Retting Process of Some Bast Plant Fibres and Its Effect on Fibre Quality: a Review
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Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout
English by Alain Stout For the Textile Industry Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Compiled and created by: Alain Stout in 2015 Official E-Book: 10-3-3016 Website: www.TakodaBrand.com Social Media: @TakodaBrand Location: Rotterdam, Holland Sources: www.wikipedia.com www.sensiseeds.nl Translated by: Microsoft Translator via http://www.bing.com/translator Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Table of Contents For Word .............................................................................................................................. 5 Textile in General ................................................................................................................. 7 Manufacture ....................................................................................................................... 8 History ................................................................................................................................ 9 Raw materials .................................................................................................................... 9 Techniques ......................................................................................................................... 9 Applications ...................................................................................................................... 10 Textile trade in Netherlands and Belgium .................................................................... 11 Textile industry ................................................................................................................... -
Identification of Callose Synthases in Stinging Nettle and Analysis Of
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Communication Identification of Callose Synthases in Stinging Nettle and Analysis of Their Expression in Different Tissues Gea Guerriero 1,* , Emilie Piasecki 1, Roberto Berni 2 , Xuan Xu 1, Sylvain Legay 1 and Jean-Francois Hausman 1 1 Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, rue Bommel, Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg; [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (X.X.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (J.-F.H.) 2 Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +352-275-888-5096; Fax: +352-275-8885 Received: 14 May 2020; Accepted: 27 May 2020; Published: 28 May 2020 Abstract: Callose is an important biopolymer of β-1,3-linked glucose units involved in different phases of plant development, reproduction and response to external stimuli. It is synthesized by glycosyltransferases (GTs) known as callose synthases (CalS) belonging to family 48 in the Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) database. These GTs are anchored to the plasma membrane via transmembrane domains. Several genes encoding CalS have been characterized in higher plants with 12 reported in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. Recently, the de novo transcriptome of a fibre-producing clone of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) was published and here it is mined for CalS genes with the aim of identifying members differentially expressed in the core and cortical tissues of the stem. -
Dimensional Characteristics Ofjute and Jute-Rayon Blended Fabrics
:r'"' . ! Indian Journal of Textile Research Vol. 14. December 1989, Pp, 164-168 Dimensional characteristics of jute and jute-rayon blended fabrics crosslinked with DMDHEU r-N'C~~m &tA KtMukherjee Applied Chemistry Division, Indian Jute Industries' Research Association,Calcutta 700 OXS;~" ~ , Received 24 July 1989; accepted 4 September 1989 Jute and jute-rayon blended fabrics were crosslinked with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU) using metal salt catalysts [MgClz, ZnClz and Zn(NOJ}21, acid catalysts (HCl and CH3COOH) and mixed catalysts (MgCl/HCl and MgCl/CHJCOOH) by the usual pad-dry-cure method and their dimensional characteristics assessed. The crosslinking treatment reduced the % area shrinkage, i.e. improved the dimensional stability of jute and jute-rayon blended fabrics signifi- cantly. The improved dimensional behaviour of treated fabrics has been attributed to the reduction in the elastic property of amorphous regions of cellulose structure. Crosslinking makes such regions behave like orderly oriented regions. t t ~ ; '.j Keywords: Crosslinking, Dif!1_ensional characteristics, Jute, Jute-rayon blended fabric, Dimethyloldi- hydroxyethylene ure'a" ' . I Introduction properties of jute fabrics modified by crosslinking The dimensional stability, i.e. resistance to with few resins in presence of catalyst, it was con- shrinkage or extension on washing, has always sidered worthwhile to study the dimensional behav- been considered important for textile fabrics. It iour of jute and jute-rayon blended fabrics after cross- has become much critical in recent years with the linking them with DMDHEU in presence of different increasing demand for dimensionally stable fa- types of catalyst. Hence, the present study. -
