Half a Century of Tsetse and Animal Trypanosomosis Control on the in

A. Mamoudou 1 A. Zoli 1 P. Van den Bossche 2 V. Delespaux 2 D. Cuisance 3 S. Geerts 2*

Keywords Summary

Cattle – Glossina – Trypanosomosis – The invasion of tsetse flies into the Adamawa plateau occurred in the 1950s Insecticide – Insect control – Disease and resulted in high mortality in due to trypanosomosis and massive PATHOLOGIE PARASITAIRE synthèse PARASITAIRE PATHOLOGIE

control – Cameroon. emigration of livestock owners from the infested regions. Three species of tsetse flies have been recorded: Glossina morsitans submorsitans, G. fuscipes ■ fuscipes and G. tachinoides. Between 1960 and 1975 the Cameroonian Gov- ernment organized large-scale trypanocidal treatment campaigns of cattle. Later on, tsetse control activities were initiated. Between 1976 and 1994, sev- eral aerial spraying campaigns were carried out which resulted in the clear- ance of 3,200,000 hectares of pastures. Unfortunately, reinvasion of tsetse flies in several cleared areas could not be avoided. To prevent reinvasion of tsetse flies from Koutine Plain (north of the Adamawa plateau), a barrier consisting of screens and traps was set in place. However, bush fires destroyed most of the screens and traps soon after deployment in 1994. Thereafter, the bar- rier was replaced by a program of insecticide treatments of cattle. Cross-sec- tional and longitudinal parasitological and entomological surveys in 2004-05 showed that the barrier of insecticide-treated cattle had succeeded in keeping the plateau relatively tsetse free. The incidence of trypanosomosis in cattle on the plateau was reported to vary between 0 and 2.1%. Recently, however, an alarmingly high prevalence of trypanocidal drug resistance was observed in the and Deo division. Within the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomo- sis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), Cameroon is currently preparing a joint project with Chad, the and to eradicate tsetse flies and trypanosomosis.

■ INTRODUCTION The rainy season lasts from March/April to October and most of the rainfall occurs between June and September. The Adamawa The Adamawa plateau is located in the northern part of Cameroon; plateau is covered with savannah woodlands consisting of more it covers more than 72,000 km2 and is one of the ten provinces of than 90% of Daniellia oliveri and Lophira lanceolata (12). The Cameroon. There are five subdivisions in the Adamawa province most common grassland plants are Isoberlinia spp. and Sporobolus (Djerem, Faro and Deo, Mayo Banyo, Mbere, and ) (Figure 1). africanus (8). The environment is very suitable for intensive cattle rearing. The White Fulani or Akou and the Red Fulani or Djafoun are indigenous East African zebu breeds which arrived with tran- shumance and people immigration (2). The other breed known by 1. University of Ngaoundéré, School of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, its local name Gudali or Peul of Adamawa is an original breed of Ngaoundéré, Cameroon. the province, more precisely from the Vina Division. The cattle are 2. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Animal Health Department, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium kept under traditional husbandry systems with communal herding. 3. Gigean, The husbandry practice is purely extensive with some public and * Corresponding Author private ranches. Occasionally, salt is offered to the animals. In the Tel.: +32 (0)3 247 62 62; Fax: +32 (0)3 247 62 68 dry season many herds move (transhumance) from the plateau to

E-mail: [email protected] the tsetse-infested valley (Koutine Plain). trop., 2009, 62 (1) : 33-38 Méd. vét. Pays Revue Élev. 33 Control of Tsetse and Animal Trypanosomosis

