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10/16/13

The Articles of Confederation

The Big Idea The Articles of Confederation provided a framework for a national government. UNIT 2 Main Ideas WESTWARD EXPANSION • The American people examined many ideas about government. NOTES AND LECTURE POINTS FOR • The Articles of Confederation laid the base for the first national government of the United States. THE ENTIRE UNIT 2 • The Confederation Congress established the Northwest Territory.

Main Idea 2: Main Idea 3: The Articles of Confederation laid the base The Confederation Congress for the first national government established the Northwest Territory. of the United States. • The Articles of Confederation created a national government • Congress passed Land • Congress passed with limited powers. Ordinance of 1785 to Northwest Ordinance of raise money to pay debts. 1787. – Congress could settle conflicts among states, make coins, borrow money, ask states for money and soldiers, and make • Ordinance provided for • Established Northwest treaties with other nations. surveying and dividing Territory and a system for – States had the power to refuse requests. western lands. creating new states – There was not a president or a national court system. • Land was split into • Included what are now the • The Second Continental Congress passed the Articles of townships. states of , , Confederation on November 15, 1777, and sent them to each Michigan, Illinois, • Each township was divided Wisconsin, and Minnesota state for ratification. into lots for sale to the • The first national government of the United States was public. • Required the provision of established after the last state ratified the Articles in March 1781. public education and banned slavery

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Challenges for the New Nation Main Idea 1: The United States tried to remain neutral The Big Idea regarding events in Europe. The United States faced significant foreign and domestic challenges under Washington. • The French Revolution against the French king broke out in 1789. Main Ideas • France and Great Britain later went to war. • The United States tried to remain neutral regarding events • Some Americans, including , supported in Europe. the French. • The United States and Native Americans came into conflict • President Washington and others wanted to remain in the Northwest Territory. neutral. He believed this was the safest plan for the U.S. • The Whiskey Rebellion tested Washington’s in the long run. administration. • The United States issued the Neutrality Proclamation, • In his Farewell Address, Washington advised the nation. in 1793, saying it would not take sides.

Other Challenges to U.S. Neutrality Main Idea 2: The United States and Native Americans

Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty came into conflict in the Northwest Territory. • The British were seizing • The Spanish disputed the U.S. American ships in the French and Florida border. • Americans settled in the Northwest Territory despite West Indies. • Spain closed the Native Americans’ protests. • Washington wanted to prevent port to U.S. trade in 1784. another war; so did the • Native Americans went to war. • This hurt the American British. economy. • Early Native American victories came under Chief Little • Jay’s Treaty was signed in • Pinckney’s Treaty was Turtle. 1794. signed in 1795. • It settled disputes that had • General Anthony Wayne’s troops won the Battle of • The southern U.S. border was arisen between the two Fallen Timbers in 1794. set at 31° N latitude. countries in the 1790s. • The port of New Orleans • The ended the war in 1795 and • The treaty was unpopular in reopened. gave Americans most Indian lands in the Northwest the United States. Territory.

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Main Idea 3: Jefferson Becomes President The Whiskey Rebellion tested ’ Washington s administration. The Big Idea Thomas Jefferson’s election began a new Reaction to Whiskey Tax era in American government. • People in areas like western Pennsylvania were angry at the tax on American-made whiskey passed by Congress in 1791. Main Ideas • Whiskey was a cash crop to western Pennsylvania farmers. • The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in • Farmers were angry that cases about the law were tried in power from one political party to another. district courts, often far away from the people affected. • President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government Whiskey Rebellion Is Crushed were reflected in his policies.

• Fighting broke out in 1794. • Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial • Washington led an army against the rebels, but the Whiskey branch of government. Rebellion ended without a battle.

Jefferson Becomes President Chapter 8 – The Jefferson Era

Section Notes Video The Big Idea Jefferson Becomes President Expanding Frontiers The Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson’s election began a new The Coming of War era in American government. The

Maps Main Ideas Quick Facts The Louisiana Purchase and The Election of 1800 Western Expeditions • The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in Analyzing the War of 1812 The War of 1812 power from one political party to another. Chapter 8 Visual Summary • President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government Images were reflected in his policies. The USS Constitution First Lady Saves • Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial ’ Washington s Portrait branch of government.