Tensile Properties of Bamboo, Jute and Kenaf Mat-Reinforced Composite
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 56 ( 2014 ) 72 – 79 11th Eco-Energy and Materials Science and Engineering (11th EMSES) Tensile Properties of Bamboo, Jute and Kenaf Mat-Reinforced Composite Toshihiko HOJOa,Zhilan XUb, Yuqiu YANGb*, Hiroyuki HAMADAa aKyoto Institute of Technology,Matsugasaki,Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068585,Japan b Donghua University,Songjiang District,Shanghai, 201620,China Abstract Natural fibers, characterized by sustainability, have gained a considerable attention in recent years, due to their advantages of environmental acceptability and commercial viability. In this paper, several kinds of composites with natural fiber mat as reinforcement and unsaturated polyester(UP) as matrix, including jute/UP, kenaf/UP and bamboo/UP, were fabricated by hand lay-up and compression molding methods. Their tensile properties were tested and discussed, as well as the low cycle fatigue(LCF) behavior of three composites, which was compared with glass/UP. After the test, the fracture cross sectional observations were carried out on the selected test specimens using a scanning electron microscope(SEM),with a focus on the fracture morphologies. © 2014 Elsevier The Authors. Ltd. This Published is an open by access Elsevier article Ltd. under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble). Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT).Peer-review under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT) Keywords: tensile property ; natural fiber mat; composites 1. Introduction Over the past few decades, there has been a growing interest in the use of natural fibers [1]. -
Fabric-Evoked Prickle of Fabrics Made from Single Fibres Using Axial Fibre-Compression-Bending Analyzer
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 41, December 2016, pp. 385-393 Fabric-evoked prickle of fabrics made from single fibres using axial fibre-compression-bending analyzer Rabie Ahmed Mohammed Asad1, 2, Weidong Yu1, 3, a, Yong-hong Zheng4 & Yong He4 1Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201 620, P R China 2Department of Textile Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Textiles, University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, P O Box 20, Sudan 3TextileMaterials and Technology Laboratory, Donghua University, Shanghai 201 620, P R China 4Chongqing Fibre Inspection Bureau, Beibu New District, Chongqing, China Received 12 June 2014; revised received and accepted 18 December 2014 Fabrics made from cotton, cashmere, flax, hemp, ramie, jute, and wool fibres, have been used to investigate and analyze the prickle comfort properties of fabrics worn as garments. Physical properties include single-fibre critical load, compression and bending modules, which greatly affect the fabric physiological comfort. The fibres are tested using a ‘fibre axial compression-bending analyzer’. The behavior mechanisms of single-needle fibre are also analyzed, evaluated, and explained using fibres critical load, fineness, and protruding length. Physical and neuro-physiological basis for prickle sensation force from single-needle fibre depends on its bending modulus and axial compressive behavior. This experimental work shows that the bending modulus of ramie, jute, and wool fibre is significantly high as compared to other fibres. Thus, high prickle values of ramie, jute and wool fibres make them more uncomfortable due to the cross-section parameters and bending modulus of the single fibre needle. It is observed that the prickle feeling comes from the axial-compressive behavior and the number of effective fibre needles protruding from worn fabric surface. -
A Comparative Study of the Effect of Field Retting Time on the Properties
