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A Descentralização Florestal No Senegal: Impactos Socioeconômicos E Ecológicos

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A Descentralização Florestal No Senegal: Impactos Socioeconômicos E Ecológicos UFRRJ INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM DESENVOLVIMENTO, AGRICULTURA E SOCIEDADE TESE A Descentralização Florestal no Senegal: Impactos Socioeconômicos e Ecológicos Marie Therese Yaba Ndiaye 2008 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS CURSO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM DESENVOLVIMENTO, AGRICULTURA E SOCIEDADE A DESCENTRALIZAÇÃO FLORESTAL NO SENEGAL: IMPACTOS SOCIOECONÔMICOS E ECOLÓGICOS MARIE THERESE YABA NDIAYE Sob a Orientação do Professor Peter Herman May Tese submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências Sociais em Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade . Seropédica, R J, Agosto de 2008 i UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO Programa de Pós-Graduação de Ciências Sociais em Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade (CPDA) MARIE THÉRÈSE YABA NDIAYE Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação de Ciências Sociais em Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências. Tese aprovada em 21/08/2008 ________________________________________ Peter Herman May (Dr.), CPDA/UFRRJ (Orientador) _________________________________________ Claudio B de A Bohrer (Dr.), Universidade Federal Fluminense _________________________________________ Fabiano Toni (Dr.), Universidade de Brasília _________________________________________ John Cunha Comerford (Dr.), CPDA/UFRRJ ___________________________________________ Nelson Giordano Delgado (Dr.), CPDA/UFRRJ ii Minha Filha Adjoa Nguide Onoma Com muito amor iii AGRADECIMENTOS OBRIGADA A DEUS QUE ME GUIOU Ao longo do meu percurso acadêmico, pude contar com apoio de muitos que, através de diversas maneiras, tornaram possível e agradável a conclusão desta tese iniciada há cinco anos: sou muito grata a todos. À CAPES, seu apoio financeiro durante 3 anos possibilitou minha estadia no Brasil À IFS (Internacional Foundation for Science) que financiou meu trabalho de campo durante 12 meses no Senegal. À Rede PEN (Poverty Environment Network), pela metodologia de pesquisa À Yale University pelo ‘ pre doctoral fellowship’ e pela sua rica biblioteca As Populações dos vilarejos de Sambande, Keur Ngor, Mbayalar, Yayem e Samba Diallo que me acolheram. Obrigada pela disponibilidade, pelas informações, pelas ricas informações e as lições de Vida. Sua Hospitalidade me deu forca de minimizar as dificuldades da pesquisa de Campo. Aos meus assistentes de pesquisa, Simon Bakhoum, Ismael Kebe, Pagal Dioum, Moussa Diarra na coleta de dados quantitativos. Obrigada pela paciência. Ao meu orientador, Professor Peter May, Muito Obrigada pela disponibilidade, pelas orientações, pelos contatos científicos, pela descoberta de novas oportunidades e pelo apoio permanente na busca de recursos de pesquisa. Aos agentes do ex-Pagerna /GTZ, especialmente Pascal Thior e Varore pelos conselhos e pelas orientações. Obrigada a Raphael Ndiaye de Enda Tiers Monde/Dakar pelos conselhos Aos amigos e colegas Pape Matar Ndiaye, Rosy Oliveira, Thais Pinheiro, Sueli, Eustaquio, Flavia Mattos, Marcos, Sokhna Ndiaye pela forca e pela amizade. Dedico este trabalho especialmente a minha família: Aos meus pais Augustin Ndiaye et Therese Ndiaye. MERCI POUR TOUT. Aos meus irmãos Aloyse Ndiaye et Paul Ndiaye pela força Ao meu marido Kwame, as suas orientações teóricas foram fundamentais. Obrigada pelo apoio moral. Merci pour tout A minha filha Adjoa que ela cresça com saúde e chega um dia a ler este trabalho iv NDIAYE, Marie Therese Yaba. A Descentralização Florestal no Senegal: Impactos Socioeconômicos e Ecológicos . 2008 (Doutorado em Ciências Sociais, Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade). Curso de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 2008. A descentralização florestal no Senegal constitui o tema desta pesquisa. Em 1998, o Senegal promoveu novas leis florestais que transferiam as competências de gestão das florestas para as comunidades rurais, para frear a pobreza e a degradação ambiental. Neste contexto, a tese investiga os impactos destas reformas nas vidas das populações e nas florestas. A tese tentou lidar com as duas perguntas, se após a descentralização: - as populações locais seriam capazes de manejar efetivemente as florestas e – o manejo florestal comunitário participaria na redução da pobreza rural. Fiz um estudo com variação espacial e temporal, comparando duas florestas: Keur Samba Dia e Sambandé durante dois períodos diferentes: antes e após a descentralização. Antes de 1998, a gestão das duas florestas estava sob a responsabilidade do Serviço Florestal Nacional. Depois de 1998, as comunidades rurais se tornaram as novas autoridades