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Main Idea 1: Parties and Beliefs The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in power from Adams and the Federalists Jefferson and the one political party to another. Democratic-Republicans • Rule by the wealthy class • Rule by the people • Federalists John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney ran • Strong federal government against Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and • Strong state governments Aaron Burr. • Emphasis on manufacturing • Emphasis on agriculture • Loose interpretation of the • Jefferson and Burr tied, with 73 electoral votes each. Constitution • Strict interpretation of the Constitution • The House broke the tie by selecting Jefferson to be • British alliance president; Burr became vice president. • French alliance • The tie led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, which provided for a separate ballot for president and vice president in the next election.

Main Idea 2: Main Idea 3: President Jefferson’s beliefs about Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the federal government were the judicial branch of government. reflected in his policies. • Democratic-Republican–controlled Congress helped put his • William Marbury appointed justice of peace by republican ideas into practice. President Adams just before he left office. Background • Marbury’s commission was not delivered; – Allowed the hated Alien and Sedition Acts to expire. Jefferson took office. – Lowered military spending. • Marbury sued Jefferson administration to get his – Got rid of domestic taxes. commission. • Believed main functions of federal government were • The law Marbury based his claim on was – Protecting the nation from foreign threats. unconstitutional—Judiciary Act of 1789. – Delivering mail. Supreme Court • Ruled that the Supreme Court did not hear – Collecting customs duties. Ruling cases like this one, according to the Constitution; thus, the law that Marbury used • Kept some Federalist ideas, like Bank of the United States. was unconstitutional.

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Importance of Judicial Review The Louisiana Purchase

• Chief Justice John Marshall wrote Court’s opinion in The Big Idea Marbury v. Madison. Under President Jefferson’s leadership, the United States • Ruling established judicial review—Court’s power to added the Louisiana Territory. declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. Main Ideas • Made judicial branch equal to other two branches of government. • As American settlers moved West, control of the Mississippi River became more important to the United States. • The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States. • Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike increased Americans’ understanding of the West.

Main Idea 1: Louisiana As American settlers moved West, control of the Mississippi River became more important Spanish Control to the United States. • Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana—land • Thousands of Americans had settled between the stretching from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains. Appalachians and the Mississippi by 1800s. • Spain gave land to France in treaty. • , , and Ohio were admitted as states. French Control • Settlers depended on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to move products east. • French leader Napoléon wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America. • Jefferson worried about foreign control of New Orleans • Rebellion in French colony of Haiti, in the Caribbean, ended and Louisiana. Napoléon’s dream in 1802. – Americans depended on the river, which could be disrupted if a foreign power shut down access to New Orleans.

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Main Idea 2: The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States.

• Jefferson sent ambassador to France to try to buy New Orleans. • The French offered to sell all of Louisiana. – Napoléon had wanted to set up a North American empire, but a revolt in Haiti ruined those plans. • Price was $15 million. • Louisiana Purchase approved by Senate on October 20, 1803. • Nearly doubled size of United States.

Main Idea 3: Contact with Native Americans Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike increased Americans’ understanding Lewis used interpreters to talk to leaders of each of the peoples of the West. they met. Lewis and Clark Expedition Told them United States now owned land on which Native • Expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase. Americans lived. • Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Relied on goodwill of the peoples they met. • Included 50 skilled frontiersmen. - Given food by Shoshone, Nez Percé, and others. • Began near St. Louis on May 14, 1804. Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, served as a guide and • Reached the Pacific Ocean in November, 1805. interpreter.

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Pike’s Exploration The Coming of the War

• Zebulon Pike, an army officer, led another expedition to The Big Idea the West in 1806. Challenges at home and abroad led the United States to • Explored area near Louisiana Territory’s western border declare war on Great Britain. with New Spain Main Ideas • Headed into Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado • Violations of U.S. neutrality led Congress to enact a ban – Traveled into Spanish lands and was arrested on trade. – When finally released, still praised the opportunities for • Native Americans, Great Britain, and the United States doing business with the Spanish came into conflict in the West. • Pike’s report offered Americans their first description of • The War Hawks led a growing call for war with Great the Southwest. Britain.

