New Latin Grammar
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NEW LATIN GRAMMAR ALLEN AND GREENOUGH This public domain grammar was brought to digital life by: Textkit - Greek and Latin Learning tools Find more grammars at http ://www.textkit.com ALLEN AND GREENOUGH’S NEW LATIN GRAMMAR 1 OR SCHOOLS 4N1) COLLEGES FOUNDED ON COMPARAIIVE GRAMMAR EDIT I'D KY J B GREENOUGH G L KITTREDGE A A HOWARD BENJ L D’OOGE Boston, USA, aisd London GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS erbe attljenffiim ^reeci 1903 PREFACE Tub present book is a careful icvisioii of the edition of 1888 This revision was planned and actually begun in the lifetime of Professoi Gieenougli and has been carried out in accordance with principles that met with his full approval. The lenuni- bering of the sections has made it possible to iinpiove the arrangement of material in many p^’ticulais and to avoid a cei- taiii amount of lepetition which vms inevitable in the forniei edition Thus, without nicieasiiig the size of the volume, the editors have been able to include such new matter as the advance in giaminatical science liis affoided. Tlie study of histoiical and compaiative syntax has been puisued with considerable vigor during the past fifteen yeais, and the well-established results of this study have been inserted in then appropriate places. In geiieial, however, the piiiiciples and facts of Latin syntax, as set forth by Piofessor Gieenough, have stood the test both of scientific criticism and of practical use in the class-room, and accoidingly the niaii}^ friends of Allen and Gieenough’s Giam- mai will not find the new edition stiange or unfamiliar in its method oi its contents. The editois have seen no occasion to change long-settled nomenclature oi to adopt novel classifica¬ tions when the usual teinis and categories have proved satis¬ factory. On the othei hand, they have not hesitated to modify either doctrines oi foinis of statement whenever improvement seemed possible. Ill the matter of “ hidden quantity” the editois have been even more conservative than in the foriner revision. Tins subject is one of gieat difficulty, and the results of the most recent investi¬ gations aie fai from harmonious. In many instances the fact= IV PREFACE are quite midiscoverable, and, in geneial, the phenomena aie of comparatively slight interest except to special students of the aieana of philology. No vowel has been marked long unless the evidence seemed practically decisive. The editors have been fortunate in seeming the advice and assistance of Piofessoi E S. Sheldon, of Han aid University, foi the first ten pages, dealing with phonetics and phonology. They are equally indebted to Professor E. P. Morris, of Yale Lnivei- sity, who has had the kindness to levise the notes on histoiical and comparative syntax. Particular acknowledgment is also due to Mr. M. Grant Dapiell, who has cooperated in the revision throughout, and whose accurate scholarship and long experience as a teacher have been of the greatest service at eveiy point Septlmblk 1, 1903. CONTENTS PART I ~ WORDS AND FORMS LlTTEES A^D bo L MAS Alpha-laet, Classification ol bounds Ortliograpliy, Syllables, Pronunciation Quantity and Accent Combinations, Phoneltic Clianges WoiJDS AJ<D THLIIl POHJIS Parts of Speech . Inflection, Root, Stem, and Base Gender, Numbei, and Case Dlclension of Nouns General Rules of Declension First Declension . 18 20 Second Declension 20-24 Third Declension 24-37 Mute Stems 25,26 Liquid and Rasal Stems 27,28 Pure i-Stenis Mixed i-Stems Irregular Nouns Greek Nouns Rules of Geiidfci Fourth Declension Fifth Declension . Defective and Variable Nouns Names of Persons 46-62 First and Second Declensions 46-49 Thiid Declension 49-54 Comparison 55-57 Numerals 58 62 Personal, Reflexive, Possessive, Demoiistiativi Relative, Interrogative, Indefinite Con-elatives (Pronouns and Adverbs) Conjugation oi Vukbs Inflection Signification ; A''oire, Mood, Tense Personal Endings CONTENTS Tenses of the Infinitive 378.379 Tenses of the Subjunctive . 379.380 Questions in Indirect Discourse Coniuiands iii Indirect Discourse Conditions in Indirect Discourse 381-384 INIERMISDIATE CLAUSES 384-386 Iiifoimal Indirect Discourse 385 Subjunctive of Integial Part (Attraction) iMrORfANT RCLISOr SVNIAX . Order or Words General Rules Special Rules 398,399 Structure of the Period 399, 400 PKOSODY Quancitv . 401-405 Rhythm 406-409 Introductory Note 406, 406 Measures of Rliytliin , I'eet . 406-409 The Musical Accent, Ctesura , Diasresis 409 Versification 410- 426 The Verse , Scansion and Elision 410.411 Dactylic Verse 411- 414 Dactylic Hexameter 411.412 Elegiac Stanza, Othei Dactylic Verses 413.414 Iambic Veise 414-416 lambic Tiimeter . 