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Ecology of Aquatic Nematode-Trapping Hyphomycetes in Southwestern China

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Ecology of Aquatic Nematode-Trapping Hyphomycetes in Southwestern China AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Vol. 40: 175–181, 2005 Published September 6 Aquat Microb Ecol Ecology of aquatic nematode-trapping hyphomycetes in southwestern China Yu’e Hao, Minghe Mo, Hongyan Su, Keqin Zhang* Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China ABSTRACT: Aquatic nematode-trapping hyphomycetes have rarely been studied. The current study examined 1000 waterlogged soil samples in order to systematically investigate resources of aquatic nematode-trapping hyphomycetes and to compare species diversity and community similarities in polluted and unpolluted aquatic environments. Many nematode-trapping hyphomycetes live in shallow freshwater (at a water depth of 20 cm). No nematode-trapping hyphomycetes were isolated from the 20 samples collected at the bottom (at a water depth of 4 m) of Dianchi Lake. Among the 35 isolated species of predacious fungi, Arthrobotrys oligospora, A. musiformis, Monacrosporium thaumasium and M. longiphorum were the most common species. Species with adhesive networks were the most frequently isolated. The similarity indices between fungal communities living in similar aquatic environments were higher than those from dissimilar aquatic environments, and the level of species diversity for the brooks of the nature reserves was higher than that for the conta- minated lake or river. KEY WORDS: Aquatic fungi · Predacious hyphomycetes · Community similarity · Fungal diversity Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION those of the Ingoldian fungi, but lacking conspicuous conidiophores. The fungi can be isolated from rain- Freshwater fungi are broadly defined as fungi drops on intact terrestrial plant parts, such as on leaf- which, for part or the whole of their life cycle, rely on surfaces or in rainwater draining from intact tree free freshwater (Thomas 1996), including any species trunks. The submerged-aquatic hyphomycetes repre- growing on substrata that are predominantly aquatic sent a heterogeneous assemblage of fungi growing on or semi-aquatic. Freshwater hyphomycetes are a main submerged decaying plant materials. These fungi pro- group of freshwater fungi and comprise 4 biological duce conidia when the substrata are no longer sub- groups: the Ingoldian fungi, the aero-aquatic fungi, the merged. The conidia disperse in air and/or water. After terrestrial-aquatic hyphomycetes and the submerged- Ingold published his first paper on the freshwater aquatic hyphomycetes (Goh et al. 2003). The Ingoldian hyphomycetes isolated from England more than 60 yr fungi include a group of hyphomycetes that usually ago (Ingold 1942), over 500 species of freshwater occur on herbaceous substrata, such as plant litter and hyphomycetes have been reported (Wong et al. 1998) leaves, and are readily trapped in foam; these fungi and the number is increasing at a rapid rate. In the last usually have tetraradiate, branched or sigmoid coni- decade, much attention has been paid to the sub- dia. The aero-aquatic fungi are only capable of pro- merged-aquatic hyphomycetes, typically of the gen- ducing mycelium on submerged leaves or woody sub- era Bactrodesmium, Camposporidium, Canalisporium, strata. When the substrata are exposed to air, the fungi Dactylaria, Dictyochaeta, Exaerticlava, Monoto- can sporulate and the conidia are dispersed by water sporiella, Nawawia, Phaeoisaria, Sporidesmiella, flow when the substratum is submerged again. The Sporidesmium, Sporoschisma, Sporoschismopsis and terrestrial-aquatic hyphomycetes are characterized by Xylomyces; however, little research has been done on production of staurosporous conidia similar in shape to the aquatic nematode-trapping hyphomycetes such as *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] © Inter-Research 2005 · www.int-res.com 176 Aquat Microb Ecol 40: 175–181, 2005 Arthrobotrys Corda, Monacrosporium Oudem., and The remaining 4 sites were Dianchi Lake, Panlong Dactylella Grove on submerged substrata. Currently, River, the Cangshan Nature Reserve, and the Kuanku- only 8 species of predacious hyphomycetes from oshui Nature Reserve. Dianchi Lake is 306 km2 and aquatic environments have been recorded (Ingold lies in the south suburb of Kunming City, Yunnan 1944, Peach 1950, 1952, Johnson et al. 1961, Anas- Province. Its average depth is 4.4 m and the deepest tasiou 1964, Hao et al. 2004). Of the 8 species, 10 m. The water has been contaminated by urban Dactylella submersa, Monacrosporium reticulatum, M. sewage and industrial waste. Samples from Dianchi scaphoides, M. tentaculatum and D. dainchiensis were Lake were collected at the shallow water area (20 cm first isolated from aquatic environments but the rest deep) and at 4 m depth. Panlong River, 105 km long, (Arthrobotrys dactyloides, M. candidum and