34 Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 2009, 62 (1) : 33-38 ■ PATHOLOGIE PARASITAIRE synthèse submorsitans, recorded: been have flies tsetse of species Three I). overmorsitans (Tablethe 1950 around occur Adamawadid plateau of – density in increase or invasion– The FLIES TSETSE BY ■ INVASION OF THE ADAMAWA PLATEAU tsetse invasion to 35,000 (1). In the 1970s, there were almost no almost were cattle presentanymore in Tignerethere area(3). 1970s, the In the (1). before 35,000 to 300,000 invasion tsetse from dropped population cattle the district, affected most Tignere,the In area. the in disaster communal a ated in was massive rose emigration from the infested regions. This exodus cre- rates mortality there situation, disastrous while this Following (1). proportions alarming steadily dropped gain weight and rate fertility,birth as such parameters production when losses able consider suffered owners Livestock reaching. far and immediate course of was economy the on areas infested the of effect astrous dis- The discernable. easily is industry cattle invasion the on this flies tsetse of by impact on important stocked The was (1). herd plateau cattle Adamawa the national the of 40% about time, that 0 50km Provinces 2009 2005 1995-present (2009…) Dec. 1994 1993-94 1976-94 1960-75 1950 Figure 1:Mapofthe Adamawa province, Cameroon. Southwest South West Northwest North Littoral Extreme-North East Center Adamawa Rivers and trypanosomosiscontrolinthe Adamawa Key dates in the history of tsetse tsetse of history the in dates Key and fuscipes fuscipes G. Banyo Mayo- N eradicate tsetseandtrypanosomosis Preparation ofaregionalprogram to drug resistancereported Alarmingly highlevel oftrypanocidal Insecticide-treated cattleactasabarrier Bush firedestroys barrier Creation ofabarrieragainstre-invasion Aerial spraying campaigns Mass treatmentofcattlewithtrypanocides Invasion oftsetseflies Table I Faro andDeo Deo Djerem Faro (1, 10). At 10). (1, tachinoides G. Glossina morsitans sub- morsitans Glossina Vina Mbere

Glossina m. m. Glossina

- 300,000 doses of diminazene aceturate (Berenil aceturate diminazene of doses 300,000 CAMPAIGNS USINGHELICOPTERS ■ 1976-1994:LARGE-SCALE AERIAL SPRAYING (Trypamidium isometamidium chloride of doses 600,000 treatments of mass average an These (9). consumed alone illness of case the in or return treatment upon curative and transhumance the of start the at treatment preventive provided campaigns These Cameroon. East and North anti- the in and Adamawathe biannual of regions affected the by in government a the 1975) to situation, 1960 (from disastrous instituted was campaign this trypanosomosis control to order In OF CATTLE WITH CAMPAIGNS TRYPANOCIDES TREATMENT MASS ■ 1960-75: pyrethroids were used during these campaigns: Deltamethrin Deltamethrin campaigns: these during ULV used were Three (18). pyrethroids cleared been had pastures of ha 3,200,000 spraying, aerial using activities control tsetse of (1976-1994) years eighteen (6). land re-infested After tsetse the of km² 4000 than more cleared and Faro the in campaigns spraying twoaerial Division.1994, Deo and 1991-92 In km² 3000 than more of re-infestation the firmed con- report campaign annual MSEG 1991 spraying The 1989. March in aerial launched was another Therefore, 1000 5). about (4, 1988 of in km² re-infestation a indicated surveys Entomological cal Cooperation(GTZ),andtheGovernment ofCameroon(7). the Worldfinancedby FAO,Bank, German the Technifor Agency - US$ 30,290,000 of cost total a with treated more were km² 1987, 21,000 than until 1977 From (22). km² 10,000 about Adamawa the was on plateau treated area the 1979, of end the At (22). tsetse of re-invasion or pockets fly persistent to due twice sprayed were area this reclaimed. of was out altogether km² km² 500 5700 About about of area an then since campaigns three During sea- 1976-77. son dry the in place took campaign spraying helicopter first The terrain. inaccessible broken the of because necessary was icopters subsequent findings but(1). km² area toabout10,000 the increased The use ofhel- spraying, helicopter for of identified km² were 8000 pastures surveys, entomological these of results the lowing Fol- operations. spraying the before investigations entomological of years two from benefited campaign highlands’ Adamawa The Spraying campaigns vr i sm aes eivso o tes ws ifcl t prevent because ofthereasons describedhereafter(5). to difficult was tsetse of re-invasion areas some in ever, Howthe - plateau. Adamawaof part major the in tsetse cleared were flies campaigns, spraying aerial of years fourteen after 1989, In Re-invasion ofsprayedareasandtsetsedispersion Thiodan ULV was used compound organochloride only The g/L). 7.5 (cyfluthrin: Eradication). The unit headquarter was in the priority cattle pro- duction centerofNgaoundere inthe cattle Adamawa highlands. priority the in was headquarter unit The Eradication). spéciale ‘Mission for Tsetse so-called glossines’Unit des Special l’éradication or pour (MSEG the 1974, in eradication tsetse with charged Livestock of Ministry the in service specialized a created government the trypanosomosis, bovine against fight the of ponent com- vector the reinforce To(1970-1974). Nigeria and Cameroon between project regional a through intensified were unit the of ties capaci- operational the Commission Basin Chad Lake of the auspices Under (1). (DDT) triclorethane dichlorodiphenyl with paign cam- ground-spraying a launched country.unit the This of part ern north- far the in created was unit of control tsetse vectors a the trypanosomosis, controlling of objective the with 1967, In (1). ally ® (3.2 g/L), Fendena g/L), ® (endosulfan: 25 g/L). ® , Rhone-Mérieux) (currently Merial) and and Merial) (currently Rhone-Mérieux) , ® (alphacypermethrin: 6 ® , Hoechst) annu- Hoechst) , g/L) and Solfacand g/L)