Main Idea 1: The United States’ Response Violations of U.S. neutrality led Congress to enact a ban on trade. Embargo Act Non-Intercourse Act • Overseas trade was profitable but risky. • Embargo Act passed in • Congress replaced – Barbary pirates, along the coast of Africa, would capture ships. 1807, banning trade with unpopular Embargo Act with – Attacks continued until the United States sent the USS Constitution all foreign countries to Non-Intercourse Act in and other warships to stop the pirates. punish Britain and France 1809 • British and French tried to stop the United States from aiding the • Devastated American • Banned trade only with other while they were at war in 1803. merchants, who lost much Britain, France, and their • British stopped American merchant ships to search for British money without trade colonies sailors who had run away from British navy. • Damaged Jefferson and • U.S. trade would resume – British sailors were forced to return and sometimes U.S. citizens were taken by accident. strengthened Federalists with first side to stop violating American neutrality – British ship Leopard stopped U.S. Navy ship Chesapeake and took • Had little effect on Britain sailors by force. and France • Law was no more suc- – Attack on Chesapeake stunned Americans. cessful than Embargo Act

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Main Idea 2: The Native Americans, Great Britain, and the United States came • Tecumseh founded village near Tippecanoe and Wabash into conflict in the West. rivers in . Conflict Over Land – Tecumseh was a brilliant speaker and leader. – He wanted to unite the Native Americans to resist • British and Native Americans clashed with American settlers settlers. over land in the West. • British agents armed Native Americans along western frontier. • Governor warned Tecumseh not to resist power of the United States. Tecumseh Resists U.S. Settlers • Harrison led army in attack on village in 1811. • Tecumseh, a chief, emerged as leader. – Was worried that with British backing, Tecumseh could • Hoped to unite Native Americans of northwestern frontier, the be a serious threat to U.S. power in the West. South, and the eastern Mississippi Valley. • U.S. forces won Battle of Tippecanoe, and Tecumseh fled to .

Main Idea 3: War Declared The War Hawks led a growing call for war with Great Britain. • Republican was elected president in 1808. War Hawks – Felt growing pressure from War Hawks.

• Evidence of British support for Tecumseh inflamed Americans. – Decided Congress must vote on war in 1812. • Some young members of Congress from the South and West, • Congress voted, and the War Hawks won. called War Hawks, demanded war against Britain. – Congress had declared war for the first time in the • They were angered by British trade restrictions and wanted to nation’s history. invade Canada for more land to settle. • Madison was reelected in 1812. The Opposition – Would serve as commander in chief during War of • New England Federalists opposed war. 1812. • British trade restrictions hurt New England’s economy. • Others argued that the United States was not ready to fight.

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The War of 1812 Main Idea 1: American forces held their own against the The Big Idea British in the early battles of the war. Great Britain and the United States went to War at Sea Along Canadian Border battle in the War of 1812. • Britain had hundreds of • American leaders wanted ships, but most were to invade Canada. Main Ideas scattered around the • Attacks in 1812 failed globe. • American forces held their own against the British in the • won • Americans had less than early battles of the war. naval 20 ships, but had well- in 1813. trained sailors and new • U.S. forces stopped the British offensives in the East and • American control of Lake South. warships like the powerful USS Constitution. Erie established. • The effects of the war included prosperity and national • American ships victorious • British driven out of Northwest in 1813. pride. in one-on-one battles. • British blockaded seaports.

The

War erupted with Native Americans in the South, who were angry at settlers pushing into their lands.

Creeks attacked Fort Mims in , killing about 250 defenders.

Andrew Jackson, leading 2,000 volunteers, defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama in 1814.

The Treaty of Fort Jackson ended war in 1814 and forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of their land.

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Main Idea 2: U.S. forces stopped British offensives in the East and South. • British moved against New Orleans. – Hoped to capture city and control Mississippi River. British Attacks in East • commanded U.S. forces at New Orleans. • British attacked Washington, D.C., in 1814. – Troops included regular soldiers, free African • Set fire to White House, Capitol, and other buildings. Americans, , state militia, and pirates. • British shelled Fort McHenry at Baltimore, Maryland. • Battle began on January 8, 1815, with 5,300 British troops • Americans refused to surrender, and British retreated. against about 4,500 Americans. • British caught in open field; more than 2,000 casualties. • American victory at Battle of New Orleans made Jackson a hero and was last major conflict of the war.

Main Idea 3: The effects of the war included prosperity and national pride.

