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Bodhisattva Sangharama.Pdf Kris Shen Jian Hong John Woo Alex Su You Peng Alan Dawa Dolma Nadya Hutagalung Kagyu Monlam Annie Lennox Ajahn Brahm Festival Seni Budaya Bodhisattva Maitreya Buddhis ke-2 Surabaya Zheng He, Bahariwan Muslim Mahasthamaprapta Yang Buddhis Waisak PBB Master Sheng-yen http://dhammacitta.org/ http://dhammacitta.org/ pustaka/ezine/ pustaka/ezine/ Sinar%20Dharma/ Sinar%20Dharma/ Sinar%20Dharma%2021.pdf Sinar%20Dharma%2022.pdf Ah Du & Hong Junyang Jason Mraz Buddha Birthday Song Anggun Cipta Sasmi (50 Artis Hongkong) Master Hsing Yun Mao Zedong & Buddhisme BLIA YAD Buddhis Membludak di Musical Drama of Tiongkok Tsongkhapa & Milarepa Kumarajiva, Joko Dolog Selamat Jalan Gus Dur Istana Brahma Pagoda - Stupa http://dhammacitta.org/ http://dhammacitta.org/ pustaka/ezine/ pustaka/ezine/ Sinar%20Dharma/ Sinar%20Dharma/ Sinar%20Dharma%2023.pdf Sinar%20Dharma%2024.pdf Sangharama Bodhisattva Penerbit: Buddhist Education Center Surabaya Penyusun: Hendrick Tanuwidjaja (Upasaka Vimala Dhammo / Yeshe Lhagud) *Penyusun adalah mahasiswa Jurusan Arsitektur Universitas Kristen Petra angkatan 2007. Divisuddhi Trisarana oleh Sukhito Thera dan Zurmang Drukpa Rinpoche. Aktif dalam penulisan artikel dan layouting majalah Buddhis Nasional Sinar Dharma. Penulis juga pernah menjabat sebagai moderator Mahayana di forum Buddhis Dhammacitta, pernah terlibat dalam organisasi Vihara Berkah Utama (Theravada) dan kegiatan Har- monize Camp Buddha Light’s International Association Indonesia Young Adult Divison (YAD - Fo Guang Shan - Permusibi). Editor: Tjahyono Wijaya Layout: Hendrick Tanuwidjaja Tan Tiong Bing DAFTAR ISI Sejarah Singkat Guan Yu 04 - 06 Awal Mula Sebagai Dharmapala 08 - 16 Terlahir di Alam Manakah Guan Yu? 18 - 20 Pemujaan Guan Gong Di Kalangan Vajrayana 22 - 27 Sekilas Pemujaan Guan Yu dan Sifat Keteladanan Guan Yu 29 - 32 Puja Sangharama Maha Dewa Guan Gong 34 - 43 Kisah-kisah Supranatural Guan Gong 46 - 48 Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms Era 50 - 60 Daftar Pustaka 64 4 Sebagian besar orang bisa saja tidak men- genal nama Bodhisattva Sangharama, tetapi begitu melihat citra rupang seorang Sejarah jendral gagah perkasa dengan jenggot panjang indah bergemulai dan paras muka merah lebam berkilau, maka mereka pasti Singkat akan langsung tahu. Ya, Bodhisattva Sang- harama adalah Guan Yu alias Guan Gong (Kwan Kong). Guan Yu Siapa tidak tahu Guan Yu? Banyak orang mengetahuinya dari cerita Sam Kok (Kisah Tiga Negara) dan game Dynasty Warrior. Namun, tahukah kita bagaimana latar be- lakang Guan Yu hingga dinobatkan se- bagai Dharmapala (Pelindung Dharma) dalam tradisi Mahayana Tiongkok? Guan Yu 關羽 (160 - 219 M), alias Yun Chang (雲長), lahir pada tanggal 24 bulan 6 Imlek, adalah penduduk asal Jiezhou, Hedong (sekarang Yuncheng, Propinsi Shanxi). Sejak kecil dididik dalam bidang kesusastraan dan sejarah. Beliau sangat menggemari kitab sejarah Chunqiu (Musim Semi dan Gugur) dan Zuozhuan (kitab se- jarah karya Zuo Qiuming). Guan Yu memi- liki 3 anak: Guan Ping (關平), Guan Xing (關興) dan Guan Suo (関索). Salah satu watak istimewa yang dimiliki Guan Yu adalah jiwa setia dan ksatria, be- liau berani membela yang lemah dan tertin- das. Tahun 