®

Lutte contre les glossines et les trypanosomoses animales

Access difficulty of some areas Problems with re-invasion barriers Some regions of the Adamawa plateau are difficult to access due to Various methods can be employed to reduce the re-invasion of a network of rivers and ravines (58). Another factor, which affected tsetse flies. In general, the aim of each tsetse control campaign the efficiency of the helicopter, is the hilly terrain in the Adamawa should be to finish each phase at an easily defendable line (buffer highlands. Numerous steep hills with deep river beds are difficult zone or barrier), which may be either natural or man-made (23). or dangerous to spray even with a helicopter. Furthermore, in order A chronic lack of financial resources during the last four years of to avoid water pollution, insecticides were not sprayed near water the program did not allow MSEG to play its role in clearing some courses (22). Finally, even when insecticides were applied, they did re-invaded zones and in the protection of the clean zone against not always reach the resting sites of G. m. submorsitans. re-invasion (4, 5). Moreover, barriers can be made efficient, but can never guarantee total success against re-invasion; movements Persistence of the insecticides used across barriers commonly occur and are frequently associated with In order to follow up the ecological recommendations and the animals, humans or vehicles (21). limited choice imposed by the World Bank, four insecticide prod- ucts were used separately or in association. However, due to the ■ 1993-1994: CREATION OF A RE-INVASION length of the rainy season in the Adamawa, the insecticides used should have had a persistence of at least two months (6). This was BARRIER not always the case. Particularly with Solfac®, tsetse flies were detected shortly after spraying (18), which meant that the adult fly In 1990, Cuisance and Boutrais (6) proposed to combine the use of population was probably decimated, but that there was a limited screens and traps barriers with insecticidal treatment of cattle herds effect on the cohorts of flies which were present as pupae in the in the buffer zone (Figure 2) as barriers against reinvasion from the ground and which still had to emerge. north. However, the reduction of MSEG’s funding did not allow the implementation of this recommendation until 1993. In 1993, Movement of cattle herds between infested and cleared areas with limited resources due to the suspension of an International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (BIRD) loan, a bar- Cattle markets and transhumance are potentially dangerous activi- rier was created on a small scale using 1014 screens impregnated ties, which are not always compatible with the goal of tsetse eradi- with deltamethrin (28 March - 29 May 1993). Each of the three cation (5). Since there were a lot of commercial exchanges of cat- defense lines consisted of two rows (sometimes four) of screens tle between the markets of Tchabal, Mbabo and Banyo, the cattle impregnated with insecticides at an interval of 50-100 m. On each herds had to pass trough tsetse re-invaded zones which increased row, the screens were placed at 150 m interval. Inside each row, the risks of introducing tsetse flies into cleared zones (3). Similar insecticide-impregnated biconical traps were added to reinforce risks are associated with the transhumance. At the beginning of the barriers (traps are more attractive than screens for some of the the dry season the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal tsetse species present). From December 1993 onwards, about 3500 Industries (MINEPIA) usually organizes the departure of the herds screens and 140 traps were progressively deployed along open into transhumance from the cleared into the infested zone (Kou- tracks. In June 1994, sentinel traps were put in place and 23 fly tine Plain). Cattle are supposed to be treated with isometamidium rounds were organized in order to assess the efficacy of these bar- before departure. The return of the herds takes place at a particular riers. To increase the efficiency of screens and traps two olfactory fixed date after the curative treatment of animals and compulsory products (octenol and acetone) were used. individual spraying with Butox® at the post of Woulde or Sadeck (by MSEG staff). In 1990, however, because of the increasing All screens and traps were impregnated with K-Othrin® (del- pressure of tsetse during the end of the dry season and at the begin- tamethrin) by soaking and were retreated twice by pulverization ning of the rains, cattle owners liked to return faster and secretly (without insecticide treatment) from the infested plain to the pla- teau. This obviously resulted in the introduction of tsetse onto the Game reserves Zones Departments plateau.

