10/16/13 The Articles of Confederation The Big Idea The Articles of Confederation provided a framework for a national government. UNIT 2 Main Ideas WESTWARD EXPANSION • The American people examined many ideas about government. NOTES AND LECTURE POINTS FOR • The Articles of Confederation laid the base for the first national government of the United States. THE ENTIRE UNIT 2 • The Confederation Congress established the Northwest Territory. Main Idea 2: Main Idea 3: The Articles of Confederation laid the base The Confederation Congress for the first national government established the Northwest Territory. of the United States. • The Articles of Confederation created a national government • Congress passed Land • Congress passed with limited powers. Ordinance of 1785 to Northwest Ordinance of raise money to pay debts. 1787. – Congress could settle conflicts among states, make coins, borrow money, ask states for money and soldiers, and make • Ordinance provided for • Established Northwest treaties with other nations. surveying and dividing Territory and a system for – States had the power to refuse requests. western lands. creating new states – There was not a president or a national court system. • Land was split into • Included what are now the • The Second Continental Congress passed the Articles of townships. states of Ohio, Indiana, Confederation on November 15, 1777, and sent them to each Michigan, Illinois, • Each township was divided Wisconsin, and Minnesota state for ratification. into lots for sale to the • The first national government of the United States was public. • Required the provision of established after the last state ratified the Articles in March 1781. public education and banned slavery 1 10/16/13 Challenges for the New Nation Main Idea 1: The United States tried to remain neutral The Big Idea regarding events in Europe. The United States faced significant foreign and domestic challenges under Washington. • The French Revolution against the French king broke out in 1789. Main Ideas • France and Great Britain later went to war. • The United States tried to remain neutral regarding events • Some Americans, including Thomas Jefferson, supported in Europe. the French. • The United States and Native Americans came into conflict • President Washington and others wanted to remain in the Northwest Territory. neutral. He believed this was the safest plan for the U.S. • The Whiskey Rebellion tested Washington’s in the long run. administration. • The United States issued the Neutrality Proclamation, • In his Farewell Address, Washington advised the nation. in 1793, saying it would not take sides. Other Challenges to U.S. Neutrality Main Idea 2: The United States and Native Americans Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty came into conflict in the Northwest Territory. • The British were seizing • The Spanish disputed the U.S. American ships in the French and Florida border. • Americans settled in the Northwest Territory despite West Indies. • Spain closed the New Orleans Native Americans’ protests. • Washington wanted to prevent port to U.S. trade in 1784. another war; so did the • Native Americans went to war. • This hurt the American British. economy. • Early Native American victories came under Chief Little • Jay’s Treaty was signed in • Pinckney’s Treaty was Turtle. 1794. signed in 1795. • It settled disputes that had • General Anthony Wayne’s troops won the Battle of • The southern U.S. border was arisen between the two Fallen Timbers in 1794. set at 31° N latitude. countries in the 1790s. • The port of New Orleans • The Treaty of Greenville ended the war in 1795 and • The treaty was unpopular in reopened. gave Americans most Indian lands in the Northwest the United States. Territory. 2 10/16/13 Main Idea 3: Jefferson Becomes President The Whiskey Rebellion tested ’ Washington s administration. The Big Idea Thomas Jefferson’s election began a new Reaction to Whiskey Tax era in American government. • People in areas like western Pennsylvania were angry at the tax on American-made whiskey passed by Congress in 1791. Main Ideas • Whiskey was a cash crop to western Pennsylvania farmers. • The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in • Farmers were angry that cases about the law were tried in power from one political party to another. district courts, often far away from the people affected. • President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government Whiskey Rebellion Is Crushed were reflected in his policies. • Fighting broke out in 1794. • Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial • Washington led an army against the rebels, but the Whiskey branch of government. Rebellion ended without a battle. Jefferson Becomes President Chapter 8 – The Jefferson Era Section Notes Video The Big Idea Jefferson Becomes President Expanding Frontiers The Louisiana Purchase Thomas Jefferson’s election began a new The Coming of War era in American government. The War of 1812 Maps Main Ideas Quick Facts The Louisiana Purchase and The Election of 1800 Western Expeditions • The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in Analyzing the War of 1812 The War of 1812 power from one political party to another. Chapter 8 Visual Summary • President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government Images were reflected in his policies. The USS Constitution First Lady Saves • Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial ’ Washington s Portrait branch of government. 3 10/16/13 Main Idea 1: Parties and Beliefs The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in power from Adams and the Federalists Jefferson and the one political party to another. Democratic-Republicans • Rule by the wealthy class • Rule by the people • Federalists John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney ran • Strong federal government against Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and • Strong state governments Aaron Burr. • Emphasis on manufacturing • Emphasis on agriculture • Loose interpretation of the • Jefferson and Burr tied, with 73 electoral votes each. Constitution • Strict interpretation of the Constitution • The House broke the tie by selecting Jefferson to be • British alliance president; Burr became vice president. • French alliance • The tie led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, which provided for a separate ballot for president and vice president in the next election. Main Idea 2: Main Idea 3: President Jefferson’s beliefs about Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the federal government were the judicial branch of government. reflected in his policies. • Democratic-Republican–controlled Congress helped put his • William Marbury appointed justice of peace by republican ideas into practice. President Adams just before he left office. Background • Marbury’s commission was not delivered; – Allowed the hated Alien and Sedition Acts to expire. Jefferson took office. – Lowered military spending. • Marbury sued Jefferson administration to get his – Got rid of domestic taxes. commission. • Believed main functions of federal government were • The law Marbury based his claim on was – Protecting the nation from foreign threats. unconstitutional—Judiciary Act of 1789. – Delivering mail. Supreme Court • Ruled that the Supreme Court did not hear – Collecting customs duties. Ruling cases like this one, according to the Constitution; thus, the law that Marbury used • Kept some Federalist ideas, like Bank of the United States. was unconstitutional. 4 10/16/13 Importance of Judicial Review The Louisiana Purchase • Chief Justice John Marshall wrote Court’s opinion in The Big Idea Marbury v. Madison. Under President Jefferson’s leadership, the United States • Ruling established judicial review—Court’s power to added the Louisiana Territory. declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. Main Ideas • Made judicial branch equal to other two branches of government. • As American settlers moved West, control of the Mississippi River became more important to the United States. • The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States. • Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike increased Americans’ understanding of the West. Main Idea 1: Louisiana As American settlers moved West, control of the Mississippi River became more important Spanish Control to the United States. • Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana—land • Thousands of Americans had settled between the stretching from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains. Appalachians and the Mississippi by 1800s. • Spain gave land to France in treaty. • Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio were admitted as states. French Control • Settlers depended on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to move products east. • French leader Napoléon wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America. • Jefferson worried about foreign control of New Orleans • Rebellion in French colony of Haiti, in the Caribbean, ended and Louisiana. Napoléon’s dream in 1802. – Americans depended on the river, which could be disrupted if a foreign power shut down access to New Orleans. 5 10/16/13 Main Idea 2: The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States. • Jefferson sent ambassador to France to try to buy New Orleans. • The French offered to sell all of Louisiana. – Napoléon had wanted to set up a North American empire, but a revolt in Haiti ruined those plans. • Price was $15 million. • Louisiana Purchase approved by Senate on October 20, 1803. • Nearly doubled size of United States. Main Idea 3: Contact with Native Americans Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike increased Americans’