184, Guan Yu melarikan diri dari kampung halamannya setelah membunuh orang demi membela kaum lemah. Beliau menuju wilayah Zuo, kemudian berkenalan dengan Liu Bei (劉備) dan Zhang Fei(張 飛). Liu Bei adalah anggota keluarga Kai- sar Kerajaan Han yang sedang merekrut prajurit untuk membasmi pemberontakan Serban Kuning. Karena memiliki cita-cita yang sama, maka mereka bertiga menja- lin tali persaudaraan yang dikenal dengan sebutan Tiga Pertalian Setia di Taman Bunga Persik. Semenjak itu, mereka ber- tiga berkomitmen sehidup semati mem- 5 perjuangkan cita-cita penegakan hukum demi membersihkan Kerajaan Han dari gerogotan korupsi dan pengkhianatan. Namun Kerajaan Han yang telah berdiri kokoh selama 400 tahun itu akhirnya terpecah men- jadi 3 kerajaan, yang mana Liu Bei sebagai salah satu anggota keluarga kerajaan me- nyatakan diri sebagai penerus Dinasti Han. Era inilah yang kemudian terkenal dengan sebutan San Guo (Sam Kok - Tiga Negara). Perjuan- gan keras tiga bersaudara Taman Bunga Per- sik untuk mempersatukan Tiongkok tidak ber- hasil. Begitulah hingga usia 60 tahun, Guan Yu bersama putranya, Guan Ping, akhirnya gugur dalam pertempuran. Meskipun demikian, rasa hormat terhadap Guan Yu tidak serta merta lenyap seiring den- gan gugurnya pahlawan berparas merah leb- am ini. Keberanian, kesetiaan dan jiwa ksatria beliau menjadi kisah harum dalam masyarakat Tionghoa selama turun temurun. Banyak tokoh dalam Kisah Tiga Negara yang di kemudian hari menjadi dewa pujaan bangsa Tionghoa. Yang lebih banyak dijumpai adalah kuil pemujaan bagi Guan Yu, Zhang Fei dan Zhu Geliang. Khusus untuk Guan Yu, salah satu dari lima jendral utama Liu Bei, sejak Di- nasti Song dan Yuan, pemujaan terhadap be- liau berkembang sangat pesat, bahkan pada awal Dinasti Qing telah menyebar hampir ke seluruh pelosok Tiongkok, sehingga tak heran kalau kaum wanita dan anak-anak tidak ada yang tidak tahu akan Dewa Perang satu ini. Tercatat semenjak tahun 1102 semasa kekua- saan Kaisar Huizong dari Dinasti Bei Song (Song Utara), kemudian Dinasti Nan Song (Song Selatan), Dinasti Yuan, Dinasti Ming hingga Dinasti Qing tahun 1828, beberapa kaisar menganugerahkan gelar kehormatan bagi Guan Yu. Sebutan kehormatan Sanxi Fuzi atau Sanxi Guan Fuzi (山西夫子 – Suci- wan dari Shanxi) adalah diberikan oleh Kaisar 6 Qian Long pada tahun 1736. Sebutan Fuzi hanya dimiliki oleh dua orang, salah satunya dan yang pertama adalah Konfusius (Konghucu) yang disebut sebagai Shandong Fuzi (山东夫子– Suciwan dari Shandong). Dua Fuzi ini seakan menjelaskan fi losofi bangsa Tionghoa yang menekankan pentingnya per- paduan Wen (文 – sastra, sipil) dengan Wu (武 – silat, militer), yang mana dalam hal Dua Suciwan Fuzi ini Konfusius adalah Wen, sedang Guan Yu adalah Wu. Selain itu, dalam kalangan spiritual, dikenal pula kisah per- jodohan Guan Yu dengan ajaran Buddha, sebuah ajaran ke- benaran sejati yang menembus kepekatan misteri dimensi ruang dan waktu. Ya, Guan Yu menjadi siswa Buddha setelah beliau gugur. Nama Lengkap: Guan Yunchang Anak: Guan Ping (anak angkat, A.D. 182), Guan Xing (A.D. 193), Guan Suo (A.D. 194) Cucu: Guan Tong (anak dari Guan Xing, A.D. 224), Guan Yi (anak dari Guan Xing, A.D. 226) Aula Sangharama di Vihara Daxiong Chansi Kisah berikut ini terjadi