Gender Und Genre in Melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen Der Gegenwart Far from Heaven – the Hours – a Single Man Erster Band

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Gender Und Genre in Melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen Der Gegenwart Far from Heaven – the Hours – a Single Man Erster Band Gender und Genre in melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen der Gegenwart Far From Heaven – The Hours – A Single Man Erster Band Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades eines Dr. phil., vorgelegt dem Fachbereich 05 – Philosophie und Philologie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz von Steffen Bußer aus Kaiserslautern 2013 Referentin: Korreferentin: Tag des Prüfungskolloquiums: 04. Februar 2014 In diesen Augenblicken, die das Ende vorwegnehmen, ist unsere Nähe größer als jemals zuvor. Philippe Besson Sein Bruder Vorwort „Ich bin völlig furchtlos! Nun, natürlich bin ich nicht vollkommen furchtlos. […] aber ich lasse einfach nicht zu, dass mir die Angst vor etwas im Weg steht, was ich wirklich gerne tun möchte.“ Tom Ford Für ihr Promotionsangebot, ihre jahrelange Begleitung, ihre wissenschaftliche Erziehung und ihr zielbewusstes Engagement, über eine fachspezifische Betreuung hinaus, danke ich sehr meiner Doktormutter. Insbesondere für ihre Balance aus ehrlichem Interesse, angebrachter Zurückhaltung und dem Gewähren von Freiräumen. Danke auch an die Korreferentin für ihren Einsatz und dem Drittgutachter für seine Teilnahme am Kommissionsausschuss. Von ganzem Herzen danke ich meinen Eltern Simone und Walter ─ für die ideelle, be- dingungslose und umfassende Unterstützung bei diesem Projekt, generell bei meiner ‚Bil- dungsreise‘, und letztlich all meinen Vorhaben. Gleichzeitig danke ich meiner Oma Hedi, für ihre Zuversicht und ihren festen Glauben an mich. Größten Dank für unzählige Diskussionen, geschätzte Gespräche, kreative Ideen und das fundierte Wissen schulde ich meinem Umfeld: Ausdrücklicher Dank gilt meiner Tandempart- nerin Lena für ihren fürsorglichen Beistand, die sorgfältige Durchsicht des Manuskripts und ihren unermüdlichen Einsatz, über die Grenzen der akademischen Welt hinaus. Danke an meine fleißigen Leser für ein strenges Lektorat, produktive Anmerkungen und kenntnisreiche Rückmeldungen, sowie den Individualpromovenden meines Forschungskolloquiums für den solidarischen ‚Rückhalt der Gruppe‘. Desweiteren aufrichtigen Dank an meine Freunde und diejenigen Menschen, welche mich in dieser intensiven Lebensphase abgelenkt, berührt, be- gleitet und unterstützt haben. Aufgrund der nüchternen und fachlichen Abstraktheit der akademischen Wissenschaft widme ich die Doktorarbeit Ramses, um die formulierte und frappierende Kluft zur Wirklich- keit zu betonen. Hochspeyer/Mainz im Oktober 2014 Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Dissertation Gender und Genre in melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen der Gegenwart von Steffen Bußer untersucht das Medium Film anhand von Todd Haynes’ Far from Heaven (2002), Stephen Daldrys The Hours (2002) und Tom Fords A Single Man (2009) als Quelle des Wissens über gesellschaftlich-normierte Geschlechterrollen und sozial- konstruierte Genderkonzepte. Die Arbeit versteht sich als eine nachhaltige Schnittstellenfor- schung zwischen Gender-, Literatur-, Film- und Medienwissenschaften und zeigt die Öffnung der Germanistik für den medial geprägten Kulturwandel, welcher den deutschen bzw. den deutschsprachigen Kulturraum betrifft. Gender und Geschlecht destabilisieren die Gesell- schaft und die „heterosexuelle Matrix“ durch das individuelle Suchen, Finden, Konstruieren und Anerkennen einer eigenen, individuellen Genderidentität. Dieser Prozess kann unter Zu- hilfenahme des Erzählens von Geschlecht im Film verdeutlicht werden, denn die audiovisuel- le Fiktion modelliert Wirklichkeitsvorstellungen und das Wirklichkeitsverständnis der Rezipi- enten. Wobei offen bleibt, ob die Fiktion die Realität oder die Realität die Fiktion imitiert. Denn es gibt nicht nur eine Wahrheit, sondern mehrere, vielleicht unzählige Bedeutungszu- schreibungen. Die drei paradigmatischen Literaturverfilmungen wurden jeweils in Bezug zu ihren Literaturvorlagen von Virginia Woolf, Michael Cunningham und Christopher Isher- wood gesetzt. Sie können als Beispiele für ein wissendes, postmodernes Pastiche des The- men-Clusters Diskriminierung/Homophobie/Homosexualität/„Rasse“ gelten. Alle drei Filme verhandeln durch gemeinsame, melodramatische Motive (z.B. Spiegel, Telefon, Krieg, Fami- lie) die Darstellbarkeit von Emotionen, Begehren, Sehnsüchten, Einsamkeit und dem Verlust der Liebe. Durch Verbindungslinien zu den Melodramen von Douglas Sirk und mittels den Theorien von u.a. Judith Butler, Stanley Cavell, Carolin Emcke, Thomas Elsaesser, Sigmund Freud, Hermann Kappelhoff und Laura Mulvey wurde das Begriffspaar Genre und Gender herausgestellt und im zeitgenössischen Geschlechter-Diskurs verortet. Das im Verlauf der Arbeit entwickelte Wissen zu