Fabrication & Analysis of Jute, Hemp & Banana Fiber Hybrid Composites

ISSN 2319-8885 Vol.04,Issue.57, December-2015,

Pages:12315-12324

www.ijsetr.com

Fabrication & Analysis of Jute, Hemp & Banana Fiber Hybrid Composites 1 2 K. RUTHU RANI , SK. BAZANI 1PG Scholar, Eswar College of Engineering, Narasaraopet, Guntur, AP, India. 2Assistant Professor, Eswar College of Engineering, Narasaraopet, Guntur, AP, India.

Abstract: An attempt has been made in the present work to explore and the possible use of variety of cultivated/wild grown fiber in the development of jute, hemp and banana fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites. The fiber is extracted from manual method and retting, and the test specimens are prepared as per ―ASTM‖ standards. Four different contents are incorporated in the specimen, with each fiber content two identical specimens are prepared. Jute, hemp and banana fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites are prepared by incorporating up to (0.5grms, 1grms, 1.5grms, 2grms) by mass. It is observed clearly (2grms) only mass of fiber compare with (1.5grms) of hybrid composites. Increase in the weight percentage of fibers changes the tensile strength, bending strength, impact strength.

Keywords: ASTM, Fiber, Anatomical Structure, Leaves, Roots, Fruits, Seeds.

I. INTRODUCTION A. Classification of Composites: The word ―composite‖ means two or more distinct parts The commonly accepted classification of composites is: physically bounded together‖. Thus, a material having phases 1. fibrous composites, or two more distinct constituent materials may be considered 2. laminated composites, a composite material. Fiber-reinforced composite materials 3. Particulate composites. consist of fiber with high strength and modulus embedded in or bonded to a matrix with distinct interfaces (boundary) 1. The fibrous composite:The fibrous composites are formed between them. In this form, both fiber and matrix retain their by embedding and binding together of fibbers by a continuous physical and chemical identities, yet they produce a matrix. According to the definition fibre is a material in an combination of properties but they cannot be achieved with elongated form such that it has a minimum length to a either of the constituents acting alone. In general, fiber are the maximum average transverse dimension of 10:1, a maximum principal load-carrying members, while the surrounding cross-sectional area of 5.2 x 10 –4 cm 2 and a maximum matrix keeps them in the desired orientation and location, acts transverse dimension of 0.0254 cm. A fiber is inherently as a load transfer medium between them, and protects them much stiffer and stronger than the same material in bulk form, from environmental damages due to elevated temperatures because of its perfect structure. Commercially available fibres and humidity etc. The properties that can be improved by are of glass, boron, Kevlar and graphite. The matrix is meant forming a composite material include strength, stiffness, for bonding the fibrous so that they act in concert. The corrosion resistance, wear resistance, attractiveness, weight, purpose of the matrix is manifold, namely to support, to fatigue life, temperature-dependent behavior, thermal protect and to transfer stress among the fibers. The matrix is insulation, thermal conductivity, acoustical insulation and usually of much lower strength, stiffness and density and is electrical insulation. Naturally, neither all of the properties are tougher than the fibres. It would not withstand itself high improved at the same time nor is there usually any stresses. Resins are widely used as matrix materials. The requirement to do so. Composite materials have a long history composite, resulting from the combination of fibers and of usage. Their beginnings are unknown, but all recorded matrix, possesses higher specific stiffness and specific history contains references to some form of composite strength, and is lighter than conventional engineering material. For example, straw was used by the Israelites to materials. strengthen mud bricks. Plywood was used by the ancient Egyptians when they realized that wood could be rearranged 2. Laminated Composites: Bonding layers of different to achievesuperior strength and resistance to thermal materials or same materials makes laminated composites. In expansion as well as to swelling owing to the presence of this class of composites, discontinuous matrix or mechanical moisture. More recently, fiber reinforced resin composites fasteners are used at times to keep the layers together. that have high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to- weight Depending upon the ways of fabrication, behavior, or ratios have become important in weight-sensitive applications constituent materials of laminates, laminated composites are such as aircraft and space vehicles. commonly called as bimetal, clad-metals, laminated or safety

