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Joseph Stalin: a Great Leader, Yet a Killer of Millions Noah Berger

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Joseph Stalin: a Great Leader, Yet a Killer of Millions Noah Berger 1 Joseph Stalin: A Great Leader, Yet a Killer of Millions Noah Berger Junior Division Historical Paper Paper length: 2488 2 Throughout recorded time… there have been three kinds of people in the world, the High, the Middle, and the Low… The aim of the High is to remain where they are. The aim of the Middle is to change places with the High. The aim of the Low… is to… create a society in which all men are equal.1 The quote above by George Orwell examining the wheel of change of power throughout time was broken by Joseph Stalin, because he started as a peasant and eventually became a dictator. Stalin was a great leader, a hard worker, and street smart. Unfortunately, he used these abilities for immoral motives. He utilized his persuasive leadership skills to mobilize his country into the industrial age. However, he did it in a way that killed millions of his people and left a legacy of terror and death throughout Europe and the world. He broke barriers by destroying Orwell’s wheel of power, pulling off the greatest shift in government in human history. Stalin’s early life shaped his aspirations as an adult. Losif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili was born in Gori, Georgia on the eighteenth of December in 1878. He would later become the dictator of Russia. Losif’s father, Besarion Jughashvili, was a cobbler, and his mother was a washerwoman named Ketevan Geladze.2 Both of Losif’s parents gave out tough beatings. His father was an alcoholic3, while his mother swayed from affectionate to abusive regularly.4 Georgian folklore and traditions became his 1 George Orwell, 1984 (Harvill Secker, 1949), 254 ​ ​ 2 Biography.com Editors, Joseph Stalin Biography (A&E Television Networks, 2 Apr. ​ ​ 2014) 3 BBC, “Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer?” (BBC Teach) 4 William Grimes, "The Dictator as a Young Poet-Thug" (The New York Times [New York], 19 Oct. 2007), 3 escape, connecting him to the Republic.5 When he was seven, Losif got smallpox, which went away but left his face scarred. To make things worse, a few years later he was in a carriage accident that left his arm deformed. These injuries caused his peers to be rude to him, which installed in Stalin a desire for respect and power. Later, he brutalized the people who crossed him, a result of his inability to defend himself in his early life.6 Losif’s mother was an Orthodox Christian who wanted him to become a priest. She worked hard, and in 1888 her efforts paid off and Losif got into church school.7 He went against his mother, however, and became an Atheist.8 Losif was both smart and violent because, in Gori, street fights were a casual sport.9 He did very well in school10 and was said to have been a fantastic poet.11 His talents were noticed by Tiflis Theological Seminary, who in 1894 gave Losif a scholarship. At the seminary he learned of a secret society called Messame Dassy that wanted Georgia to be independent. He joined in 1898. Members of Messame Dassy showed Losif the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. In 1899 he left school. Official school reports say that he was unable to pay the tuition, but rumors persisted that he had political views against 5 BBC, “Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer?” 6 Editors, Joseph Stalin Biography ​ 7 Editors, Joseph Stalin Biography ​ 8 BBC, “Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer?” 9 Grimes, "The Dictator as a Young Poet-Thug" 10 Editors, Joseph Stalin Biography ​ 11 Grimes, "The Dictator as a Young Poet-Thug" 4 the Tsar, Nicholas ll, and was asked to leave.12 After leaving school, Losif stayed in Tiflis instead of returning home and used his time to help with the Georgian Revolution. He found work as a tutor, and then as a clerk. In 1901 he joined the Social Democratic Labor Party, and acted as an enforcer.13 Although it is not yet proven, there is strong historical evidence that Losif burned down the Rothschilds’ refinery in the town of Batumi in January of 1902. He probably used this as leverage to bully other oil barons into giving him “protection money.”14 He coordinated a failed labor strike, also in 1902, and was exiled to Siberia because of it.15 This was the beginning of many operations that Stalin would plan, some of which ended in his arrest. Most men would have given up after being arrested multiple times as a young adult, but this shows another way Stalin broke barriers. The leader of the Georgian Revolution, Vladimir Lenin, had liked Stalin since he first met him in 1905. Lenin