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Dincolo De Ingeri Si Draci.P65 Dincolo de îngeri [i draci 1 Mihaela Miroiu Colec]ia Ego. Publicistic\ este coordonat\ de George Onofrei. © 2007 by Editura POLIROM www.polirom.ro Editura POLIROM Ia[i, B-dul Carol I nr. 4, P.O. BOX 266, 700506 Bucure[ti, B-dul I.C. Br\tianu nr. 6, et. 7, ap. 33, O.P. 37; P.O. BOX 1-728, 030174 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Na]ionale a României: MIROIU, MIHAELA Dincolo de îngeri [i draci: etica în politica româneasc\ / Mihaela Miroiu. Ia[i: Polirom, 2007 ISBN 978-973-46-0666-5 ?????????????????? Printed in ROMANIA 2 Dincolo de îngeri [i draci Mihaela Miroiu Dincolo de îngeri [i draci Etica în politica româneasc\ POLIROM 2007 3 Mihaela Miroiu Mihaela Miroiu este Prof. univ. dr. la Facultatea de {tiinte Politice [i Administrative, Bucure[ti. Coordo- neaz\ colec]ia Editurii Polirom STUDII DE GEN. A publicat: Gândul umbrei. Abord\ri feministe în filosofia contemporan\ (1995), Jum\tatea anonim\. Antologie de filo- sofie feminist\ (1995), Romania. Starea de fapt (`n cola- borare, 1997), Societatea retro (1999), Etica profesional\ (coautoare; 2000), Politici ale echit\]ii de gen (2003). La Editura Polirom, a editat Lexicon feminist (în colaborare cu Otilia Dragomir, 2002), Patriarhat [i emancipare în istoria gândirii politice române[ti (în colaborare cu Maria Bucur; 2002) [i a publicat Înv\]\mântul românesc azi (în colaborare; 1998), Convenio. Despre natura, femei [i moral\ (2002), Drumul c\tre autonomie. Teorii politice feministe (2004), REstul [i Vestul (în colaborare cu Mircea Miclea; 2005) [i Nepre]uitele femei. Publicistic\ feminist\ (2006). Public\ sistematic `n revistele 22 [i aLtitudini, precum [i `n cotidianul România liber\. 4 Dincolo de îngeri [i draci Lui Andrei Miroiu 5 Mihaela Miroiu 6 Dincolo de îngeri [i draci Abrevieri ANES: Agen]ia Na]ional\ pentru Egalitate de {anse ANI: Agen]ia Na]ional\ de Integritate ARACIS: Agen]ia Român\ de Asigurare a Calit\]ii înv\]\mântului Superior ASR: Asocia]ia Sociologilor din România CAER: Consiliul de Ajutor Economic Reciproc CAP: Cooperativ\ Agricol\ de Produc]ie CDR: Conven]ia Democratic\ din România CNATDCU: Consiliul Na]ional de Atestare a Titlurilor, Diplomelor [i Certificatelor Universitare CNCD: Consiliul Na]ional pentru Combaterea Discri- min\rii FMI: Fondul Monetar Interna]ional GDS: Grupul pentru Dialog Social IAS: Interprindere Agricol\ de Stat ISI: Institutul pentru {tiin]a Inform\rii FSN: Frontul Salv\rii Na]ionale MEC: Ministerul Educa]iei [i Cercet\rii MEN: Ministerul Educa]iei Na]ionale NATO: Organiza]ia Tratatului Atlanticului de Nord ONG: Organiza]ie Nonguvernamental\ 7 Mihaela Miroiu ONU: Organiza]ia Na]iunilor Unite PIB: Produsul Intern Brut PNG: Partidul Noua Genera]ie PIN: Partidul Ini]iativa Na]ional\ PCR: Partidul Comunist Român PCUS: Partidul Comunist al Uniunii Sovietice PD: Partidul Democrat PDSR: Partidul Democra]iei Sociale din România PLD: Partidul Liberal Democrat PNL: Partidul Na]ional Liberal PN}CD: Partidul Na]ional }\r\nesc Cre[tin Democrat PSD: Partidul Social Democrat PRM: Partidul România Mare PUNR: Partidul Unit\]ii Na]iunii