• Group of New England Federalists were going to Hartford Hartford Convention to oppose war, but the Convention war ended before the convention. • War’s end made party lose power.

• signed before negotiators Treaty of Ghent knew of New Orleans. • Each nation returned conquered territory gathered.

• Feelings of patriotism among Americans. Consequences • Power of many Native American groups broken. • Lack of goods during blockade boosted American manufacturing.

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American Foreign Policy Chapter 9 – A New National Identity

Section Notes Video The Big Idea American Foreign Policy The Impact of the United Nationalism and Sectionalism States on Its Neighbors The United States peacefully settled disputes with foreign American Culture powers. Maps Quick Facts U.S. Boundary Changes, Main Ideas Chapter 9 Visual Summary 1818-1819 U.S. Roads and Canals, 1850 • The United States and Great Britain settled their disputes The Missouri Compromise, 1820 over boundaries and control of waterways. Test Assessment Map • The United States gained Florida in an agreement with Images Spain. The Erie Canal American Arts • With the Monroe Doctrine, the United States strengthened American Arts (continued) its relationship with Latin America.

Main Idea 1: Main Idea 2: The United States and Great Britain settled The United States gained Florida in an their disputes over boundaries and agreement with Spain. control of waterways. • United States and British Canada both wanted naval and fishing • Conflict with Spain over American settlers near the U.S.– rights on the Great Lakes Florida border – Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) limited naval power on Great • Secretary of State John Quincy Adams talked with Spain’s Lakes for both Luis de Onís. • Disputes over fishing rights off Canada, fur trade in Oregon Country, and the U.S.–Canadian border • President James Monroe sent troops to secure the border. – Convention of 1818 allowed U.S. fishing off Canada and set the border between the United States and Canada at the 49th • There was conflict with the Seminoles over settlements parallel as far west as the Rocky Mountains. and runaway slaves. – United States and Britain agreed to share Pacific Northwest

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The First Seminole War Main Idea 3: and the Adams-Onís Treaty With the Monroe Doctrine, the United States Andrew Jackson’s troops captured Seminole raiders, beginning strengthened its relationship First Seminole War in 1818. with Latin America. • Latin American countries declared independence from U.S. troops captured Spanish military posts and overthrew Spain. Spanish governor of Florida. – Simon Bolívar led many of these revolutions. Spain and United States signed Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819; – The United States feared European countries would settled all border disputes. take control of newly free countries. • United States issued Monroe Doctrine. United States received East Florida, gave up claim to Texas, and agreed to pay U.S. citizens’ claims against Spain. – Warned European powers not to interfere in Americas.

– Put Latin America in U.S. sphere of influence.

The Monroe Doctrine: Four Basic Points Nationalism and Sectionalism

• The United States would not interfere in the affairs of The Big Idea European nations. A rising sense of national unity allowed some regional • The United States would recognize, and not interfere with, differences to be set aside and national countries that already existed in the Americas. interests to be served.

• The Western Hemisphere was off-limits to colonization by Main Ideas any foreign power. • Growing nationalism led to improvements in the nation’s • The United States would consider any attempt by a transportation systems. European power to colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere a hostile act. • The Missouri Compromise settled an important regional conflict. • The outcome of the election of 1824 led to controversy.

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Main Idea 1: Henry Clay Growing nationalism led to improvements in ’ the nation s transportation systems. • Served as a U.S. representative from Kentucky, a senator, the Speaker of the House, and secretary of state. • Nationalism: feelings of pride and loyalty to a nation • Supported nationalism. • Henry Clay proposed the American System: a series of • Developed the American System. measures to make America economically self-sufficient. – National bank to provide a single currency, and • Dedicated to preserving the Union. improved roads and canals funded by a protective tariff • Initiated the Missouri Compromise. – Some in Congress felt such improvements were not permitted by the Constitution. – Clay argued that possible gains for the country justified federal action. – Congress agreed with Clay.

Roads and Canals The Era of Good Feelings

Roads Era of Good Feelings: time of peace, prosperity, and progress from 1815–1825. • Cumberland Road was first federally built road

• Begun in Maryland in 1815, stretched to Illinois by 1850 National unity strengthened by two Supreme Court decisions that reinforced federal power. Canals

• Americans tried to make water transportation easier by McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) asserted implied powers of building canals. Congress, allowing for creation of national bank. • Erie Canal ran from Albany to Buffalo in New York, allowing goods and people to move between East Coast and towns on Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) said states could not interfere with Lake Erie power of Congress to regulate interstate trade. • Success of Erie Canal provided incentive for future canal building

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Main Idea 2: Main Idea 3: The Missouri Compromise settled an The outcome of the election of 1824 important regional conflict. led to controversy.