referred to Stalin as a “man of action” opposed to “one of the tea drinkers.”16 Lenin promised “peace, land, and bread” to common folk of the revolution and had success; the Bolshevik party grew quickly. Stalin played an important role running Pravda, the Russian newspaper, and he also helped Lenin 12 Editors, Joseph Stalin Biography ​ 13 Editors, Joseph Stalin Biography ​ 14 Grimes, "The Dictator as a Young Poet-Thug" 15 Editors, Joseph Stalin Biography ​ 16 Grimes, "The Dictator as a Young Poet-Thug" 5 escape the Tsar. Subsequently, Lenin allowed Stalin into his inner circle. Losif married Ketevan Svanidze in 1906. Ketevan came from a poor, humble family and gave birth to Yakov Dzhugashvili in 1907. After one of Losif’s arrests, the whole family escaped the Tsarist, Nicholas II’s secret police, by going to Baku in Azerbaijan. Unfortunately, Ketevan died of typhus in 1907. Her death made Losif pitiful and a terrible father. He said, “This creature softened my heart of stone. She died and with her died my last warm feelings for humanity.” Losif sent Yakov to be cared for by Ketevan’s parents.17 He started working on the revolution even more than before. It was also at this point that he changed his name to Joseph Stalin. Interestingly, Stalin means steel in Russian. In addition to running Pravda, Stalin was very good at leading day-to-day operations for the revolution. When he escaped from exile, the Tsarist marked him as an outlaw. This did not stop Stalin from continuing his work for the revolution, but he had to do it on the lam. Since working for the revolution was not a paying job, he made money for himself and the revolution through robbing, kidnapping, and extortion. He gained fame by being associated with the 1907 Tiflis Bank robbery, which resulted in multiple deaths and the theft of 250,000 rubles, which is equivalent to approximately $3.4 million in today's money. Going from a thief to a dictator is another way Stalin broke barriers. In February 1917, Nicholas the Second’s regime ended, beginning the Russian 17 BBC, “Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer?” 6 Revolution. The Revolutionists liked the previous government because they thought a smooth transition could be possible, but in April Lenin denounced the current government. On the contrary, he told the peasants to rise up and take land from the rich and factories from the industrialists. By October the Bolsheviks had completed the revolution and were in control. This caused a violent struggle between politicians for status in 1922. Stalin was put in the new position of General Secretary of the Communist Party. It was not a powerful office, but it gave him the power to choose who was appointed to all party member posts, allowing him to build a structure. By using his new-found power, Stalin was cunning with whom he appointed, and sooner or later many important people owed their position to him. Nobody realized how powerful he had become until it was too late. Even Lenin, who was on his deathbed, was unable to regain power from Stalin. Lenin died in 1924.18 After Lenin died, most thought Leon Trotsky, the leader of the Red Army, would take over. However, his philosophies were idealistic, while Stalin had his own style of isolationist Socialism, or “Socialism in one country”.19 Stalin decided to ruin old party leadership and take over the country, which he did at first by removing enemies using underhanded tactics. Then he decided to use fear-mongering to his advantage. The secret police enforced Stalin’s commands and he had them arrest rivals in the middle of the night for being aligned with capitalist nations. Then he would put them through show 18 Editors, Joseph Stalin Biography ​ 19 BBC, “Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer?” 7 trials, call them enemies of the people, and have them executed. A lot of people were also exiled to Europe and the Americas.20 Stalin had 93 of 139 Central Committee members and 81 of 103 generals and admirals exiled.21 His eradication of rivals soon expanded from the party’s elite to officials suspected of plotting against the revolution.22 Soon he had control of the country, and anyone who dared to stand up to him would be exiled, killed, or sent to labor camps. Stalin married Nadezhda Alliluyeva in 1919. They had two children named Svetlana and Vassily. Unfortunately, Stalin abused Nadezhda, which led to her suicide in 1932. Stalin ensured her cause of death was on the record as appendicitis.23 In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin did the opposite of the Bolshevik Agrarian policy, which entailed giving land to peasants for farming. Stalin took land from the poor which was given to them earlier.
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