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Introduction 1. Lady Dorothy Nevill, Under Five Reigns (London, 1910

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Introduction 1. Lady Dorothy Nevill, Under Five Reigns (London, 1910 Notes Introduction 1. Lady Dorothy Nevill, Under Five Reigns (London, 1910) pp. 146-47. Note the role bankers played in late Victorian society. The Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, was a close personal friend of Ernest Cassel the banker. 2. Palmerston was the first major politician to make election speeches around the country and Gladstone developed and refined this type of election activity in his Midlothian Campaigns. R. K. Ensor, England 1870-1914, Oxford History, pp. 63-64. 3. H. Asquith, Memories and Reflections 1852-1927 (Boston, 1929) vol. I, p. 264. 4. Well into the twentieth century do we find strong kinship ties that give support to the working class families. See Michael Young and Peter Willmott, Family and Kinship in East London (New York, 1957). 5. See below, chap. 2. 6. So wrote Lady Henry Somerset in a telegram read to a prohibition convention in 1897 in Newcastle. See below, Conclusion, note 15. Part One 1750-1850: The Voice ofthe Lord 1. For a variety of roles of women in the Old Testament, see the Song of Deborah, Judges 5. 2. See Nina Coombs Pykare, 'The Sin of Eve and the Christian Conduct Book', Ohio Journal of Religious Studies, v. 4, 1976, pp. 34-43, and Derwood C. Smith, 'Paul and the Non-Eschatological Woman', Ohio Journal of Religious Studies, vol. 4, 1976, p. 12. 3. Galatians 3:28. Recently, however, at least one theologian believes that Paul was really a misunderstood supporter of women. G. B. Caird, 'Paul and Women's Liberty', The John Rylands Library, vol. 54, 1971-72, pp. 268-81. See also Jessie Penn-Lewis, The Magna Charta of Woman (Minneapolis, 1975). 4. 1 Timothy 2:11-15. 5. Acts 21:9. 206 Notes to pp. 13-17 207 1 They Sat Not Still 1. According to one theologian, when Christian churches emphasize the role of the individual - that man (and woman) is made in God's image, and that God is in each of us - there appears to be little gender discrimination. When the organization of the church is emphasized then divisions appear. Paul Wesley Chilcote, 'John Wesley and the Women Preachers of Early Methodism', unpublished dissertation, Duke University, 1984. 2. Convents were under the authority of the local bishop and only a male priest could conduct mass. 3. Frank Stenton, Anglo Saxon England, 3rd edn, Oxford History, pp. 161-62. See also Edith Picton-Tuberville, 'The Coming Order in the Church of Christ', ed. Rev. B. H. Streeter, Women and the Church (London, 1917) p. 54. 4. A. Maude Royden, The Church and Women (London, 1924) p. 85. 5. Richard L. Greaves, 'The Role of Women in Early English Noncon- formity', Church History, vol. 52,1983, pp. 299-311. 6. Greaves, pp. 302-3. 7. Greaves, p. 301. 8. Greaves, p. 306. 9. Harry Leon McBeth, 'The Changing Role of Women in Baptist History', Southwestern Journal of Theology, vol. 18, Fall 1979, p. 86. Also Rosemary Reuther and Eleanor McLaughlin, Women of the Spirit, Female Leadership in the Jewish and Christian Tradition (New York, 1979) p. 20. Elizabeth Isichei, Victorian Quakers (London 1970) pp.94-5. 10. Greaves, p. 304. 11. McBeth, pp. 86-87. 12. See story of Dorothy Hazzard, McBeth, p. 87; and Greaves, p. 302. 13. McBeth, p. 87. 14. Chilcote, p. 14. 15. Royden, pp. 81-2. 16. Arnold Lloyd, Quaker Social History 1669-1738 (London, 1950), p.107. 17. Lloyd, pp. 114-15. 18. Wm. Crouch, quoted Lloyd pp. 109-10. 19. Richard T. Vann, The Social Development of Quakerism, 1655-1753, (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), p. 112. 20. Jennie Kitteringham, 'Country work girls in nineteenth-century Eng­ land', Village Life and Labour, ed. Raphael Samuel (London, 1975) pp.98-112. 21. Lloyd, p. 107. 22. Ibid., p. 107. 23. Joyce L. Irwin, Womanhood in Radical Protestantism (New York, 1979) p. xxvi 208 24. Lloyd, p. 118. 25. Lloyd, p. 118. 26. McBeth, p. 89. 27. McBeth, p. 94. 28. The Woman's Herald, August 20, 1892. 29. Lloyd, p. 130 2 The Call to Preach 1. Dale A. Johnson, Women in English Religion 1700-1925 (New York, 1983) p. 62. 2. Ibid. 3. Brown, p. 26. 4. Johnson, p. 63. 5. Ibid. 6. Sarah Crosby, Letter Book, 1760-1774, unpublished manuscript, p. 56. 7 Crosby, p. 58. 8. Crosby, p. 38. 9. Crosby, p. 38. 10. Letter of March 18, 1769, Johnson, p. 68. 11. Crosby, p. 56. 12. Crosby, p. 56. 13. Crosby, p. 56. 14. Crosby Letter Book, p. 57. 15. 2 Samuel 20:14-22. 16. Crosby, p. 61. 17. Brown, p. 25. 18. Brown, p. 28. 19. Chilcote, p. 276. 20. Robert Currie, Methodism Divided (London, 1956), pp. 52-53. 21. Chilcote, p. 269. 