• Sectionalism, or disagreements between different regions, threatened • Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but did not have the Union. enough electoral votes. • Missouri applied to enter Union as slave state, which would change balance between free and slave states • The House of Representatives was required by the • Initial compromise rejected Constitution to choose the winner; they chose John • Henry Clay proposed Missouri Compromise in 1820 Quincy Adams. – Missouri entered as slave state • Jackson’s supporters claimed Adams had made a “corrupt – Maine would join Union as a free state, preserving balance between bargain” with Henry Clay. free and slave states • Accusations grew after Adams made Clay secretary of – Slavery would be prohibited in any new states or territories north of state. 36°30’. • Disagreements between the North and South over slavery continued. • Controversy weakened Adams’s support.

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Chapter 10 – The Age of Jackson

Section Notes Video Jacksonian Democracy Native American Jackson’s Administration Reservations Maps Quick Facts Second Seminole War Regions of the United States, Early 1800s Chapter 10 Visual Summary Images Andrew Jackson Primary Source: Jackson against the Bank Indian Removal

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Jackson’s Administration Main Idea 1: Regional differences grew during The Big Idea Jackson’s presidency. Andrew Jackson’s presidency was marked by political conflicts. North South West • Economy based • Economy based • Emerging Main Ideas on on agriculture economy manufacturing • Regional differences grew during Jackson’s presidency. • Opposition to • Support for • Support for tariffs increased internal • The rights of the states were debated amid arguments tariffs—American the cost of improvements about a national tariff. goods could be imported goods and the sale of sold at lower public lands • Jackson’s attack on the Bank sparked controversy. prices than • Jackson’s policies led to the Panic of 1837. British goods

Tariff of Abominations

• In 1827, northern manufacturers had demanded a tariff on imported wool goods. – Would provide protection against foreign competition. • Southerners opposed a tariff because it would hurt their economy. • Congress passed a high tariff on imports before Jackson became president. • The South called it the Tariff of Abominations.

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Main Idea 2: States’ Rights Debate The rights of the states were debated amid • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798-99 were early arguments about a national tariff. discussions on states’ rights. • Daniel Webster debated Robert Y. Hayne in Senate on • Jackson was forced to deal with growing conflicts over tariffs. nullification. • The question of an individual state’s right to disregard a law – Webster argued that the United States was one nation, not a passed by Congress was at the heart of a growing conflict over pact among independent states. tariffs. • Jackson urged Congress to pass lower tariff rate in 1832. • Vice President John C. Calhoun supported the South – Jackson opposed nullification, but was worried about the – Advanced states’ rights doctrine southern economy. – States’ power greater than federal power because states had formed national government • South Carolina enacted Nullification Act to void tariffs. – States could nullify, or reject, law judged unconstitutional • Congress then passed another lower-tariff compromise. • Calhoun’s theory was controversial. • States’ rights controversy continued until Civil War. – Produced the nullification crisis

Main Idea 3: Main Idea 4: Jackson’s attack on the Bank Jackson’s policies led to sparked controversy. the Panic of 1837.

• Jackson did not always support federal power. • Jackson took funds out of the Bank and put them in state – Opposed Second Bank of the United States. banks. – Believed it unconstitutional: only states should have banking • State banks used funds to give credit to land buyers. power. • Southern states opposed the Bank because they believed it only – Helped land expansion but caused inflation. helped the wealthy. • Jackson tried to slow inflation. • In McCulloch v. Maryland, Supreme Court ruled the national – Ordered Americans to use only gold and silver to buy bank was constitutional. land. – McCulloch was a cashier at the Bank’s branch in Maryland who – Still did not help the national economy. refused to pay the tax that was designed to limit the Bank’s operations. • Jackson’s banking and inflation policies opened the door • Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Bank’s charter in 1832. for economic troubles.