K. RUTHU RANI, SK. BAZANI glass, plastic based laminates, laminated fibrous or hybrid percent, by volume, of a composite material. In addition to composites and sandwiches. maintaining the shape of the composite structure, aligning the reinforcements, and acting as a stress transfer medium, the 3. Particulate composites: Suspending particles of one or matrix protects the fibers from abrasion and corrosion. More more materials in a matrix of another material produces importantly, the limitation of a composite may well be a particulate composites. The particles and matrix can be either function of matrix properties. The two basic classes of resins metallic or non-metallic. The commonly used particulate are thermo sets and thermoplastics. The difference between composites are concrete, solid rocket propellants, carbides the two arises from their unique behavior when heated. etc. Thermo sets undergo an irreversible chemical change when they are cured. They chemically cross-link and develop a B. Natural Fibres network structure that sets them in shape. If they are heated The science of fiber crops studies the importance, after they have been cured, they do not melt. They will retain distribution, origin, botany, ecological conditions, agronomy, their shape until they begin to thermally decompose at high harvest method, quality determination, and processing of temperatures. On the other hand, thermoplastics reversibly different species of fibers. Secondary only food producing melt when heated and solidify when cooled. Once they have plants, fiber-producing plants play a significant role in early been initially melted to form the composite, heating above a and modern civilization. Fiber is an anatomical structure lower forming temperature can reshape them. Thus, obtained from stems, leaves, roots, fruits, and seeds. It is thermoplastic composites have the unique ability to be derived from meristematic tissue of primary or secondary repaired once they have been placed into service. origin depending on the species. Vegetable fibers consist of cellulose, lignocelluloses, pectin, and hemicelluloses Thermosetting resins are the most common types of matrix depending on the vegetable species. Worldwide, despite the system for composite materials. They have become popular availability of modern synthetic fibers, vegetable fibers for a number of reasons, including low melt viscosity, good remain in great demand and compete with wool, silk, and fiber impregnation, and fairly low processing temperatures. synthetics for quality resistance, durability, color, and luster. They are also lower in cost compared to thermoplastic resins. Due to the intense competition between natural and industrial Another class of thermosetting polymers, addition-polyamide fibers, a need exists for analysis of the growth and resins, is primarily used in high-temperature application. productivity of those fiber crops most important worldwide. Their development has given polymer composites new Farmers and researchers in the field of fiber crops face opportunities for applications requiring moderately high varying problems in their thrust to increase fibber service temperatures. A fiber reinforced resin system is a productivity, not the least of which are restrictions due to composite material consisting of a network of reinforcing uncontrollable edaphically and agro climatic factors and fibers embedded in a matrix of thermosetting or thermoplastic economic constraints at grassroots levels. The place of cotton resin. Other materials such as fillers and pigments may also as a fiber crop has already been well documented; therefore, be present, although they are not an essential part of the this work concentrates mainly on vegetable fibbers that are composite. In general, the resin used consists of a syrupy long, called long vegetable fibers. Probably linen was the first liquid which, when combined with a suitable catalyst or prepared fiber of prehistoric times, because it has been found hardener, can be cross-linked into a hard infusible solid. By in the remains of many primitive people. It is so ancient that impregnating the fibrous material, frequently in the form of a in Egypt, where flax had been used since about 6000B.C, it cloth or mat, with the catalyzed resin and allowing the resin to was considered to be the first thing created by gods for the cure, the composite material or laminate is formed. This people of land. The species of flax plant utilized by the process is carried out in a mould, which may be open or Egyptians so long ago appears to identical with the flax plant closed. The resultant product is fully cured moldings which cultivated today. may me open or closed. This is an exact replica in reverse of the original mould surface. C. Hybrid composites Hybrid composites are those composites which have a 1. Polyester Resins combination of two or more reinforcemen ‘fibers. The most Polyester resins can be divided into two classes (i) the so common hybrid composites are carbon-aramid reinforced called saturated polyester resins such as polyethylene epoxy (which combines strength and impact resistance) and terepthalate or Terylene, a thermoplastic material used for glass-carbon reinforced epoxy (witch gives a strong material injection molding and fiber production and (ii) the at a reasonable price). Hybrid composites are usually used unsaturated polyester resin which can be cross-linked, by the when a combination of properties of different types of fibers addition of a suitable catalyst, into thermo set polymers. The wants to be achieved, or when longitudinal as well as lateral basic material used to make polyester resin is a dibasic mechanical performances are required. organic acid anhydride and a dihydric alcohol (glycol). To obtain a polymer chain, which can be cross-linked into a D. Matrices thermosetting resin, a proportion of the dibasic acid must Polymers used as matrix materials are commonly referred contain an unsaturated group or double bond. This to as resins. The matrix resin generally accounts for 30 to 40 unsaturation must be non-aromatic otherwise cross-linking