beberapa ratus tahun setelah gugurnya Guan Yu. Ber- Awal Mula dasarkan catatan sejarah Buddhis - Fo- zhu Tongji (佛祖統紀 - Taisho Tripitaka 2053), pada awal bulan 12 Imlek tahun Sebagai 592 M, (Dinasti Sui, era Kai Huang ke- 12), Pendiri Aliran Tian Tai Tiongkok Pelindung – Master Zhi Yi (智顗), yang juga dikenal dengan sebutan Master Zhizhe (智者) Dharma tiba di sekitar Gunung Yuquan di Dang- yang, Jingzhou. Melihat suasana pegu- (Dharmapala) nungan di wilayah itu sangat menawan maka bermaksud membangun sebuah vihara untuk membabarkan Dharma di tempat itu. Di situ ada sebuah telaga besar, dari telaga itu terpisah seratus langkah lebih ada sebuah pohon be- sar yang sangat rindang, Zhi Yi kemu- dian bermeditasi di bawah pohon itu. Pada suatu hari, langit tiba-tiba menjadi gelap, cuaca berubah, di empat pen- juru tertampak para makhluk gaib. Saat itulah muncul seekor ular raksasa ganas yang panjangnya sepuluh zhang lebih (1 zhang sekitar 3,33 meter). Tertampak berbagai wujud hantu dan siluman den- gan bermacam senjata seperti golok, pedang dan panah yang jatuh dari langit bagaikan air hujan. Penampakan ini ber- langsung terus selama 7 hari, namun Zhi Yi tidak tergoyahkan. Selepas hari ke-7, Zhi Yi berucap, “Yang kalian lakukan ini adalah karma buruk yang menyeret pada proses kelahiran dan kematian. Serakah pada buah karma baik duniawi yang tersisa, pun tidak menyesali apa yang kalian perbuat.” Begitu ucapan ini bera- khir, segala penampakan menyeramkan itu hilang lenyap. Cuaca kembali men- jadi cerah, bulan terlihat jelas sekali. Saat itu muncul dua orang lelaki yang tampak berwibawa. Yang lebih tua ber- Rupang Sangharama 9 janggut lebat, sedang yang lebih muda mengenakan topi dan berwajah rupawan. Lelaki yang lebih tua maju ke hadapan Zhi Yi dan berucap, “Saya adalah Guan Yu. Oleh karena situasi era akhir Dinasti Han sangat kacau, saya lalu ingin memulihkan silsilah kerajaan, namun apa daya kenyataan yang terjadi tidak sesuai dengan yang saya harapkan. Setelah meninggal saya menjadi raja gunung ini. Yang Arya, dengan tujuan apakah Anda datang ke sini?” Zhi Yi menjawab, “Saya berharap dapat membangun vihara membabarkan Dharma di tempat ini.” Guan Yu menjawab, “Mohon Yang Arya dapat memaaf- kan perbuatan bodoh saya sebelumnya dan berwelas asih pada kami. Tidak jauh dari sini ada sebuah gu- nung yang berbentuk perahu terbalik, tanahnya dalam dan tebal. Saya dan putra saya, Guan Ping, akan Master Tiantai Zhiyi membangun vihara di sana untuk melindungi Buddha Dharma. Mohon Anda terus melanjutkan meditasi den- gan tenang, 7 hari kemudian vihara akan rampung.” Master Zhi Yi kemudian kembali bermeditasi, 7 hari ke- mudian menuju ke tempat yang disebutkan Guan Yu. Ternyata tempat yang sebelumnya merupakan telaga Pilar batu yang bertulis- yang sangat dalam telah menjadi rata dan terlihat sebuah kan: “Di sini tempat Guan vihara yang megah dan menawan. Vihara itu kemudian Yun Chang dari Dinasti diberi nama Vihara Yuquan (玉泉寺). Han menampakkan diri.” Suatu hari Guan Yu muncul di hada- pan Master Zhi Yi dan berkata, “Saya hari ini mendengar Dharma tentang metode meninggalkan kehidupan du- niawi, sebab itu berikrar ingin mem- bersihkan batin, menerima Sila dan selamanya
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