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Elections of 1836 and 1840 Indian Removal

• Jackson chose not to run again in 1836; Vice President The Big Idea Martin Van Buren was nominated. President Jackson supported a policy of Indian removal. • Van Buren defeated four candidates nominated by the new Whig Party. Main Ideas • A severe economic depression called the Panic of 1837 • The Indian Removal Act authorized the relocation of Native followed the election. Americans to the West. • People blamed Van Buren even though Jackson’s • Cherokee resistance to removal led to disagreement economic policies had contributed to the panic. between Jackson and the Supreme Court. • Van Buren was defeated in 1840 by Whig candidate • Other Native Americans resisted removal with force. William Henry Harrison.

Main Idea 1: Native American Removal The Indian Removal Act authorized the relocation of Native Americans to the West. • – First to be sent to Indian Territory. • Native Americans had long lived in settlements stretching from Georgia to Mississippi. – 7.5 million acres of their land taken by Mississippi. – Jackson and other political leaders wanted to open land to – One-fourth died on the way. settlement by American farmers. • Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. • Creek – The act authorized the removal of Native Americans living east of Mississippi to lands in the West. – Resisted but were captured and forced to march to • Congress then established the Indian Territory. Indian Territory. – Native Americans would be moved to land in present-day • Oklahoma. • Congress approved the creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs – Negotiated treaty for better supplies, but many died. to manage removal.

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Main Idea 2: Cherokee resistance to removal led to disagreement between Jackson and the Supreme Court. Cherokee Nation • Cherokees adopted white culture, had own government and a writing system developed by Sequoya. • Georgia took their land, and Cherokees sued the state. • Supreme Court ruled in the Cherokees’ favor in Worcester v. Georgia, but President Jackson sided with Georgia and took no action to enforce the ruling. This violated his presidential oath to uphold the laws of the land. • In 1838, U.S. troops forced Cherokees on 800-mile march to Indian Territory. One-fourth of 18,000 Cherokees died.

Main Idea 3: Other Native Americans resisted removal with force.

• Chief of the Fox and Sauk fought rather than leave Illinois. – He was eventually forced to leave, after running out of food and supplies. • Osceola led his followers in the Second Seminole War in Florida. – Hundreds of Seminoles, including Osceola were killed, Click window above to start playing. and some 4,000 Seminoles were removed – Small groups of Seminole resisted removal, and their descendants live in Florida today.

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Trails to the West Chapter 11 – Expanding West

Section Notes Video The Big Idea Trails to the West The California Gold Rush The American West The Texas Revolution attracted a variety of settlers. The Mexican-American War Maps The California Gold Rush Trails Leading West The Texas Revolution Main Ideas History Close-up Mexican-American War, • During the early 1800s, many Americans moved west of Ranch Life 1846-1847 Skills Map Page: Expansion the Rocky Mountains to settle and trade. Growth of the United States to Quick Facts 1853 • The Mormons traveled west in search of religious freedom. Test Assessment Map Westward Movement in the United States Images Chapter 11 Visual Summary Mormon Pioneers Manifest Destiny Battle of Buena Vista Staking a Claim

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Main Idea 1: Mountain Men During the early 1800s, many Americans moved west of the Rocky Mountains • Fur traders and trappers, who were some of the first to settle and trade. Americans to explore the West • Some of the first Americans in the West were mountain • John Jacob Astor created one of the largest fur men: fur traders and trappers. businesses, the American Fur Company. • Many settlers traveled west over the Oregon Trail. • Astor founded Astoria, one of the first settlements in • The Santa Fe Trail was another important path west. Oregon Country.

Oregon Trail Santa Fe Trail

• Settlers were lured by rich resources and the mild climate. • The route led from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico. • The trail was 2,000 miles, beginning in Iowa or Missouri and ending in Oregon or California. • Was originally a Native American trading route • Hard journey because of food shortages, bad weather, and • Traders used the route to trade American goods for mountains and rivers that were difficult to cross. Mexican goods; traders made high profits. • Difficult journey due to hot desert and rough mountains

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Main Idea 2: The Texas Revolution The Mormons traveled west in search of religious freedom. The Big Idea • Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of In 1836, Texas gained its independence from Mexico. Latter-day Saints in western New York in 1830. • Their book of religious teachings is called the Book of Main Ideas Mormon. • Many American settlers moved to Texas after Mexico • Church members were persecuted because of beliefs, achieved independence from Spain. including polygamy (one man married to several women). • Joseph Smith was murdered by a mob in 1844. • Texans revolted against Mexican rule and established an independent nation. • Brigham Young became the new head of the church and moved the group to Utah. – Thousands of Mormons took the Mormon Trail to Utah. – By 1860, there were about 40,000 Mormons in Utah.