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.04, IssueNo.57, December-2015, Pages: 12315-12324 Fabrication & Analysis of Jute, Hemp & Banana Fiber Hybrid Composites will not take place. For example, styrene (vinyl benzene) will automotive industry can be classified into three groups: body react through the pendent vinyl group in the presence three components, chassis components, and engine components. lines of the two anhydrides, the cross linking reactivity of the The hood, door panels etc. are some of the exterior body polyester can be varied from high to low. A high reactivity components, which are made up of composite materials. The polyester resin contains the high proportion of unsaturation. radiator supports, bumper reinforcement beams, and The polymer formed in this way is a solid or semi solid doorframes are some of the interior components made up of thermoplastic material, which could be converted into a composite materials. Over the last few years, fiber-reinforced thermo set by the addition of a catalyst; however, it is too polymeric composites have experienced a substantial usage in brittle for commercial use. By varying the glycol and dibasic the sporting goods industry. The sport goods like, Tennis acids used, a whole family of a polyester resin can be made. rockets, Racket ball rackets, Gold club shafts, Fishing rods, Bicycle frames, Snow and water skis, Ski poles, pole vault E. Catalysts and Accelerators poles, Hockey sticks, Sail boats and kayaks, Oars, paddles, Most unsaturated polyester resins consist of a solution of Canoe hulls, Surfboards, Arrows, Archery bows, Javelins, polyester in styrene monomer. The styrene serves two Helmets etc. are made of fiber-reinforced polymeric purposes: firstly, it acts as a solvent for the resin and secondly composites. Reinforced composites have been found very it enables the resin to be cured from a liquid to a solid by good in Chemical industry because of their corrosive- cross-linking with the polyester chain, without the evolution resistance, low maintenance cost, chemical-resistance and of any byproducts. This curing or cross-linking is achieved at cheaper than conventional non-corrosive metals like stainless room temperature by adding a catalyst (or initiators) plus an steel. Composite materials occupied considerable area in the accelerator (or promoter) and at elevated temperature just by building industry for making parts like corrugated sheets, adding a catalyst and heating. The catalysts used are windows, swimming pool, cladding the columns and exterior invariably organic peroxides. Since these are chemically walls, etc. High performance fiber composites will go a long unstable as a class of compounds, of which some can way in the equipment industry. Fiber reinforced plastics have decompose explosively in the pure form, they are mostly proved effective in bulkheads, blower housings, base pans supplied as solutions, dispersions or pastes in plasticizer or as and enclosure of air cooler, computer, duplicating machines, a powder mixed with an inert filler to stabilize them. Often etc. The primary components of water turbine and windmills diluted peroxides are described as ‗phlegmatic‘ with are now a day made of composites. plasticizer such as dimethyl phthalate. This indicates that they have been made safer to handle or stabilized with a II. LITERATURE REVIEW plasticizer. Since organic peroxides are hazardous materials to A. HEMP handle, due note should be taken of the safety 1. Introduction: Hemp(from Old English hcenep, see recommendation issued by various manufacturers. Most cannabis (etymology)) is the common name for plants of the organic peroxide area used at between 1 and 4% based on the entire genus Cannabis, although the term is often used to refer resin weight e.g. Diacyl peroxides, Ketone peroxides, Hydro only to Cannabis strains cultivated for industrial (non-drug) peroxides Dialkyl and Diaralkyl peroxide, Peroxy esters and use. Industrial hemp has been tried for many uses, including perketals. The most commonly used accelerators are either paper, textiles, biodegradable plastics, construction, health those based on cobalt soap or those based on a tertiary amine. food, and fuel, with modest commercial success. In the past Other types of accelerators may be used for specific three years, commercial success of hemp food products has applications and include quaternary ammonium compounds, grown considerably. Hemp is one of the fastest growing vanadium, tin and zirconium salts. Cure can also be biomasses known, producing up to 25 tons of dry matter per accelerated by exposure to UV light. For certain applications hectare per year, and one of the earliest domesticated plants mixed cobalt/tertiary amine accelerators are used to give very known. For a crop, hemp is relatively environmentally short gel times. Accelerators are usually used at between 0.5 friendly as it requires few pesticides and no herbicides. and 4% based on the resin weight e.g. Metal accelerators, Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa var. sativa is the variety Tertiary amine accelerators and mixed metal salt-amine grown for industrial use in Europe, Canada, and elsewhere, accelerators. while C. sativa subsp. indica generally has poor fiber quality and is primarily used for production of recreational and F. Industrial Applications of Composite Materials medicinal drugs. The major difference between the two types It is impossible to list all the commercial and industrial of plants is the appearance and the amount of t9- applications of fiber-reinforced composites. The major tetrahydroeannabinol (THC) secreted in a resinous mixture by structural application areas are aircraft, space, automotive, epidermal hairs called glandular trichomes, although they can sporting goods, and marine engineering. The major structural also be distinguished by genetic means. Strains of Cannabis applications for fiber-reinforced composites are in the field of approved for industrial hemp production produce only minute military and commercial aircraft. Ever since the production amounts of this psychoactive drug, not enough for any application of boron fiber-reinforced epoxy skins for F-14 physical or psychological effects. Typically, hemp contains horizontal stabilizers in 1969, the use of fiber-reinforced below 0.3% THC, while Cannabis grown for marijuana can polymers has experienced a steady growth in the aircraft contain anywhere from 6 or 7 % to 20% or even more industry. Applications of fiber-reinforced composites in the [citation needed]. Industrial hemp is produced in many