D. hepta- originates from Songhuaba Reservoir in the north sub- meres) were first isolated from terrestrial environ- urb of Kunming City and flows into Dianchi Lake. Its ments. A. dactyloides was isolated from saltwater, water has long been contaminated by urban sewage. whereas the other 7 species were isolated from fresh- The Cangshan Nature Reserve lies in Dali District, water. Yunnan Province. The altitude of Cangshan ranges It is known that various nematodes live in aquatic from 2200 to 4122 m. The coverage of Cangshan environments. More than 150 species have been reaches 950 km2 and 18 brooks flow through the recorded from freshwater in South Africa (Heyns 2002) mountain. The Kuankuoshui Nature Reserve covers and over 4000 species in saltwater (Zhang 2003). 2450 km2 and lies in Suiyang County, Guizhou Aquatic nematodes are even used as bio-indicators of Province. The altitude of Kuankuoshui ranges from water pollution (Geetanjali et al. 2002). As a type of 850 to 1700 m. micro-fungi preying nematodes, there also should be Sampling. The samples were collected randomly corresponding communities of nematode-trapping with a scoop or a grab sampler. Each sample, approx. hyphomycetes in aquatic environments. It is postulated 50 g, consisted of bottom sediment. Altogether that there must be many aquatic nematode-trapping 1000 samples were collected of which 20 samples were hyphomycetes. collected from the bottom of Dianchi Lake (24°50’ N, However, human activities can cause aquatic envi- 102°45’ E), at a depth of 4 m, and the rest were col- ronments to deteriorate. Because freshwater fungi are lected from shallow depths (20 cm) at the 21 sampling sensitive to changes in water quality (Tan & Lim 1984, sites. Of the 980 samples, 400 were collected in Dianchi Tsui et al. 1998), studies on the biodiversity of aquatic Lake (24°50’ N, 102°45’ E), Panlong River (25°22’ N, nematode-trapping hyphomycetes may help to show 103°15’ E), and brooks of both the Cangshan Nature the effects of water pollution. Reserve (25°58’ N, 100°02’ E) and the Kuankuoshui Na- In this study, 3 genera (Arthrobotrys Corda, ture Reserve (28°13’ N, 107°10’ E) in July 2003. In each Monacrosporium Oudem., and Dactylella Grove) from of the above sites, 100 samples were collected. In Lotus freshwater environments are studied in order to sys- Pool (25°07’ N, 105°20’ E), 100 samples were collected tematically investigate resources of aquatic nematode- in September 2003. In April 2004, the rest of the sam- trapping hyphomycetes and to compare species diver- ples were collected from 16 sampling sites in brooks of sity and community similarities in both polluted and LRGR (WenShan 23°32’ N, 104°26’ E; MaGuan unpolluted aquatic environments. 23°06’ N, 104°42’ E; MengZi 23°23’ N, 103°19’ E; GeJiu 22°34’ N, 103°15’ E; HongHe 23°37’N, 102°39’E; SiMao 22°83’ N, 100°94’ E; JingHong MATERIALS AND METHODS 22°03’ N, 100°87’ E; TengChong 24°95’ N, 98°43’ E; GenMa 22°71’ N, 99°80’ E; LinCang 23°88’ N, Sampling sites. In this study, 21 sites were sampled. 100°11’ E; BaoShan 24°46’ N, 99°11’ E; MangShi Of these sites, 16 were in the longitudinal range- 24°43’ N, 99°61’ E; MengLun 21°93’ N, 101°25’ E; Lan- gorge region (LRGR) in southwestern China, mainly Ping 26°42’ N, 99°45’ E; LiJiang 26°88’ N, 100°23’ E; the Yunnan Province. LRGR includes the basins of ZhongDian 27°88’ N, 99°66’ E). At each of the above 4 major international rivers, which comprise the sampling sites, 30 samples were collected. All the sam- Yuanjiang-Red River, the Lancang-Mekong River, the ples were put into plastic bags and sealed and stored in Nujiang-Salween River, and the Irrawaddy River. This a refrigerator at 4°C before being analyzed. area is classified as one of the world’s hotspots for Isolation and morphological identification of spe- biodiversity. cies. The method employed in this research was modi- Another site, the Lotus Pool, is 2 km away from the fied from that of Liu & Zhang (2003). In their method, City of Anglong County, southwest of Guizhou after the plate inoculated with a selected spore was Province. The Lotus Pool covers 53 000 m2 and only incubated, a patch (1.5 × 0.6 cm) of culture medium on lotus is planted there. the plate was dug away to form a hole. Then nema- Hao et al.: Ecology of aquatic nematode-trapping hyphomycetes 177 todes Panagrellus redivius were added into the hole to ellipsosporum, and M. thaumasium, which were iso- observe what traps are produced by the hyphomycete lated from 17, 18, 13 and 15 sites, respectively. A. species. In the present study, as soon as a spore was conoides was the dominant species in BaoShan; A. selected onto another plate with corn meal agar musiformis was the dominant species in GeJiu and (CMA), a patch (1.5 × 0.6 cm) was dug beside the JingHong; A. oligospora was the dominant species in spore. Then the plate inoculated with the selected BaoShan, LanPing, Dianchi Lake and Panlong River; spore was placed in an incubator (25°C). In this way, M.
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