Tsetse invasion via roads N Faro game reserve

The road from Tignere to constitutes “a privileged way” Faro for tsetse to penetrate the cleared zone. This track is an important road in the dry season. It crosses the highly infested zone of Kou- Faro and Deo tine Plain. The highest tsetse threat originates from the forest area Gashaka forest where the flies have never been controlled and which borders the reserve tsetse-infested game reserves of Faro (2, 6). Vehicles climb the Valley cliff at a slow speed allowing tsetse to follow them (attraction by Buffer zone mobile objects) and to be carried into the cleared zone. In spite of Vina limited resources, MSEG maintained the Sadeck checkpoint on Plateau top of the cliff where vehicles are inspected and sprayed (dieldrin) by two agents. Between 5 and 20 tsetse were caught every month on vehicles depending on the season, which is an indication of the Mayo-Banyo potential role this road played in the re-invasion phenomenon (5). Djerem Rogers and Randolph (21) reported that, in theory, only one preg- nant female tsetse needs to cross any barrier once to re-establish a 0 50 100 150 km population of flies. Sadeck and Garbaya checkpoints are separated by two river networks, one of which was highly infested. Forest Figure 2: Map of the study area indicating the three zones galleries being very close, tsetse easily gained altitude, mainly (valley, buffer zone and plateau) of the Faro and Deo Divi- where galleries were dense and water was abundant (5). sion, Adamawa, Cameroon. trop., 2009, 62 (1) : 33-38 Méd. vét. Pays Revue Élev. 35 Control of Tsetse and Animal Trypanosomosis