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.04, IssueNo.57, December-2015, Pages: 12315-12324

K. RUTHU RANI, SK. BAZANI countries around the world. Major producers include Canada, 4. Impact properties of natural fiber reinforced hybrid France, and China. While more hemp is exported to the composite at various mass of fibers in the specimen. United States than to any other country, the United States Government does not consistently distinguish between IV. IDENTIFICATION, COLLECTION AND marijuana and the non-psychoactive Cannabis used for EXTRACTION OF FIBRE industrial and commercial purposes. A. Jute Jute is the natural fiber comes from the stem and outer skin 2 Properties of hemp fiber rein forced composites: The of the jute plant. Jute is a rain-fed crop that doesn't need much effect of fibre treatments and matrix modification on in the way of fertilizer or pesticides. The finest jute comes mechanical properties of flax fibre bundle/polypropylene from the Bengal Delta Plain, mostly in Bangladesh and India. composites was investigated. Treatments using chemicals It takes between four and six months for the plants reach a such as maleic anhydride, vinyltrimethoxy silane, maleic height of around 12 feet (3.5m). It is a long, soft, shiny anhydride-polypropylene copolymer and also fibre vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads.. alkalization were carried out in order to modify the interfacial The stalks of the plant are harvested, bundled and soaked in bonding between fibre bundles and polymeric matrix. water for about 20 days to soften the tissues and permit the Composites were produced by employing two compounding fibers to be separated. The fibers are then stripped from the ways: internal mixing and extrusion. Mechanical behaviour of stalks, washed, dried and baled. Jute has a very soft feel both flax fibre bundle and hybrid glass/flax fibre bundle similar to cotton. composites was studied. Fracture surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Results suggest that matrix B. Hemp modification led to better mechanical performance than fibre Hemp belongs to the Mulberry family (Moracea) and surface modification. A relevant fact is that silanes or MA cultivated hemp varieties belong to the Cannabis sativa grafted onto PP matrix lead to mechanical properties of species. These hemp varieties can be very different in height composites even better than those for MAPP modification, and leafage. Hemp is one of the fibres which are usually and close to those for glass fibre/PP. A new biodegrade named after their country of origin – thus Italian, Turkish, composite of hemp fiber reinforced polylatic acid (PLA) was Chinese, Indian hemp varieties are available. It is an annual fabricated using hot press method. Mechanical properties of plant, grows in season from the middle of April to the middle composites with different fiber volume fractions were tested. of September. The bast layer (phloem) of the stalk contains The optimum fiber content was determined according to the more important component of textile fibres. Once the stalks test results effect alkali treatment on the fiber surface are retted, dried, and baled, they are brought to a central morphology and mechanical properties have been studied. location for processing. With mechanical separation, in a The effect of fiber length and fiber weight ratio on tensile process called breaking, stalks are passed between fluted properties of sun hemp is oiled polymer fiber reinforced rollers to crush and break the woody core into short pieces polyester composites have been studied. The hemp fiber (called hurds), separating some of it from the bast fiber. The reinforced 1-pentene / polypropylene co polymer: the effect remaining hurds and fiber are separated in a process called of fiber loading on the mechanical and thermal characteristics scutching. Fiber bundles are gripped between rubber belts or of the composites have been studied. Improvement of the chains and carried past revolving drums with projecting bars mechanical properties of biodegradable. Hemp fiber that beat the fiber bundles, separating the hurds and broken or reinforced poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites by the man short fibers (called tow) from the remaining long fiber (called made cellulose fibers have been studied. Fabrication and line fiber). Fiber and hurds also can be separated with one mechanical properties of completely biodegradable hemp machine called a decorticator. fiber reinforced lactic acid composites.

V. FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE SPECIMEN III. ASPECTS OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH The standard test method for bending properties of fiber- WORK resin composites, ASTM-D790M-86 is used to prepare The proposed research work is intended to exploit the specimens as per the dimensions. The test specimen has a advantages of using natural fibers as reinforcement material constant cross section with tabs bonded at the ends.The mould in composites. The work provides basic understanding of the is prepared on smooth ceramic tile with rubber shoe sole to behavior and response of new natural fibres and lightweight the required dimension. Initially the ceramic tile is cleaned materials. Under the proposed research work the following with shellac (NC thinner) a spirituous product to ensure clean aspects of natural fibres and composites have been studied. surface on the tile. Then mould is prepared keeping the rubber 1. Preparation of natural fiber reinforced hybrid composite sole on the tile. The gap between the rubber and the tile is specimens as per ASTM standards. filled with mansion hygienic wax. A thin coating of PVA 2. Tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced hybrid (polyvinyl alcohol) is applied on the contact surface of composite at various mass of fibers in the specimen. specimen, using a brush. The resulting mould is cured for 24 3. Flexural properties of natural fiber reinforced hybrid hours. Hand layup method is adopted to fill the prepared composite at various mass of fibers in the specimen. mould with general-purpose polyester resin. ECMALON

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.04, IssueNo.57, December-2015, Pages: 12315-12324 Fabrication & Analysis of Jute, Hemp & Banana Fiber Hybrid Composites 4411 is an unsaturated polyester resin of ortho-phthalic acid 2. Method of Testing grade with clear colourless or pale yellow colour. Its viscosity Standard test method, ASTM D638M-89, for tensile is 500-600 CPS (Brookfield Viscometer) and specific gravity properties of plastics has been used to test the unidirectional is 1.13 grams/c.c. at 250 C. Acid Number (mg KOH/g) is 22 composite specimens. The composite materials used in the and monomer content is 35%. Cobalt accelerator and MEKP current study comprise of natural fiber and unsaturated catalyst are added for curing the resin at room conditions. The polyester resin. The specimen is prepared by hand lay up quantity of each of these materials, added is 1.5% of the process in the form of a rectangular strip of 160x12.5x3 mm volume of resin. The gel time is found to be about 20 min. thick and ground to conform to the dimensions. The gauge The accelerator is mixed thoroughly with the resin and the length, thickness and width are measured with 0.001 mm least catalyst is added later to avoid explosion. A thin coating of count digital micrometer. The electronic tensometer is fitted the resin is applied to the mould surface and known weight of with load and extension indicators, which has a least count of the fiber is placed along the longitudinal direction of the 0.01 kg and 0.01 mm, respectively. The tensometer is fitted specimen so that the fibres are oriented 00 along the axial with a fixed self aligned quick grip chuck and other movable direction of the specimen. Then the rest of the mould is filled self aligned quick grip chuck to accommodate 12.5 mm wide with the resin making sure that there are no air gaps in the and 4mm thick specimen. The specimen was held in fixed mould. Then, a thin Polyethylene paper of 0.2mm thick is grip and the movable grip is manually moved until the placed on the rubber mould. A flat mild steel plate is placed specimen is held firmly without slackness. on the mould and a pressure of 0.05MN/mˉ² is applied and left for 24 hours to cure. Later the specimen is removed and filed to obtain the final dimensions. The specimen is cleaned with NC thinner and wiped off to remove dirt particles. The ends of both flat sides of the specimen are roughened enough using a sandpaper, so as to bond the end tabs. Two such identical specimens are prepared for each fibre content in the specimen. Four different fibre contents (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 grams) are incorporated in the specimen. Two plain polyester are also prepared in order to compare the results of natural fibre reinforced composites. The percentage volume of fibre present in the specimen is determined for each set.

