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Half a Million Tons and a Goat: a Study of British Participation in the Berlin Airlift 25 June 1948 - 12 May 1949

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Half a Million Tons and a Goat: a Study of British Participation in the Berlin Airlift 25 June 1948 - 12 May 1949 HALF A MILLION TONS AND A GOAT: A STUDY OF BRITISH PARTICIPATION IN THE BERLIN AIRLIFT 25 JUNE 1948 - 12 MAY 1949 Richard David Keen Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Humanities in the University of Buckingham September 2013 ABSTRACT Richard David Keen Half a Million Tons and a Goat: A Study of British Participation in the Berlin Airlift 25 June 1948 - 12 May 1949 The Soviet blockade of western Berlin between the 23 June 1948 and 12 May 1949 - and the airlift that was organized to defeat it - was the first major confrontation between the Soviet Bloc on the one side and the United States and its allies on the other. It was at the point where the shared cooperation arising from common interests during the Second World War finally dissolved and became the Cold War with the potential to develop into a hot war. Yet for all its acknowledged importance in the history of the Cold War, no historian has hitherto investigated the British component of the Berlin Airlift to discover how it worked in practice and if British involvement was actually necessary to the success of the Allied operation as a whole, or whether the Airlift could have been undertaken more effectively by different approach. Given its acknowledged importance, the Airlift has been poorly served by its historiography. It forms a very minor part in the post-war histories of Germany; and even in the more specialist scholarly literature on the early stages of the Cold War, it receives scant attention. Insofar as it has received any detailed scrutiny, the Airlift of 1948-9 is presented regularly as a sub-plot in the wider drama of the Berlin Blockade, and it is the US dimension of the Airlift which has produced the best historiography. The American aspect, Operation VITTLES, predominates in the current literature and there is no equivalent on the RAF side to the USAF professional historians' output. Beyond this US dimension, there is a general dearth of academic papers in journals and of scholarly monographs. Popular books exist in quantity providing narrative overviews for the general public but this literature can be based on assumptions about the British dimension to the Airlift that do not stand up when tested against the surviving evidence. This study seeks to address its principal questions - examining the scale and extent of the British participation, and gauging its utility and significance in ii relation to the broader multi-national endeavour to defeat the Blockade - by a close study of the rich and plentiful primary archival sources held in Britain, the United States and elsewhere using the combined methodologies of the historian and the logistician. The thesis evaluates British participation in the Berlin Airlift and reveals that her aircraft were demonstrably indispensable logistically. However, performance - and that of the Royal Air Force especially - was substantially lower than that of the American task force. At the time, the official explanation given to the public was that the USA operated more and larger aircraft. The thesis reveals that there were additional causes. It examines how the Americans might have replaced the British, as was feared within the Foreign Office and the RAF and as they had the French. Redistribution of the whole American task force to bases nearer to Berlin in the British Zone of Germany would have increased the tonnage delivered but the thesis finds it would not have been sufficient. Deploying more US resources is the other possibility investigated and the limitations of American capability to do so are revealed and the potential impact on the plans to continue the Airlift into 1951 identified. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere thanks to my wife Sue for her support; to Professors John Adamson and Gwythian Prins - my supervisor - of the University of Buckingham, and to all the people, archives and libraries that have helped my research. Whilst in no way slighting the many not mentioned, I would like to thank the Hertfordshire Library for obtaining so many secondary sources; American, Canadian and German archives for supporting my research remotely; AFHRA, the Library of Congress, the NHHC and the US National Archives for assisting a stray "Brit" through their systems; the Landesarchiv Berlin, DORIS at the Royal Air Force Museum Hendon and the Imperial War Museum for allowing me to use their photographs, and Dr Roger Miller for helping to ease me into researching the Berlin Airlift in the USA. Finally I was allowed access to several military facilities in the UK and the USA and I would like to thank all those who made that possible. iv ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY This section provides an abbreviations index and a glossary of terms. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 1st ALTF: First [US] Airlift Task Force. The American component of the Berlin Airlift - Operation VITTLES. AATO: [British] Army Air Transport Organization. The American equivalent in the Airlift was the United States Army Airlift Support Command [USAASC]. ACAS(Ops): Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Operations) - RAF appointment. ACC: Allied Control Council of Germany. ACSEA: Air Command South East Asia. ACM: Air Chief Marshal - "4 star" rank. AFB: [US] Air Force Base. AFHRA: [US] Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell Air Force Base [AFB]. AHB: Air Historical Branch. To ease tracking in the Bibliography there will be no differentiation between when the branch was a component of the Air Ministry and when of the Ministry of Defence. Air Cdre: Air Commodore - "1 star" rank. Air Mshl: Air Marshal - "3 star" rank. ALREP: Daily Airlift Situation Report [SITREP] raised in Berlin. AM: [British] Air Ministry, used in references. AMSO: Air Member for Supply and Organization - RAF appointment but not filled by a supply specialist in spite of the title. AOC: Air Officer Commanding - RAF appointment. v AOC-in-C: Air Officer Commanding in Chief -RAF appointment. AOG: Aircraft on the ground unserviceable awaiting spares AP: Air Publication, RAF manual. App.: Appendix, used in references. ATC: [US] Air Transport Command. AVGAS: Aviation gasoline. AVM: Air Vice Marshal - "2 star" rank. BAFO: British Air Forces of Occupation (Germany). BAOR: British Army of the Rhine. BEA: British European Airways. Brig: Brigadier - "1 star" rank. Brig Gen: Brigadier General - "1 star" rank. CAATO: Commander Army Air Transport Organization. CALTF: Combined Airlift Task Force. CCG: Control Commission for Germany. CCTF: Combat Cargo Task Force. CFM: Council of Foreign Ministers. CG: Commanding General - USAF and USAAF usage. C-in-C: Commander in Chief. Col: Colonel - rank. DCAS: Deputy Chief of the Air Staff - RAF appointment. DDASTO: Deputy Director of Air Support and Transport Operations - RAF appointment. EAC: Eastern Air Command - Anglo-American Command in the SEAC vi during the Second World War. FO: Foreign Office. FY: Fiscal Year. Gen: General - "4 star" rank. GOC: General Officer Commanding - British Army. Gp.: RAF group as in No. 46 Gp. Gp Capt: Group Captain - rank. HMG: His or Her Majesty's Government. HMSO: His or Her Majesty's Stationery Office. HQ: Headquarters. IFR: Instrument flight rules as opposed to Visual flight rules. IWM: Imperial War Museum, used in references. JCS: US Joint Chiefs of Staff. JSP: Joint Service Publication, British Services manual. KPD: Communist Party - German political party. LoC: Library of Congress, used in references. Lt Col: Lieutenant Colonel - rank. Lt Gen: Lieutenant General - "3 star" rank. Maj: Major - rank. Maj Gen: Major General - "2 star" rank. MATS: US Department of Defense Military Air Transport Service. MOD: Ministry of Defence, used in references. MRAF: Marshal of the Royal Air Force - "5 star" rank. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization. vii NHHC: The [US] Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington Navy Yard DC, used in references. No.: as in No. 229 Gp. ORB: [RAF] Operation Record Book. PSP: Pieced steel plank. RAAF: Royal Australian Air Force. RAF: Royal Air Force. RASO: [AATO] Rear Airfield Supply Organization. RCAF: Royal Canadian Air Force. RLC: Royal Logistic Corps. RNAF: Royal Netherlands Air Force. RNZAF: Royal New Zealand Air Force. SAAF: South African Air Force. SAC: [US] Strategic Air Command. SASO: Senior Air Staff Officer - RAF appointment. SEAC: South East Asia Command. SITREP: Situation Report. SMA: Soviet Military Administration. SOPs: Standard operating procedures. Prescribed, detailed, written instructions to be followed to achieve uniform performance of a specific function.1 SPD: Social Democrat Party - German political party. _________________________________________________________ ____ 1 For example, in JCS, [US] Joint Publication 3-31, Command and Control for Joint Land Operations, 2014, Part II - Terms and Definitions. viii Sqn: Squadron. Sqn Ldr: Squadron Leader - rank. TC: Transport Command - RAF. TCC: Specifically the EAC integrated Troop Carrier Command. TNA: The [British] National Archives, used in references. USAAF: United States Army Air Forces. USAF: United States Air Force. USAFE: United States Air Forces in Europe. USN: United States Navy. USNA: US National Archives and Records, used in references. VCAS: Vice Chief of the Air Staff - RAF appointment. VHT: Very heavy transport aircraft, essentially the planned US replacements for the Douglas Skymaster in the strategic role.2 WO: War Office, used in references. CONVENTIONS Where ranks and titles are used they are those which were held at the time of the event. The Joint Service military approach (JSP101) applies when abbreviations are used in the thesis rather than that pertaining at the time. For example, HQ BAFO would have been written as H.Q. B.A.F.O. German locations such as RAF Station Lubeck, Luebeck or Lübeck will conform wherever possible to the representation in AP3257 A Report on Operation PLAINFARE. Anglicization of less common Russian place names and transliteration of _________________________________________________________ ____ 2 Abbreviation used by Tunner and Williams - TNA, AIR 2/10064, E.172 Williams 21 April 1949 and E.174 Tunner undated.
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