Main Idea 1: Main Idea 2: Many American settlers moved to Texas after Texans revolted against Mexican rule and Mexico achieved independence from Spain. established an independent nation.

• Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Mexican priest, led an unsuccessful • War began October 1835 in a battle at Gonzales, Texas. revolt against Spain in 1810. • Mexico gained independence in 1821. • Texans declared independence on March 2, 1836. – The new Mexican government hired empresarios, or agents, to bring • The Republic of Texas was established. settlers to Texas. • Stephen F. Austin, an agent, started a colony on lower the Colorado • Sam Houston was named head of the Texas army. River in 1822. • Stephen F. Austin went to the United States to seek – Success attracted more American settlers, who received free land in exchange for obeying Mexican laws. money and troops. • Mexico was concerned about the number of Americans and banned further settlement. • General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the ruler of Mexico.

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Major Battles Independent Nation

Battle at the Alamo Battle of San Jacinto Sam Houston was the hero of the new independent nation of Texas. Houston was elected president; Stephen F. Austin • Texans’ actions angered • Santa Anna chased Texans became secretary of state. Santa Anna. under Sam Houston. • Texas force of fewer than • Texans took stand at San To increase the population, Texas offered land grants to new 200, led by Colonel Jim Jacinto River near settlers. Many from nearby southern states brought enslaved Travis, occupied Alamo Galveston Bay. Africans with them. mission near San Antonio. • Houston’s forces attacked • From February 23 to March on April 21, 1836, and Most Texans hoped that the United States would annex, or take 6, 1846, Texans held out destroyed Mexican army. control of, Texas and make it a state. against huge Mexican • Santa Anna captured at army. Battle of San Jacinto and President Jackson recognized Texas as an independent nation, • All defenders killed in forced to sign treaty giving but did not want to upset balance between slave and free states Mexican attack on March 6. Texas independence. by letting a slave state enter the Union.

The Mexican-American War Main Idea 1: Many Americans believed that the nation The Big Idea had a manifest destiny to claim new lands in the West. The ideals of manifest destiny and the outcome of the Mexican-American War led to U.S. expansion • Americans believed they could build a new, better society founded on democratic principles. to the Pacific Ocean. • The United States had a booming economy and population in the Main Ideas 1840s. – Needed more space for farms, ranches, businesses, and • Many Americans believed that the nation had a manifest families. destiny to claim new lands in the West. – Looked to the West. • As a result of the Mexican-American War, the United • Some believed it was America’s manifest destiny, or obvious States added territory in the Southwest. fate, to settle all land to the Pacific. • American settlement in the Mexican Cession produced – Question was whether slavery would be allowed in new territories. conflict and a blending of cultures.

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Acquiring New Territory California under Mexico

• Democrat James K. Polk elected in 1844; favored • Mexico had lost Texas but controlled other areas in the present- acquiring Texas and Oregon. day Southwest—New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California. • The mission system was important in California, carrying out huge • Oregon farming and ranching operations using Native American labor. – Polk avoided war with Britain over Oregon and • Missions were broken up in the 1830s by Mexico. negotiated treaty for land south of forty-ninth parallel. – Land grants given to wealthiest California settlers – Oregon organized as territory in 1848. – Created vast ranchos, or ranches – Worked by vaqueros, or cowboys • Texas • About 3,200 settlers, or Californios, were in California in the – Texas annexed in 1845, but this action angered Mexico. early 1820s. • Anglos, settlers from the United States, started to arrive in small numbers. They began calling for independence.

Mexican-American War Bear Flag Revolt

Conflict Breaks Out Only about 500 Americans were in California Settlers in 1846, in contrast to about 12,000 • The United States and Mexico were engaged in border disputes. Californios. • John Slidell went to Mexico to try to buy New Mexico and Americans seized Sonoma and declared California for $30 million. Mexican officials refused to speak to Revolt California to be an independent nation on him. June 14, starting the Bear Flag Revolt. • Polk ordered General and his army into the border region around the Rio Grande in 1846. Frémont, leader of a U.S. Army mapping John C. expedition, entered California to support its • U.S. troops clashed with Mexicans in April. Frémont independence. War Begins • Congress declared war on Mexico in April. U.S. naval and military forces invaded • Taylor’s forces won battles south of the Rio Grande in Mexico. U.S. Forces California in June 1846 and claimed California for the United States. • General Stephen Kearny seized control of New Mexico.