Române SRI: Serviciul Român de Informa]ii TVA: Taxa pe Valoarea Ad\ugat\ UDMR: Uniunea Democrat\ a Maghiarilor din România UTC: Uniunea Tineretului Comunist 8 Dincolo de îngeri [i draci De ce am scris despre moral\ în politic\? Volumul reune[te articolele pe care le-am publicat pe aceast\ tem\ în ultimii 10 ani, despre acea peri- oad\. Am crescut în sensul preg\tirii pentru etica politic\, atât ca specialist\, cât [i ca cet\]ean\ în ultimii 17 ani (primii 34 de ani din via]\ i-am tr\it în comunism). Am avut [i mai devreme o sensibilitate accentuat\, înc\rcat\ de emo]ii, de ru[ine sau uneori de ur\ fa]\ de i-moralitatea poli- tic\. Asemenea multora dintre dumneavoastr\ am tr\it experien]a unui regim de o imoralitate suprem\ fa]\ de oameni ca fiin]e libere [i auto- nome: cel comunist. Acestei sensibilit\]i îi lipsea îns\ cultura pluralismului eticilor moderne [i post- moderne, ra]ionale [i rezonabile, dezvoltate în lumea liber\. Cu alte cuvinte, ne-mul]umirile mele nu aveau conceptualiz\rile conferite de teoriile eticii pentru via]a public\. Tr\iam, firesc, în morala bunului-sim], înv\]at acas\ [i de la profesori, c\reia 9 Mihaela Miroiu i se asocia cre[tinismul Evangheliilor. Tratam Codul eticii [i echit\]ii socialiste1 ca pe o form\ de îndoc- trinare ostil\, în rând cu orice document de partid. Morala bunului-sim] este absolut necesar\, dar nu [i suficient\ pentru construc]iile democratice moderne [i pentru în]elegerea etic\ a politicii. Moralele absolutiste, construite maniheist, la rândul lor nu fac servicii unei lumi democratice. Societatea real\ nu se compune decât accidental [i singular din eroi [i sfin]i. Valorile [i normele dup\ care tr\im trebuie s\ se potriveasc\ faptelor de care am putea fi în stare, oricare dintre noi, dac\ vrem s\ fim drep]i, one[ti, corec]i, buni. Aceste valori [i norme sunt pentru societ\]i foarte etero- gene religios [i etnic. Faptul de a impune în via]a public\ morala unei anumite religii ar fi o tiranie din partea comunit\]ii care de]ine puterea. Putem observa consecin]ele acestei tiranii în statele cu regimuri fundamentaliste, în care religia, morala [i legea se confund\. Societ\]ile devin moderne atunci când oamenii sunt în stare s\ negocieze normele dup\ care consimt s\ tr\iasc\ în via]a public\, în profesii, asocia]ii, partide etc. Sigur, multe astfel de norme con]in constante generale care pot fi reg\site [i 1. Numele oficial al Codului moral comunist este: Codul eticii [i echit\]ii socialiste, al normelor muncii [i vie]ii comuni[tilor. Din titlu, libertatea individual\, morala public\, diferit\ de cea privat\, ca [i rela- tivismul [i pluralismul î[i pierdeau sensul. 10 Dincolo de îngeri [i draci în religii. Dar ele nu se reduc [i nu se revendic\ din particularisme religioase sau din metafizici absolutizante, tocmai pentru a avea legitimitate pentru oameni cu identit\]i religioase [i cu tradi]ii diferite, oameni care îns\ consimt s\ construiasc\ [i s\ tr\iasc\ dup\ o moral\ comun\. Cea mai de impact [i mai vizibil\ parte a mora- lit\]ii, amoralismului sau imoralit\]ii în via]a public\ se manifest\ în politic\. Motivul este simplu. Dac\ suntem s\n\to[i, imoralitatea din