VI. TESTING OF COMPOSITES A. Tensile Testing of Composites 1. Equipment for Testing: A 2 ton capacity - Electronic tensometer, METM 2000 ER-I model , supplied by M/S Mikrotech, Pune, is used to find the tensile strength of composites. Its capacity can be changed by load cells of 20Kg, 200Kg & 2000 Kg. A load cell of 2000 Kg. is used for testing composites. Self-aligned quick grip chuck is used to hold composite specimens. A digital micrometer is used to Fig2.Specimens Subjected to Tensile Testing (Before measure the thickness and width of composites. testing).

The power supply is switched on to measure the load and extension of the specimen. The movable chuck is further moved such that the load indicator just starts giving indication of loading on the specimen. At that instant the extension meter is adjusted to read zero, when the load on the specimen is zero. The speed reduction pulleys are chosen such that a cross head speed of 5mm/min. is applied on movable grip. The electric motor fitted to tensometer is started. Starting from zero, at every 0.1 mm extension the load indicated are noted until the specimen breaks. At the end of the test, the final load and elongation is also noted from the electronic indicator display. Other such observations regarding to failure are noted. The tests are conducted at 240 c and 50 % relative humidity in the laboratory atmosphere. Two identical specimens are tested for each fiber content in the specimen. The rate of loading is selected such that the testing time of Fig1. Tensometer. each specimen varied between 2 to 5 minutes.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.04, IssueNo.57, December-2015, Pages: 12315-12324

K. RUTHU RANI, SK. BAZANI standard test method, ASTM D790M-86, for bending properties of plastics and standard method of testing rigid sheet are referred in preparing and testing the specimens. The composite materials used in the current study comprise of natural fibre and unsaturated polyester resin. The standard specimen size required is adopted for the present study. The specimen is prepared by hand layup process in the form of a rectangular strip of 100x25x3mm thick and ground to conform to the dimensions. The specimen prepared is cleaned with PVA solution. The gauge length, thickness and width are measured with0.01mm least count micrometer. The electronic tensometer is fitted with load and extension indicators, which has a least count of 0.01 kg and 0.01 mm, respectively. The tensometer is fitted with a fixed self-aligned quick grip chuck and other movable self aligned quick grip chuck to accommodate 25mm wide and 3mm thick specimen. The specimen was held in fixed grip and the movable grip is manually moved until the specimen is held firmly without

Fig3. Specimens Subjected to Tensile Testing (After slackness. The power supply is switched on to measure the testing). load and deflection of the specimen. The movable chuck is further moved such that the load indicator just starts giving B. Flexural Testing of Composites indication of loading on the specimen. At that instant, the 1. Equipment for Testing: deflection meter is adjusted to read zero, when the load on the A 2 ton capacity - Electronic tensometer, METM 2000 ER-I specimen is zero. The speed reduction pulleys are chosen model (Plate II-18), supplied by M/S Microtech, Pune, is used such that a crosshead speed of 2mm/min. is applied on to find the flexural strength of composites. Its capacity can be movable grip. Then the electric motor fitted to tensometer is changed by load cells of 20Kg, 200Kg & 2000 Kg. A load started. Starting from zero, at every 0.2 mm extension the cell of 2000 Kg. is used for testing composites. Self-aligned load indicated is noted until the specimen breaks. At the end quick grip chuck is used to hold composite specimens. A of the test, the final load and deflection are also noted from digital micrometer is used to measure the thickness and width the electronic indicator display. For each specimen the type of of composites. failure and any other such observations pertaining to failure are noted. The tests are conducted at 280 c and 50 % relative humidity in the laboratory atmosphere. Two identical specimens are tested for each fibre content in the specimen. The rate of loading is selected such that the testing time of each specimen varied between 2 to 5 minutes.

Fig4. Flexural testing.

2. Method of Testing: Standard test method, ASTM D790M- 86 for bending properties of fibre reinforced composite has been used to test the unidirectional composite specimens. The Fig5. Specimens Subjected to Flexural Testing (Before testing).