36 Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 2009, 62 (1) : 33-38 ■ PATHOLOGIE PARASITAIRE synthèse cation campaigns. Cross-sectional and longitudinal entomological longitudinal and eradi - Cross-sectional the campaigns. of end cation the after years ten division Deo and Faro the in situation the assess to launched was Council) Inter-University ish the valley.the in present were tachinoides G. and fuscipes fuscipes G. morsitans, 1994, In 2). (Figure Nigeria in forest reserve Gashaga tsetse-infested the by bordered is valley the West,the In (3). Faro trolled. This forest area borders the tsetse-infested game reserves of threat tsetse highest haveflies the where area forest the from neveroriginates con- been The (transhumance). season dry the Nigeria neighboring spend from herds some and plateau the of keepers cattle the where zone agricultural an is valley.Plain Koutinethe – were carried out. In 2003, however,2003, In out. carried were surveys parasitological or entomological no 2003 until 1994 From ■ 2004–2009 pyrethroids were products used (Butox commonly most The season. rainy the or dry the during only treated others while round year all frequency treated Some treatment resources. breeder’sfinancial the to according varied the although frequently used were ranches) for dipping breeders, for applications pour-on (sprays, insecticides observations, authors’ the and MSEG to According insecticides (pyrethroids). with that regularly treated advised be was should it herds stationary barrier all traps and screens tsetse the the After of to (3). destruction barrier plateau Adamawa a the to as valley MSEG the from by invasion designated zone, buffer the – rainy season; of part involvingthe during insecticides with regularly dipped were Cattle herds. only the often occurred, it if and, season dry the in valley tsetse-infested the plateau. to transhumance the limited on only was present There pockets. were small herds cattle some big of with ranches exception Large the with sub- 1994, m. (G. in flies morsitans ) tsetse most of cleared was which plateau, the – North to South from (Figure 2): zones three following the into divided was At the end of the tsetse eradication campaigns in 1994, the territory ■ SITUATION AT THE ENDOF1994 barrier work efficiently (6). the make and it install material, the order to hard worked had who technicians and staff senior the demoralized destruction massive at estimated was loss FCFA28,300,000 (43,300 The about season. dry the during fire bush a by con- destroyedwas not barrier the of 90% about 1994, December In ducted. was traps and screens of surroundings immediate the in vegetationthe of clearing teams, monitoring of absence the In (18). and thefts onwards consequence, 1993 from reported were traps and a screens of degradation As (6). with result a Ngaoundere, as from follow-up limited to barrier a this had of MSEG maintenance branches, the local manage of absence the in Unfortunately, captured (6). were flies many screens, of rows first the of meters some of tance dis- a at barrier,while the inside found was tsetse one only Indeed, possible. be not would keeping livestock barriers the without that livestockwasconfirmedsome barriers by the of owners stated who preventingin non-negligiblerole re-invasion efficacytsetse. The of a played effectiveand were barriers the 1994). (5) Cuisance to December According to 1993 (December year one almost took bar riers the of Deployment 1994. July and 1993 December between on theplateau(6). ® , Cypermil G. m. submorsitans m. G.

® , Didétéki ® , Ectopor was present in the buffer zone and zone buffer the in present was ). Besides economic losses, this losses, economic Besides €).

