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Identification of Candidate Zero Maintenance Paving Materials

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Identification of Candidate Zero Maintenance Paving Materials TE I "3 'jrt No. FHWARD 77-109 Dept of Transportation no. \ UtUl 1M// FHWk- • Library v^-1 oslTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE ZERO MAINTENANCE PAVING MATERIALS Vol.1. «OfTR4^ Sr4TtS O* May 1977 Final Report Document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 Prepared for FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION Offices of Research & Development Washington, D. C. 20590 FOREWORD This report presents the findings of a State-of-the-Art review in which available information on a broad spectrum of materials which may have potential for improving the characteristics of pavements with regard to reducing future maintenance, was synthesized. Materials studied included Gussasphalt, asbestos asphalts, sulfur modified asphalts, noncalcareous inorganic cements, expansive cements, fiber reinforced concrete, polymers in concrete, sealants, ceramics, pre- stressed concrete and vacuum processed concrete. None of the materials or materials systems will singularly provide the desired improved performance. However, many of the materials possess desirable characteristics and when combined with other materials or techniques could greatly extend the maintenance free life of a high traffic volume pavement. This report is being distributed to materials and pavement researchers involved in work with the materials studied. Director, Office of Research NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, which is responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United State Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers' names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document. Technical Report Documentation Page Ls 1. Report No. 2. Government A ccessio n Nc 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA-RD-77- 109 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE ZERO MAINTENANCE May 1977 PAVING MATERIALS Vol. 1 6. Performing Organization Code 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Author^) G. C. Hoff, L. N. Godwin, K. L. Saucier. A. D. Buck, T. B. Husbands, and K. Mather 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station FCP 35E4012 Concrete Laboratory and Soils and Pavements Laboratory 11. Contract or Gront No. P.O. Box 631, Vicksburg, MS 39180 PO 4-1-0189 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Final Reoort U.S. Department of Transportation May 1974' to May 1977 Federal Highway Administration Offices of Research and Development 14. Sponsoring Agency Code M/0411 Washington, D.C. 20590 15. Supplementary Notes This project was the initial effort in Task 4, "New Materials Systems" in FCP Project 5E, "Premium Pavements for Zero Maintenance." FHWA Contract Manager, K. C. Clear 16. Abstract A broad spectrum of ^Pterials which may have potential for improving the characteristics of pavements with regard to reducing future maintenance were reviewed with those materials or materials systems possessing the most advantages being considered as candidates for a zero maintenance paving system. These included Gussasphalt, asbestos asphalts, sulfur modified asphalts, noncalcareous inorganic cements (sulfur and Dhosphate), expansive cements, fiber reinforced concrete, polymers in concretes, sealants, ceramics, prestressed concrete and vacuum processed concrete. These materials were compared to conventional asphalt and portland cement concrete systems on the basis of mechanical properties, ease of construction and maintenance, environmental compatibility, availability, cost, and possible uses. None of the materials or materials systems studied will provide a singular answer to the problem of zero maintenance. However, many of the materials possess characteristics which could be incorporated into pavements to greatly extend the period prior to maintenance. The other volume of this study is: Dept. of Transportation Report FHWA-RD-77- Vol. 2. —~~* r i 110, i It contains chapters 9-15, pages 264-634, OhUi 1Q/' rary 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statemt it Lib zero maintenance ceramics This document is available to the asphalts prestressed pavements public through the National Technical concretes vacuum processing Information Service, Springfield, special cements polymers Virginia 22161. sealants fiber reinforcement 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 287 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized , PREFACE This report was prepared for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Research and Development, Materials Division, Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, under an intra-government contract, Order No. 4-1-0189, dated 3 May 1974. The FHWA technical monitor for this work was Mr. K. C. Clear. This report was compiled and organized by Mr. G. C. Hoff, Chief, Materials Properties Branch, Concrete Laboratory (CL) , US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES). The various chapters within the report were prepared by the following WES staff members: Chapter No. 