na floresta Sambandé enquanto que a floresta Keur Samba Dia permaneceu sob um sistema de co-manejo entre as comunidades rurais e o Estado. A pesquisa deparou com o fato de que, em ambas as florestas, os impactos ecológicos da descentralização foram positivos, pois houve uma regeneração florestal. Todavia, os impactos econômicos resultantes da descentralização, foram diferentes de uma floresta para outra. Na floresta de Sambandé, todos os vilarejos foram beneficiados pela descentralização, enquanto que na floresta de Keur Samba Dia, um vilarejo se sentiu mais prejudicado do que o outro. Estes resultados nos informam, que a participação popular foi benéfica à saúde das florestas, mas não foi suficiente para que as populações se aproveitassem economicamente de uma floresta regenerada. A distribuição eqüitativa, dos benefícios econômicos da descentralização, é mediada pela uniformidade ou formas conflituosos do uso florestal e por fatores sócio - históricos. Palavras-chave: descentralização, produtos florestais não-madeireiros, borassus, sustentabilidade ecológica, pobreza v NDIAYE, Marie Therese Yaba. Forestry Decentralization in Senegal: Socioeconomical e Ecological Impacts . 2008 (PhD in Social Sciences, Development, Agriculture and Society). Curso de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 2008. In 1998 Senegal passed laws that transferred authority over the management of forests to local communities. This dissertation studies the impact of this decentralization on the health of the Samba Dia and Sambande forests and the livelihoods of forest-dependent populations. I use this analysis to reflect on the broader question of the impact of decentralization on conservation and poverty alleviation. I employ temporal and spatial modes of comparison in this study with qualitative research methods. Decentalization has contained forest degradation in both areas. But while people in Sambandé forest report benefits to all from the forest, in Keur Samba Dia members of one village report benefits while others decry a reduction in their benefits from the forest. I argue that the transfer of authority from a largely absent and incapable state to well-organized and knowledgeable local communities account for the containment of environmental degradation in both forests. But while the uniform use of the forest by community members has helped people in Sambandé solve distributive conflicts and so universally benefit from the forest, a significant divergence in how the two villages in Keur Samba Dia exploit the forest has worsened distributive conflicts allowing the more powerful people of Yayem to benefit more but exclude the less powerful people of Samba Diallo from these new benefits. The impact of decentralization on poverty alleviation and forest health is mediated by important local factors and we should not expect it to have good effects in all areas in which it is pursued. Keywords: Decentralization, forests sustainability, rural poverty alleviation, collective action, distributive conflicts, extralegal enforcement vi LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1: As Regiões Administrativas do Senegal Figura 2: Cobertura Florestal do Senegal Figura 3: Estado das Florestas entre 1965 e 1994 Figura 4: Expansão das áreas agrícolas. Figura 5: Localização da região de Kaolack no Senegal Figura 6: Mapa da floresta de Sambandé e dos vilarejos adjacentes Figura 7: Uso dos produtos florestais nas habitações do vilarejo de Sambandé Figura 8: Coleta de produtos não madeireiros na Floresta de Sambandé Figura 9: Localização da região de Fatick no Senegal Figura 10: Mapa da floresta de Keur Samba Dia e os vilarejos adjacentes Figura 11: Um artesão do vilarejo de Samba Diallo transformando os pecíolos do borassus em moveis LISTA DE GRAFICOS Gráfico 1: As principais destinações dos PFNMs da floresta de Sambandé LISTA DE QUADROS Quadro 1 : Cobertura florestal segundo a classificação nacional (fora das formações sobre cultivos e cultivadas) Quadro 2 : As Principais mudanças do Código Nacional Florestal após a descentralização vii viii SUMARIO INTRODUÇÃO: DESCENTRALIZAÇÃO COMO CONDICIONALIDADE ............1 CAPÍTULO I: DESCENTRALIZAÇÃO DA GESTÃO FLORESTAL, PARTICIPAÇÃO E EFICÁCIA....................................................................................6 I.1 A DESCENTRALIZAÇÃO, INSTITUCIONALIZANDO A PARTICIPAÇÃO COMUNITÁRIA..........................................................................................................6 I.2 DESCENTRALIZAÇÃO, OPORTUNIDADE DE RESGATE DOS CONHECIMENTOS LOCAIS....................................................................................17 I.3 METODOLOGIA DE PESQUISA.........................................................................20 I. 4 ESTRURA DA TESE............................................................................................33
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