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War’s End Main Idea 2: As a result of the Mexican-American War, Buena Vista the United States added territory • General Taylor’s forces defeated the Mexican army under Santa in the Southwest. Anna at Buena Vista in February 1847. • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ended the war in 1848 • The Mexican army had fled overnight. – Mexican Cession included present-day California, Nevada, and • It was a fierce battle with heavy casualties on both sides. Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Veracruz Wyoming – Mexicans in the cession areas were “protected in the free • General ’s forces seized the port of Veracruz in March 1847. enjoyment of their liberty and property, and secured in the free exercise of their religion.” • Veracruz was the strongest fortress in Mexico. – Also included area claimed by Texas north of Rio Grande Mexico City – Increased size of United States by almost 25 percent • Scott’s troops took Mexico City in September 1847 after a brave defense by Mexican soldiers. • In the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, the United States paid $10 million for southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico.

Main Idea 3: The California Gold Rush American settlement in the Mexican Cession produced conflict and The Big Idea a blending of cultures. The California gold rush changed the future of the West. Surge of American Settlers Cultural Encounters • Americans flooded into the • Different cultures shaped one Main Ideas Southwest. another in the Southwest despite conflicts. • New settlers battled longtime • The discovery of gold brought settlers to California. residents to control land, • Names of places showed • The gold rush had a lasting impact on California’s water, and minerals. Hispanic and Native American heritage. population and economy. • Most Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and Native • Mexican and Native American Americans faced legal, knowledge and traditions also economic, and social shaped many local economies. discrimination from settlers.

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Main Idea 1: Gold in California The discovery of gold brought settlers to California. • Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill in January 1848. • About 80,000 gold-seekers came to California in 1849; • California controlled by Mexico before Mexican-American they were called forty-niners. War. • They would prospect, or search for gold, along banks of • Population was mostly Mexicans and Native Americans. streams or in surface mines. • Mexican officials gave Swiss immigrant John Sutter • Placer miners used pans to wash gold nuggets out of permission to found a colony there in 1839. loose rock and gravel. – Became a popular rest stop for immigrants. • California produced $60 million in gold in 1853. • Donner Party: group of early settlers traveling to California in 1846 that became lost in the Sierra Nevada during heavy snows and lost 42 of 87 members to starvation.

Life in the Mining Camps Westward Movement in the United States

• Mining camps sprang up wherever enough people gathered to Causes Effects look for gold. • Americans believe in idea • Native Americans are • Miners came from many cultures and backgrounds. of manifest destiny forced off lands – Most were young, unmarried men in search of adventure. • United States acquires vast • Americans travel west to new lands in West settle new areas – 80% were Americans; the rest came from around the world. • Pathfinders open trials to • United States stretches to – Only 5 percent of gold-rush immigrants were women or new territories Pacific children. • Gold is discovered in • California experiences – Women generally made good money by cooking meals, California population boom washing clothes, and operating boardinghouses. • Miners paid high prices for basic necessities because the huge amount of gold in circulation caused severe inflation in California.

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Immigrants to California Main Idea 2: The gold rush had a lasting impact on ’ • The lure of gold attracted miners from around the world. California s population and economy. • Many Chinese men came in hopes of making great wealth and then returning to China—about 24,000 from 1849 to Population Boom 1853. • Population explosion quickly made California eligible for • Many Americans did not welcome the Chinese, but the statehood. Chinese still worked in gold mines, opened their own • Became 31st state in 1850. businesses, and held other jobs. • Growth had negative effect on Californios and Native – In 1853, California placed a high monthly tax on foreign Americans in California. miners. Economic Growth – The legal system favored Americans over immigrants. • New businesses and industries transformed California. • In 1849 alone, about 20,000 immigrants arrived in California from China, Europe, Mexico, and South America. • Completion of transcontinental railroad in 1869 ended isolation from rest of country and aided economy.

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