Gender, Sexualität, Körper und Geschlecht wurde als ein Gen- der-Genre-Hybrid verstanden und im Genre des queeren bzw. homosexuellen Melodrams (gay melodrama) neu verortet. Die drei Filme sind als ein Wiederbelebungsversuch bzw. ein Erweiterungsversuch des melodramatischen Genres unter dem Genderaspekt anzusehen. Die Analyse und Dekonstruktion feststehender Begriffe im Kontext der Gender- und Gay Studies und dem Queer Cinema lösen produktive Krisen und damit emanzipierte Verfahren aus. Diese müssen immer wieder neu beschrieben werden, damit sie wahrgenommen und verstanden werden. Daher sind die drei melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen ein fiktionales Doku- mentationsmodell gesellschaftlicher Konflikte, welches anhand individueller Schicksale ver- deutlicht wird. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung ......................................................................................................................... 5 I Gender und Melodram ................................................................................................ 18 1 Melodram........................................................................................................................... 20 1.1 Der melodramatische Prototyp: Ariadne ................................................................................ 21 1.2 Positionierung des filmischen Melodrams ............................................................................. 25 1.3 Der Meister des Melodrams: Douglas Sirk ............................................................................ 34 1.4 Sirk-Renaissance ................................................................................................................... 36 2 Gender ............................................................................................................................... 43 2.1 Kategorie: Gender .................................................................................................................. 45 2.2 Terminus technicus: Queer ..................................................................................................... 48 2.3 Gaze Theory: Gender Pleasure and Melodramatic Cinema ................................................... 52 2.3.1 Laura Mulvey: Gender-Genre-Trouble ........................................................................... 53 2.3.2 Lösungsstrategie: Camp und Gay Sensibility .................................................................. 59 2.3.3 Revision: Gay und Queer Gaze ....................................................................................... 62 2.4 Stanley Cavell: Das philosophische Melodram ...................................................................... 67 3 Gender-Genre-Hybrid: Das que(e)re Melodram ............................................................... 82 II Gender-Darstellung in melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen............................. 87 1 Todd Haynes: Far From Heaven....................................................................................... 88 1.2 So Far away From Heaven .................................................................................................... 92 1.2.1 »Everything’s fine.« – Der Unfall ................................................................................... 93 1.2.2 »Mr. & Mrs. Magnatech« – Das Interview ................................................................... 103 1.2.3 »The color. Just seemed right.« – Begegnungen ........................................................... 106 1.2.4 »I tried so hard to make it go away.« – Die Entdeckung .............................................. 114 1.2.5 »There’re no Negros!« – Gesellschaftsleben ................................................................ 120 1.2.6 »Suddenly everything’s changed.« – Normalität .......................................................... 131 1.2.7 »Just beyond the fall from grace …« – Das Ende einer Freundschaft .......................... 137 1.2.8 »Everything’s pink!« – Miami ...................................................................................... 140 1.2.9 »What in heaven’s name has gotten into this town?« – Das Geständnis ...................... 143 1.2.10 »I’ve seen the sparks fly.« – Der Abschied ................................................................. 147 1.2.11 »Spring has arrived.« – Das Leben geht weiter........................................................... 154 1.3 Unter die Oberfläche des Melodramatischen ....................................................................... 159 1.3.1 Pastiche ......................................................................................................................... 163 1.3.2 Der Pastiche-Effekt im Kontrast zu Mad Men .............................................................. 164 1.3.3 »The Surface of Things.« – queer reading ................................................................... 169 1.3.4 »All around,
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