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 George C. Hoff, Chief, Materials Properties, Branch, Concrete Laboratory 2, 3, 4, 5 Lenford N. Godwin, Civil Engineer, Pavement Materials Research Facility, Soils and Pavements Laboratory 6 Alan D. Buck, Acting Chief, Petrography and X-Ray Branch, Concrete Laboratory 11 Tony B. Husbands, Chief, Chemistry and Plastics Branch, Concrete Laboratory 12 Katharine Mather, Chief, Engineering Sciences Division, Concrete Laboratory 13, 14 Kenneth L. Saucier, Research Civil Engineer, Concrete and Rock Properties Branch, Concrete Laboratory The report preparation was done under the general supervision of Messrs. B. Mather, Chief, CL; J. M. Scanlon, Jr., Chief, Engineering Mechanics Division, CL; J. P. Sale, Chief, Soils and Pavements Laboratory (S&PL); A. H. Joseph, Chief, Pavement Investigation Division, S&PL; and T. D. White, Chief, Pavement Materials Research Facility, S&PL. Directors of WES during this study and preparation of this report were COL G. H. Hilt, CE, and COL J. L. Cannon, CE. Technical Director was Mr. F. R. Brown. ll . CONTENTS Pag e PREFACE- XI CONVERSION FACTORS, U. S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT xxiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective 3 1. 3 Scope 4 1.3.1 Task A 4 1.3.2 Task B 4 1.3.3 Task C 5 1.3.4 Task D 5 CHAPTER 2 ASPHALT CONCRETE 8 INTRODUCTION— 8 2.1 Background 8 2.2 Description of Material 8 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 9 2.3 Temperature Dependency 9 2.4 Compressive Strength 9 2.5 Marshall Stability 10 2.5.1 Effects of Amount and Type of Binder 10 2.5.2 Effects of Aggregate and Filler Materials 10 2.5.3 Effects of Proportioning and Curing H 2.5.4 Effects of Temperature H 2.6 Flexural Strength H 2.6.1 Effects of Amount and Type of Binder H 2.6.2 Effects of Aggregate and Filler Materials 12 2.6.3 Effects of Proportioning and Curing 12 2.6.4 Effects of Temperature I 2 2.7 Tensile Strength 12 2.7.1 Effects of Amount and Type of Binder 12 2.7.2 Effects of Aggregate I 3 2.7.3 Effects of Proportioning and Curing 13 2.7.4 Effects of Temperature 13 2.8 Dimensional Changes 1^ 2.8.1 Thermal Expansion and Contraction 1^ 1Z 2.8.2 Due to Moisture Changes * 2.9 Durability 15 2.10 Abrasion Resistance 15 2 11 Toughness 2.12 Fatigue Strength and Dynamic Conditions 15 2 . 13 Permeability REFERENCES 17 111 91 —— Page CHAPTER 3 GUSSASPHALT 37 INTRODUCTION 37 3.1 Background 37 3.2 Description of Material 37 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 37 3.3 Compressive Strength 38 3.3.1 Effects of Amount and Type of Binder 38 3.3.2 Effects of Aggregate, Filler, and Fiber Materials 38 3.3.3 Effects of Proportioning and Curing 38 3.3.4 Effects of Temperature 38 3.4 Flexural Strength 39 3.5 Tensile Strength 39 3.5.1 Effects of Amount and Type of Binder 39 3.5.2 Effects of Aggregate, Filler, and Fiber Materials 39 3.5.3 Effects of Proportioning and Curing 40 3.5.4 Effects of Temperature 40 3.6 Dimensional Changes 40 3.7 Durability 40 3.8 Abrasion Resistance 40 3.8.1 Effects of Amount and Type of Binder 40 3.8.2 Effects of Aggregate and Filler 41 3.8.3 Effects of Proportioning and Curing- 41 3.8.4 Effects of Temperature 41 3 . Toughness 42 3.10 Fatigue Strength and Dynamic Conditions 42 3. 11 Permeability 42 USE OF GUSSASPHALT 42 3.12 Ease of Construction 42 3.13 Ease of Maintenance 44 3.14 Environmental Compatibility 44 3.15 Availability and Cost 44 REFERENCES 45 CHAPTER 4 ASBESTOS ASPHALTS 56 INTRODUCTION 56 4. Background 56 4.2 Description of Material 56 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 56 4.3 Compressive Strength ~ 56 4.3.1 Effects of Amount and Type of Binder 56 4.3.2 Effects of Aggregate, Filler, and Fiber 57 4.3.3 Effects of Placement Compactive Effort 57 4.3.4 Effects of Proportioning and Curing 57 4.3.5 Effects of Temperature 58 4.4 Marshall Stability 58 4.4.1 Effects of Amount and Type of Binder 58 4.4.2 Effects of Aggregate, Filler, and Fiber Materials 58 4.5 Flexural Strength 58 IV 18 Page 4.6 Tensile Strength 59 4.6.1 Effects of Amount and Type of Binder 59 4.6.2 Effects of Aggregate, Filler, and Fiber Materials 59 4.6.3 Effects of Proportioning and Curing 60 4.6.4 Effects of Temperature 60 4.7 Dimensional Changes 61 4 .
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