414.415 Otliei Iambic Measures 416 Tiochaic Verse 417 Mixed Measuies . 418 Logacedio Verse 418-421 Metrco of Horace 421-425 Index to the Metres of Horace 423-425 Other Lyric Poets 425 Miscellaneous Measures 425,420 Evrly Prosody . 426, 427 428- 431 Reckoning of Time 428, 429 Measuies of Value, Length, and Capacity 429- 431 Glossakv 01 Terms 432-436 430- 444 Index of Words and Scujecis 446-475 Latin Authors and their Works Parattit Rfperencfs 479-490 LATI^yT GRAMMAR Laliii Giaininai is usually tieated undei Unee heads 1 Woids and Forms, 2 Syiita)^, .1 Prosody Syntax treats of the function of words when joined togethei as jiaits of the sentence, Piosody of then aiiaiige iiieiit in nicti'ical composition PART FIRST-WORDS AND FORMS THE ALPHABET - 1, The Latin Alphabet is the same as the English (which is in fact boi rowed fiom it) except that it does not contain J, U, and W. Note 1 —lUe Latin alphabet was borrowed in verj early^times from a Greek alphabet (tliougli not from that most familiar to us) and did not at first eontain the letters G and Y It consisted of capital letters only, and the small letters with wliicdi we are laiuili'ii did not come into general use until the close of the eighth century of Note 2 —The Latin names of the consonants were as follows —B, 6e (pi ououiiced (lai/), C, ee (pioiiounced hay); D, de (day); F, ef; G, ge (gay); H, ha, K, ha, L, el M, em; W, en ,• V, pe (pay); Q,qu(hoo), R, er; S, es; T, te (lay); X,ix; Z, zela (the Gieek name, pionouuced dzayta) The soniid of each vowel was used as its name a. The chaiactei C originally meant G, a value always retained in the abbieviatlons C (foi Gaius) and Cn (foi Gnaeus) Non.. —Ill eaily Latin C came also to be used foi K, and Kdisappeaied except be- toie a in a few words, as Kal (Kalendae) Kartliago. Ihiis there wa.s no di.stiiiction in loriting between the .sounds of g and k. Later this defect was remedied by forming (from C) the new oliaracter G This took the alphabetic place formerly occupied by Z, wliieli had gone out of use. In Cieero’.s time (.see N. 1). iii. 93), Y(originally a form of V) and Z ivere introduced lioin the ordinary Greek alphabet to represent sounds in words deriveii from the (freek and tliej v ere put at the end of tlie Latin alphabet b. I and V veie used both as towels and as coiiboiiants (see § 5) Noil. —V originally denoted the voviel sound u (oo), and F stood foi the .sound of oul coiisojiaut w, When F acquired the value of our f V came to he used for the sound of w as well as for the vowel u In tins book i is used foi both vowel and consonant i, u foi vowel u, and V foi consonant u —ius vir, luveiiis WOKDS AI^]) >01iMb [§§ 2-4 Classification of Sounds 2. Tlie .simple Vowels aie a, e, i, o, u, y The Diphthongs aie ae, au, ei, eu, oe, ui, and, in caily Latin, ai, 01, ou. In the diphthongs both vowel sounds aie heard, one lol- lowing the otliei in the same s} liable. 3 Consonants aie eitliei voiced (sonant) oi voiceless (stird). Voiced consonants aie pioiiounced with the same vocal muimui that IS heaid in vowels; voiceless consonants lack this iiiuniiur. 1 The voiced coii.sonant,s aie b, d, g, 1, r, m, n, z, consonant i, v 2 Ihe loiceless consonants aie p, t, c (k, q), f, li, s, x 4. Consonants aie fuithei classified as in the following table: ( Voiced (mediae) b d g Mutes 1 Voiceless (lenues) P t c (k, q) [ Aspiiates ph th ch Nasals m a 11 (befoie c, g, q) Liquids Fricatiies (Spirants) f ‘ Sibilants Semivowels consonanti Double consonants aie x ((= cs) and z (=dz), hP> merel} a bieatliing 1 Mutes ai-e pi-oiiouiiced by blocking entirely, loi au instant, the passage of the breath through the nioutli, and then allowing it to escape with an explosion (distinctly hoard befoie a following vowel). Between the explosion and the rov el there uiaj he a slight puff of hi-eatu (11), as hi the Aspirates (ph, th, ch).i! 2 Labials are pronounced with the lips, oi lips and teeth. S. Dentals (sonietinies ealled Liuguals) are pronounced with the lip oi the tongue touching 01 approaching the upper front teeth. 4. Palatals are pronounced with a pait ot the iippei snilv e of the tongue touching or approaching the palate.^ 5. Fricatives (or Spirants) aie consonants ni which the bieatli pa3.ses continuously tlirougli the mouth wdth andihle friction. d'. Nasals are like voiced mutes except Unit the mouth remains closed and the hi eatli pa.sse& through the nose. 1 Strictly a labio-deidal, pronounced v ith tlie under Iqi toiichiug the uppci teeth. 2 The aspirates are almost wholly confined to word.s borrowed from the Greek hi earlj Latin such borrowed sounds lost their aspiration and became simply p, t, c.