four parts: description of the sources, people, who were mentioned there, then everyday communication and occupation of a noblewoman. We have used Lady Lisle’s correspondence as a source for this work, which is only a part of the whole correspondence of the Lisle family. It is dated back to 1530-1540. The letters were published in English in 1981 at the University of Chicago by Muriel St.Claire Burne and only 10 of them were translated into Russian by E.V. Dvoinina and L.N. Chernova and then published. Lady Honor Lisle lived during the period of 1493–1566. She was a daughter of the Cornish knight John Grenville, who was close to the Court and was a rich landowner in Cornwall and Devon. His first wife Isabell bore him 7 children, Honor was one of the youngest. According to the publisher of the letters she was a religious woman, read the Bible, matins books, but “she had lack of education”. Her first husband was a rich knight John Basset from Devon and they had 3 sons and 4 daughters. After his death in 1528 her jointure included the manors of Tehidy, Trevalga and Fermarshall, Devon, Umberleigh and others. All this gave her about £200 a year to provide for her family, including the two stepdaughters. In 1529 when she was 38, she married her second husband Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount Lisle, an illegitimate son of the English king Edward IV. This marriage brought her into the Court. Arthur was Henry VIII’s uncle, the Knight of Garter, Vice-Admiral of England, Lord Deputy of Calais. But in 1540 he was arrested at suspicion of treason, on the charge of plotting to betray the town to the French. He died of a heart attack in the Tower of London in 1541 or 1542. The whole family correspondence was confiscated, and this helped to preserve all these letters (even a bill for shoe leather). It is not a secret that the most important sphere of people’s life is communication with others, especially for women. But during the Middle Ages and the Modern History when a woman was considered to be only a housewife, Lady Honor had connections with relatives, servants and neighbors. But she wasn’t an ordinary noblewoman and her connections included representatives of different estates. Properly speaking, Lady Honor’s correspondence is dated back to 1531-1533. We have 51 letters, two of which were written by Dame Honor. Firstly, we have to say that she did not write her letters herself but she dictated them and her signature suggested that she handled the pen with difficulty. There are only 2 letters of which she is a sender. She wrote to Thomas Cromwell who was Henry VIII’s chief minister from 1532 to 1540. He was one of the strongest advocates of the English Reformation, the break of the English Church with Catholic Rome. If we look at the letters we will see that 12 of them were written by clergymen of all ranges; 36 by seculars: relatives, neighbors, landlords and courtiers. This leads us to the conclusion that this woman had rather a wide sphere of communication. 6 Speaking about Lady Lisle’s activities we can divided them into two parts: housekeeping and public life. We will first considerhousekeeping. Lady Honor looked after her family estates and lands herself. We can find this information in the letters of the bailiff (the landowner’s manager) and her faithful servant John Davy, John Bonde, a priest in Umberleigt and William Seller from Soberton – a servant. These letters show us that the state of things in the family was not very good. John Bonde [1] wrote in one of his letters, that the homestead in Umberleigh had to be repaired and “thatched houses had to be newly covered” but it cost a lot. John Davy [2] is considered to be the chief manager and he received the Books of accounts from all Lisle’s households. But he did not mention the sums. William Seller [3] reported to Lady Honor about the harvest of wheat, yarn, how many hogs and swans were sold. For example, “The sum of wheat sown is 11 quarter…I’ve killed 3 of your hogs; the salt cost 1 pound…” and so on. Her other activity which was a privilege only for some families was breeding deer. During the War of Roses a lot of deer, the symbol of English aristocracy, were almost exterminated. When Henry VII came to the throne, he made stealing or killing of these animals a criminal offence and the right for breeding was given only to a few families, including The Lisles. To get deer from these owners for a present was very honorable. It’s extremely important to speak about her communication with relatives. In their letters they thanked the Lady for venison, fish and other food supplies or just asked for help. For example, her brother’s wife Margaret Grenville [4] in the letter of 26 August 1532 told Honor about her health and asked for giving a job to one of Margaret’s servant. From John Norton’s [5], a purser, and James Hawkesworth’s [6], (he identified himself as a “servand”) letters we learn that Lady Lisle had her own vessel on which she made at least one trading venture. We can suppose that she was trying to increase the family income. The next point of this work is Honor’s social life and her activities in different circles of society. The most remarkable thing is the correspondence with courtiers. It is extremely important to emphasize the fact that Honor Lisle wrote to Thomas Cromwell twice. The reasons for this letters were the same – asking for help. In the first one she wrote about a widow, who found herself in a difficult situation: her husband died granting her rather a big jointure, she had a difficult child birth and in addition one of Cromwell’s servants Laurence Courtenay “purchased an injunction out of the king’s Court of his Chancery [7], to void out of her inhabitation and lends incontinent upon the sight of the said injunction’[8]. Lady Lisle asked for help to influence Laurence. In the second she wrote about a man who killed another man but “hath a pardon”.
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