sistemul sanitar nu ne afecteaz\ direct, dac\ am absolvit [colile [i nu suntem p\rin]i, nici cea din educa]ie, dac\ nu ne uit\m la televizor [i nu citim presa, nici cea din mass-media. Actele politice ([i cele ale administra]iei) îns\ ne afecteaz\ pe to]i. Tr\im dup\ legile f\cute de politicieni, ei ne confi- gureaz\ institu]iile care ne administreaz\ via]a, ei voteaz\ cum [i câ]i bani s\ ne ia prin intermediul impozitelor [i la ce s\ foloseasc\ banii munci]i de noi. Prin urmare, de politic\ nu avem unde ne refugia. În consecin]\, nu ne putem refugia nici de imoralitatea acesteia. Este firesc s\ privim cu ochi de judec\tori persoanele [i institu]iile care ne afecteaz\ via]a într-un grad atât de înalt. La o analiz\ sumar\, observ\m c\ judec\]ile etice despre politica româneasc\ tind s\ oscileze de prea multe ori între: amoralism machiavelic (politica este doar despre putere [i interese, morala este o problem\ privat\), purism (politicienii sunt absolut tic\lo[i, politica este o cloac\ murdar\), absolutism (politica [i politicienii ori sunt foarte buni, ori foarte r\i, 11 Mihaela Miroiu tertium non datur), maniheism de grup (ai no[tri sunt buni [i one[ti, ai lor sunt r\i [i tic\lo[i), transfer religios (cutare este bun cre[tin [i milos, eventual vizitat de Duhul Sfânt1, deci bun politician), transfer excesiv din morala pentru via]a privat\ (poli- ticienii trebuie s\ trateze p\rinte[te cet\]enii, s\ aib\ grij\ de ei, s\ îi sprijine, s\ îi îndrume). În ultim\ instan]\, politicienii lumilor democratice nu sunt mai buni sau mai r\i decât noi to]i. Nu fac mai multe compromisuri decât facem fiecare ca s\ putem fi accepta]i de c\tre semeni. Nu sunt nici mai mincino[i [i nici mai imorali când minciunile sunt albe, adic\ cele din categoria curtoaziei [i flat\rii diplomatice. Dar ei pot s\ se foloseasc\ de noi, pot s\ ne ia din libert\]i [i drep- turi, pot s\ ne în[ele cu promisiuni false mai mult decât oricare al]i actori ai vie]ii publice. De aceea judecata noastr\ în ceea ce îi prive[te este mai îndrept\]it vigilent\ [i mai aspr\. În acela[i timp, pe noi, în calitate de cet\]eni, nu ne absolv\ nici o moral\ dac\ nu discernem corect propriile inte- rese [i ofertele partidelor, dac\ alegem partide sau politicieni în care nu merit\ s\ avem încredere, dac\ nu protest\m în fa]a nedrept\]ilor [i dac\ cerem lumii politice un exces de paternalism atunci când suntem adul]i în putere. 1. Exist\ politicieni care pretind c\ sunt Trimi[i sau Revela]i [i exist\ oameni care par s\ îi cread\. Atunci când abund\ judec\]ile de tipul unii sunt îngeri, al]ii satane, e firesc ca lumea s\ caute Cavaleri ai Luminii. 12 Dincolo de îngeri [i draci * Abordarea mea se întemeiaz\ pe credin]e care m-au dus spre aceast\ gril\ de citire a politicii, spre acest mod de extindere a preg\tirii mele filosofice [i politologice în dezbaterile din spa]iul public. Le împ\rt\[esc de la bun început cu dumnea- voastr\. În absen]a încrederii publice, democra]ia este un chimval r\sun\tor, o vorb\ goal\, un ritual de hirotonisire a celor care de]in pâinea [i cu]itul în privin]a legilor, politicilor, bugetelor.
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