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.04, IssueNo.57, December-2015, Pages: 12315-12324 Fabrication & Analysis of Jute, Hemp & Banana Fiber Hybrid Composites The depth of the specimen under the notch is 10.16+0.05mm or 10.16-0.05mm. The impact testing equipment compiles with ASTM standards. Depending on the volume fraction of the specimen, one of the four hammers has to be selected to break the sample. The hammer is fixed to the pendulum in such a way that it will make initial contact with the specimen on a line 22mm above the top surface of the clamping vice. The sample is fixed to the vice as a vertical cantilever beam in such a way that the notch faces the striking edge of the hammer and aligned with the surface of the vice. The pendulum hammer is released from its locking position which is at an angle of 1500 with respect to the axis of specimen with a striking velocity of 2.46m/sec.The sample is stripped and energy is indicated in joules by the pointer on the respective scale. The impact energy is calculated as per the ASTM standards.

Fig6. Specimens Subjected to Flexural Testing (After testing).

C. IMPACT TESTING OF COMPOSITES 1. Equipment for Testing: An analog Izod/ charpy impact tester supplied by M/S International Equipments, Mumbai (photo), was used to test the impact properties of fiber Reinforced composite specimen. The Equipment has four working ranges of impact strength and are 0-2.71 J.0-5.42 J,0-10.84 J and 0-21.68 J, with a minimum resolution on each scale of 0.02 J, 0.05 J, 0.1 J and 0.2 J respectively .Four scales and corresponding hammers (R1,R2,R3,R4) are provided for all the above working ranges.

Fig8. Specimen Subjected to Impact Testing (Before testing).

Fig7. Impact Testing Machine.

2. Method of Testing: Standard test method, ASTM D256-97, for impact properties of fiber reinforced composites has been used to test the unidirectional composite specimens. The specimens are prepared to dimension of 63.5*12.7*10mm width. A V-notch is provided with a sharp file having an included angle of 450 Fig9. Specimen Subjected to Impact Testing (After at the centre of the specimen, and at 900 to the sample axis. testing).

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.04, IssueNo.57, December-2015, Pages: 12315-12324

K. RUTHU RANI, SK. BAZANI VII. RESULTS Table1. Tensile strength for Jute, hemp and banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt %

Table2. Flexural strength for Jute, hemp and banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt %.

Graph2. Tensile Load (Peak/Break) vs Weight % of Jute, hemp and banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt %.

Table3. Impact energy of Jute, hemp and banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt %.

Graph3. Elongation at peak/break load vs Weight % of A. Graphs Jute, hemp and banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt %.

Graph1. Tensile Load vs Deflection curves of Jute, hemp Graph4. Tensile strength vs Weight % of Jute, hemp and and banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt % banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt %.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.04, IssueNo.57, December-2015, Pages: 12315-12324 Fabrication & Analysis of Jute, Hemp & Banana Fiber Hybrid Composites

Graph8. Flexural strength at peak load vs Weight % of Graph5. Flexural Load vs Deflection curves of Jute, hemp Jute, hemp and banana fibre hybrid composites at various and banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt %. Wt %.

Graph6. Flexural Load (Peak/Break) vs Weight % of Jute, hemp and banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt%.

Graph9. Impact strength vs weight percentage for Jute, hemp and banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt %

VIII. CONCLUSION 1. In tensile testing of fiber composites, the tensile strength and weight percentage calumns observed that there is increases the weight percentages of jute, hemp and banana fiber percentage contain (0% to 15%) there is increase the tensile strength. Compare to 20% of jute, hemp and banana fiber the strength of 15% is 1.13 times more. 2. The curve drawn between Tensile load Vs deflections, the peak/break load of 15% jute, hemp and banana fibre composites is more than the other w% (5%, 10%, 20%) about 1.58, 1.51, 1.13 times respectively. 3. The elongation at tensile load is of weight percentage 15% is more compare to other wt percentages(5%, 10%, Graph 7: Elongation at peak and break load vs Weight % 20%) about 1.08, 1.42, 1.17 times respectively. It is 1.12 of Jute, hemp and banana fibre hybrid composites at times more than the pure polyester composite specimen. various Wt %.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.04, IssueNo.57, December-2015, Pages: 12315-12324