a project (funded by the Flem- the by (funded project a ® andEradick ® ); G. m. sub- m. G. - drug resistance. of development the to of substantially contribute concentrations ingredients active subtherapeutic contain which drugs standard sub- Adamawathat known well is the It government. the by controlled in be should available trypanocides generic of quality the – 20) < (PCV cattle; anemic and sick i.e. it, need really treatments which limiting animals by to and transhumance of end the at the and at onset treatments mass avoiding by possible as of much as use reduced the resistance, be should zone drug buffer the in and plateau the of on drugs trypanocidal development further delay to – nary services; of dosages veteri- professional correct from support appropriate apply seek or trypanocides to and use drug trypanocidal rational promote to activities, control tsetse their improve to keepers stock live- encourage to organized be should campaigns sensitization – ago long already) shouldbecontinued; Government the by initiated been had trans- (which of time humance the at scheme treatment insecticide mandatory a – tsetse flies; by plateau the of re-invasionprevent to continued be should bufferzone the in herds cattle all of treatment insecticide regular the – area. The following recommendationscanthereforebemade: implications for managing the tsetse and trypanosomosis risk in the important has today and 2004 between collected information The ance ispresentatthelevel oftheclonedindividual trypanosome. resist- drug multiple however,whether examined, be to remains It (13). area study the in widespread thus is drugs trypanocidal both to Resistance isometamidium. to resistant be to shown were lates of tested all 14 test, the mouse dose single the Using aceturate. diminazene to 13 of out 3 and isolates, golense examined 25 the of all that showed Divisionthe Deo and of Faro cattle in populations trypanosome resistant drug prev- of the alence assess to tools molecular using survey a on, Later (16). test mouse standard the and treatment) (isometamidium-block test Cameroon. Twoin thefirst time fielda used: were differenttechniques for reported was aceturate diminazene and chloride amidium isomet to resistant strains trypanosome of presence the 2005, In cattle when had movedseason ontotheplateau.(14). rainy the during lowest the and present were cattle when season dry the during recorded abundance apparent of index highest the with cattle of presence the with seemed associated be tsetse to of abundance the valley, the the of In area area. transhumance transhumance the in than reserves game the to close areas the in higher substantially was flies tsetse appar of of abundance indexent the valley, the In (14). valley the in only noides and bufferzones, the valleyand the in present was sitans whereas plateau, the confirmed on flies tsetse 2005 of absence in the surveys entomological comprehensive More still present. is campaigns eradication tsetse the of impact the that suggests This bufferthe in than plateau the on infection of risk valley.the or zone lowersignificantly a is there that show clearly data These (15). ley and 1.8 and fewa 20%, and mainly 3.7 flies, Tsetse respectively. between 13.4%, varied incidence trypano- somosis the however, zone, buffer the and valley the In plateau. finding This (0–2.1%). the on observationdetected the were with flies agrees tsetse no that low relatively still was plateau the on sis trypanosomo- of incidence monthly the that indicated results The the studyarea(valley,of bufferzones andplateau)during2004-2005. three the in out carried were surveys parasitological and G. tachinoides G. isolates and 3 out of 13 of out 3 and isolates congolense T. were caught in the buffer zone and in the valthe - in and bufferzone the in caught were isolates were resistant were isolates brucei T. and and submorsitans m. G. G. m. submor m. G. iso- brucei T. G. tachi- G. T.con- - - - Lutte contre les glossines et les trypanosomoses animales