22. Currie, p. 91. 23. Chilcote, p. 281. 24. Chilcote, p. 291. 25. Chilcote, p. 301. 26. Chilcote, p. 239. 27. Wesley F. Swift, 'Women Itinerant Preachers of Early Methodism', Part I, Proceedings of the Wesleyan Historical Society, vol. xxvrn, March 1952, p. 92. 28. Chilcote, p. 302. 29. Wesley F. Swift, 'Women Itinerant Preachers of Early Methodism', Part IT, Proceedings of the Wesleyan Historical Society, vol. XXIX, p.81. 30. Rupert E. Davies, Methodism, Penguin Books, 1963, p. 138. 31. Swift, IT, p. 78. Notes to pp. 28-34 209 32. Davies, p. 139. 33. Swift, Part II, p. 78, Deborah M. Valenze, Prophetic Sons and Daughters: Female Preaching and Popular Religion in Industrial England (Princeton, 1985) p. 128. 34. Julia Stewart Werner, The Primitive Methodist Connection: Its Back- ground and Early History (Madison, 1984) p. 142. 35. Davies, p. 199. 36. Valenze, p. 23. 37. Werner, p. 211, n. 28. 38. Ibid., p. 143. 39. Mollie C. Davis, 'The Countess of Huntingdon: A Leader in Missions for Social and Religious Reform', Women in New Worlds, vol. II, ed. Keller, Queen and Thomas (Nashville, 1982) pp. 164-65. 40. Dale A. Johnson, p. 167. 41. Johnson, p. 95. 42. Johnson, p. 65. 43. Johnson p. 167. 44. Davis, p. 175. 45. Davis, p. 173. 46. D. Colin Dews, 'Ann Carr and the Female Revivalists of Leeds', Reli­ gion in the Lives of English Women, 1760-190, ed. Gail Malmgreen (London, 1986). This essay gives an excellent description of this woman and her work. See also Valenze, pp. 191-204. 47. Greaves p. 302. This was not true at other levels of society. Families of the upper ranks often had the right to appoint clergy to 'livings' within their domains, while in the towns the merchants and other middle groups exercised control over the churches and chapels of their denominations. The poorer classes could only control their own religious practises at home. 48. Valenze, pp. 103-4. 49. Valenze, p. 137. 50. Valenze, p. 70. 51. Valenze, pp. 236-37. 52. See below, Chapters 4 and 7. 3 Class and Politics 1. G. E. Mingay, English Landed Society in the 18th Century (London 1963) p. 124. 2. Kenneth Mackenzie, The English Parliament (Pelican Books, 1951) p.99. 3. Robert Blake, Disraeli (New York, 1967) p. 89. 4. Mingay, p. 114. See Mingay for a full discussion of eighteenth-century political life. 5. Carolly Erickson, Our Tempestuous Day (New York, 1986) p. 189. 210 Notes to pp. 34-39 6. Countess of Anacaster, 'Ladies and the Primrose League', Lady's Realm, vol. VI, May 1899, pp. 87-88. Also, Jane Rendall, The Origins ofModem Feminism, Women in Britain, France and U. S., 1790-1860 (London, 1985) pp. 243-44. 7. Charles Roberts, The Radical Countess (Carlisle, 1962) p. 2. 8. Countess of Anacaster, p. 89. 9. Charles Roberts, p. 2. 10. Ibid., p. 3. 11. Matilda Sturge, Memorials and Letters of Ann Hunt (London, 1898) p.2. 12. Sarah Stickney, Ellis The Women of England: Their Social Duties and Domestic Habits (London, 1839) p. 13. 13. Male owners or lessees of property worth ten pounds or more a year were given the vote. Limitation to the male gender was specifically stated in this bill. 14. J. H. Plumb, England in the Eighteenth Century (1714-1815), the Pelican History of England, 1965 edition, p. 86. 15. Blake, p. 78. 16. Extractsfrom Priscilla Johnson's Journal and Letters, privately printed and circulated, p. 58. Dinner clubs were quite common in London in the eighteenth century; and they were usually for men but occasionally women were members. See also Compton-Rickett, p. 324. 17. Arthur Compton-Rickett, The London Life of Yesterday (New York, 1901) p. 337. 18. For a discussion of the various borough franchises see Colin Rhys Lovell, English Constitutional and Legal History (New York, 1962) p.428. 19. Dorothy George, England In Transition (Pelican edition, 1964) pp.98-99. 20. Quoted in George, p. 49. 21. J. Steven Watson, The Reign of George /II, Oxford History, 1960, pp.236-39. 22. Robert F. Wearmouth, Methodism and the Common People (London, 1945) p. 25. 23. Dorothy Thompson, 'Women and Nineteenth Century Radical Politics', Rights and Wrongs of Women, ed. Juliet Mitchell and Ann Oakley (Pelican, 1976) p. 117. 24. Olwen Hufton lecture, Harvard, October 19, 1988. 25. Pat Hollis, Ladies Elect (New York, 1987) p. 31. 26. Samuel Bamford, Passages in the Life of a Radical (Oxford, 1984) p. 161. 27. Bamford, p. 150. 28. This is somewhat reminiscent of the complaints by the Quaker women concerning their mixed meetings: of men pushing and bumping the females in quite an aggressive fashion. See above, chap. 1. 29. Bamford, p. 181. Notes to pp. 39-47 211 30. Joyce Bellamy and John Saville (eds), Dictionary ofLabour Biography, vol. VII (London 1972) p.
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