K. RUTHU RANI, SK. BAZANI 4. In flexural testing, the bending strength of the composites continuous fiber reinforcement‖ published in journal of of wt % 15% and 20% are nearly same (15% is 1.003 thermo plastic composites materials VOL 25-NO 8/2006 PP times more than 20%) and it is 1.35, 1.17 times more for 863-873. 5%, 10%. The bending strength of 15% composite is [6] A.V.RATHNA PRASAD, K.MOHAN RAO AND almost 1.50 times more compared to pure polyester G.NAGA SRINIVASULU ―Mechanical properties of banana matrix composite. empty fruit bunch fiber reinforced polyester composites‖ 5. In Flexural Load vs Deflection curves of Jute, hemp and published in journal of thermo plastic composites materials banana fibre hybrid composites at various Wt % it is VOL 34-NO 16 SEP-2008 PP 162-167. clearly observed that peak load of any specimen is more [7] MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEMP FIBERS AND than the break load and it almost double. The peak load HEMP/PP COMPOSITES: EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL of 15% specimen is more than the other w%. SURFACE TREATMENT N.P.G. Suardana1,2, Yingjun 6. Elongation is more in flexural break load than the peak Piao2 , Jae Kyoo Lim2 * 1 Bali Indonesia Mechanical load. It is more for pure polyester material than the other Engineering Department. w% of composite. [8] SABU THOMAS, MARIES IDICELA‖Mechanical properties of short banana/sisal hybrid reinforced polyester XI. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK composites‖ published in journal of thermo plastic composites For the total understanding of the behavior of the Jute, materials April-24/2009. Hemp and Banana fiber reinforced hybrid composites; further [9] RUIHUA HU. AND JAE — KYOOLIM. ―Fabrication study in many aspects is needed. The present work can be and mechanical properties of completely Biodegradable hemp extended in the following directions. fiber reinforced polylatic acid composites‖ ―published in 1. Other surface treatment for the fiber for better interface journal of thermo plastic composites materials VOL 41 NO bonding. 13/2007 Pp 1665-1669. 2. The expected life of Jute, Hemp and Banana fiber reinforced hybrid composites in view of biodegradability. Author’s Profile: 3. Effect of moisture and other environments on the K Ruthu Rani is a student pursuing biodegradability of the Jute, Hemp and Banana fiber M.Tech (CAD/CAM) in Eswar College of reinforced hybrid composites. Engineering, Narasaraopet, and Guntur, 4. Easier and cheaper method of extraction and process of India. Jute, Hemp and Banana fibers. Email id: [email protected]. 5. Fabrication techniques for mass production. 6. study of thermal and acoustic properties of Jute, Hemp and Banana fiber reinforced hybrid composites

X. REFERENCES [1] ―S. Mishraa, A. K. Mohanty , b, L. T. Drzalb, M. Misrab, S. SK Bazani M.Tech (CAD/CAM) is having Parijac, S. K. Nayakc and S. S. Tripathyc‖ Studies on 3+ years of experience in the field of mechanical performance of biofibre reinforced polyester teaching in various Engineering Colleges hybrid composites : Composites Science and Technology and PG colleges. At present he is working Volume 63, Issue 10, August 2003, Pages 1377-1385. as Asst. Prof. in Eswar College of [2]R.V.SILVA AND OLIVEIRA ―Moisture effect on Engineering, Narasaraopet, Guntur, He degradiation on jute/glass hybrid composites published in attend 2 international conferences and, He journal of thermo plastic composites materials VOL 26-NO also guided many B.Tech projects. He 2/2007 PP 219-233. attended GMRIT workshop and three weeks MSME [3] PATEL V. A. (1) ; BHUVA B. D. (1) ; PARSANIA P. H. workshops ESWR and FDP programme conducted by (1)‖‖ Performance Evaluation of Treated-Untreated Jute- JNTUK. His interested areas are Engineering Materials, Carbon and Glass-Carbon Hybrid Composites of Bisphenol-C Production Planning & Control, Unconventional Machining based Mixed Epoxy-Phenolic Resins‖ Journal of reinforced Process, Manufacturing Technology, etc. plastics and composites ISSN 0731-6844 CODEN JRPCDW Email id:[email protected]. 2009, vol. 28, no20, pp. 2549-2556 [8 page(s) (article)] (30 ref.) [4]M.D.H.Beg,K.L.Pickering&Mubarak.A.Khan

―Mechanical properties of jute/glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites: effect of surface modification by UV radiation‖ published in journal of thermo plastic composites materials VOL 25-NO 8/2006 PP 575-5 88. [5] A.A SHAIKH, S.A.CHANNIWALA ―Experimental and analytical investigation of jute polyester composites for long

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.04, IssueNo.57, December-2015, Pages: 12315-12324