■ FUTURE PROSPECTS for Cameroon and the region and may result eventually in a per- manent solution for the tsetse and trypanosomosis problem on the The Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Cam- Adamawa plateau. paign (PATTEC) was launched in 2000 by the African Heads of States. The PATTEC action plan (11) seeks to apply area-wide Acknowledgments principles to eliminate each pocket of tsetse infestation at a time. It would thus create a series of tsetse-free zones that can eventually This study was carried out with the financial support of the Flem- be linked over a much larger area with the ultimate goal to eradi- ish Interuniversity Council within the framework of a collaborative cate tsetse from the African continent. Cameroon, in collaboration project between the University of Dschang, the University of Ant- with Chad, the Central African Republic and Nigeria, is currently werp and the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp. We would preparing a plan for a regional tsetse eradication program. The like to thank Dr H. Hamadama, Head of MSEG, for providing benefits of this large-scale control program are expected to be high research facilities.

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38 Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 2009, 62 (1) : 33-38 ■ PATHOLOGIE PARASITAIRE synthèse 2,1 et 0 entre variait plateau du bétail le chez enregistrée somose trypano - la L’incidencede glossines. de indemne relativement plateau le maintenir à avaitréussi insecticides aux traité bétail ques en 2004 et 2005 ont montré que la barrière constituée de entomologi- et parasitologiques enquêtes longitudinales et transversales Des bétail. du insecticides traitements de gramme pro- leur un par remplacés été alors ont après Ils 1994. en place en peu mise écrans de et brousse piètes de des plupart feux la des détruit ont Cependant créées. été ont d’écrans et pièges de constituées barrières des du l’Adamaoua), niveau de (au plateau Koutine de plaine la de partir réinvasion à la glossines prévenir des de Afin évitées. être pu pas n’ont nie assai- zone la dans tsé-tsé mouche la de ponctuelles vasions Lutte anti-insecte–ContrôledesmaladiesCameroun. Mots-clés ches tsé-tséetlestrypanosomoses. mou- les éradiquer pour Nigeria le et centrale d’Afrique que aveccommun projet un préparer trainde le Tchad,Républi- la en actuellement est (Pattec),Cameroun trypanosomoses le des et tsétsé mouches des d’éradication panafricaine campagne la de cadre le Dans Déo. et Faro du département le dans ment récem- rapportée été a trypanocides produits aux résistance aérienne ont été réalisées aboutissant à l’assainissement de de l’assainissement 3 à aboutissant réalisées été ont aérienne pulvérisation de régulières campagnes plusieurs 1994, et 1976 Entre initiées. été ensuite ont glossines les contre lutte de tés activi- Des bétail. du de masse de campagnes trypanocides aux des traitement organisé a camerounais Gouvernement et fuscipes fuscipes G. chesrelevées été ont tsé-tsé mou- de espèces Troisinfestée. zone la de éleveurs des sives mas- émigrations des et trypanosomose la de cause à des bovins élevée mortalité une entrainé a et 1950 années les dans situe se l’Adamaoua de plateau le sur L’invasionglossines des de l’AdamaouaauCameroun plateau le sur animales trypanosomoses les et tsé-tsé mouche S. Geerts D., Cuisance A. Zoli A., Mamoudou Résumé 200 p. 100. Cependant une prévalence élevée inquiétante de inquiétante élevée prévalence une Cependant 100. 0 hcae d ptrg. ahuesmn ds réin- des Malheureusement pâturage. de hectares 000 : Bovin – Bovin – Trypanosomose – Insecticide – Insecticide – Trypanosomose– Glossina . Entre 1960 et 1975, le 1975, et 1960 Entre . tachinoides G. , Van den Bossche P., Delespaux V., Delespaux P., Bossche den Van , Un demi-siècle de lutte contre la la contre lutte de demi-siècle Un : , submorsitans morsitans Glossina Camerún. enfermedades de Control – insecto de Control – Insecticida Palabrasclave: tse-tse ylatripanosomosis. moscas las erradicar para Nigeria, y Centroafricana República la Chad, con conjunto proyecto un está preparando actualmente Camerún (PATTEC), tse-tse mosca la de y tri- la panosomosis de erradicación de africana pan Campaña la de seno el En Deo. y Faro de división la en tripanocidas drogas a cia resisten de alta alarmantemente prevalencia una observó se recientemente embargo, Sin 2,1%. y 0 entre variando como reportada fue meseta la de ganado el en tripanosomosis de cia inciden- La tse-tse. de libre relativamente meseta la mantener logrado ha insecticida con tratado ganado mostraron de barrera 2005, la que y 2004 entre entomológicas, y sitológicas transversales,paray - longitudinales Encuestas ganado. del das insectici- tratamientos de programa un por reemplazada sido después de ser puestos en 1994. Desde entonces, la barrera ha tiempo poco trampas y blancos los de mayoría la destruyeron forestales fuegos embargo, Sin trampas. y blancos con- de sistente barrera una obra en puso de se (norte Adamaoua), de Koutine meseta de la meseta la desde tse-tse moscas reinvasión las la de prevenir Para evitarse. pudo no limpias zonas pastizales. variasen tse-tse moscas reinvasiónde la de Desafortunadamente, ha 000 200 3 de limpieza la en resultaron les cua- las rociado, de se aéreas campañas 1994, varias y cabo 1976 a llevaron Entre tse-tse. la de control el para vidades acti- iniciaron se Luego, ganado. el en tripanocida tamiento gobierno camerunésorganizó,agran escala,campañasdetra- y fuscipes fuscipes G. tres registrado han tse-tse: Se moscas de especies infestadas. zonas de ganado de ños due- de masiva emigración ganado la a de y tripanosomosis mortalidad la a alta debida una en resultó y 1950 en dió se Adamaoua de meseta la en tse-tse moscas las de invasión La en Adamaoua de meseta Camerún la en animal tripanosomosis la y S. Geerts D., Cuisance A. Zoli A., Mamoudou Resumen Ganado bovino – bovino Ganado . Entre 1960 y 1975 el el 1975 y 1960 Entre . tachinoides G. , Van den Bossche P., Delespaux V., Delespaux P., Bossche den Van , Medio siglo de control de la tse-tse tse-tse la de control de siglo Medio , submorsitans morsitans Glossina – TripanosomosisGlossina – – -