fibers Article A Comparative Study of the Effect of Field Retting Time on the Properties of Hemp Fibres Harvested at Different Growth Stages Brahim Mazian 1,2,*, Anne Bergeret 1,*, Jean-Charles Benezet 1 and Luc Malhautier 2 1 Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès, IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France; [email protected] 2 Laboratoire du Génie de l’Environnement Industriel, IMT Mines Alès, Université de Montpellier, 6 avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France; [email protected] * Corresponding: [email protected] (B.M.); [email protected] (A.B.) Received: 25 October 2019; Accepted: 5 December 2019; Published: 7 December 2019 Abstract: In this study, the comparison of field retting of hemp fibres harvested at different growth stages (beginning and end of flowering, seed maturity) was studied. Regardless of the harvest period, identical evolution of the fibres’ properties was observed during retting. The main difference is the kinetics of this transformation, which depend on weather conditions and the initial state of the fibres after harvesting. Retting leads to a change in colour of the stems and fibres, an increase of the cellulose fraction and a gradual improvement of the fibres’ thermal stability, in relation with a decrease in the non-cellulosic materials. This process induces fibre bundle separation into elementary fibres. A long period (5 weeks) is required for getting the highest mechanical properties of fibres harvested at the beginning and the end of flowering. However, the retting of fibres harvested at seed maturity has to be performed in a short period (1 week) in order to avoid over-retting treatment. -
Growing Hemp for Fiber Or Grain
Growing Hemp for Fiber or Grain Presented by: Dr. Craig Schluttenhofer Research Assistant Professor of Natural Products Agriculture Research Development Program Fiber and Grain Hemp ▪ Can fit into existing grain/forage crop production models ▪ The major limitation is finding a processor that will purchase these crops Hemp: A Bast Fiber Planting a Fiber Crop ▪ Use a fiber or dual-purpose (fiber and grain) variety directly seeded into the field ▪ Plant mid-May to late-May ▪ Planted ¼ to ½ deep with a grain drill ▪ High plant density (30-35 live seed/ft2), ~60 lbs./A ▪ Use 7-8” between rows for quick canopy closure and weed suppression Growing Hemp for Fiber ▪ Plant should reach 10-15+ ft - the taller the better - long slender stems ▪ Best estimates for fertility - N: 50-100 lbs./acre - P: 45-60 lbs./acre - K: 35-100 lbs./acre Fiber Crop Maturity ▪ When male plants are at starting to flower ▪ Usually this will be mid-August for Ohio ▪ Cut with a sickle-bar or disc mower ▪ Leave to ret Retting ▪ Retting is a controlled rotting process that loosens the fibers from the hurd ▪ Cut green stalks are left in the field 2-6 weeks to “ret” ▪ Relies on fungi and bacteria to degrade pectin binding fibers to the hurd ▪ Turns brown to gray color, some charcoal covered spots “Bowstring” Test ▪ Natural separation of the fiber from the hurd during the retting process ▪ Indication the stalks are properly retted ▪ Further retting leads to decline in fiber quality and quantity Baling ▪ 1-ton round or square bales ▪ Moisture content – 16% or below to avoid molding, <10% may result in brittleness and impact fiber quality ▪ Avoid contaminating weeds in bales ▪ Avoid getting any plastic or debris in bales ▪ Do not bale up stones as they will cause damage to farm and factory equipment. -
Raffia Palm Fibre, Composite, Ortho Unsaturated Polyester, Alkali Treatment
American Journal of Polymer Science 2014, 4(4): 117-121 DOI: 10.5923/j.ajps.20140404.03 The Effect of Alkali Treatment on the Tensile Behaviour and Hardness of Raffia Palm Fibre Reinforced Composites D. C. Anike1,*, T. U. Onuegbu1, I. M. Ogbu2, I. O. Alaekwe1 1Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo Ebonyi State, Nigeria Abstract The effects of alkali treatment and fibre loads on the properties of raffia palm fibre polyester composite were studied. Some clean raffia palm fibres were treated with 10% NaOH, and ground. The ground treated and untreated fibres were incorporated into the ortho unsaturated polyester resin. The treated and the untreated fibre composites samples were subjected to tensile tests according to ASTM D638 using instron model 3369. The microhardness test was done by forcing a diamond cone indenter into the surface of the hard specimen, to create an indentation. The significant findings of the results showed that alkali treatment improved the microhardness and extension at break at all fibre loads, better than the untreated fibre composites, with the highest values at 20% (14.40 and 3.47mm for microhardness and extension at break respectively). Tensile strength, tensile strain and modulus of elasticity also improved for alkali treated fibre composites, except in 5% and 20% for tensile strength, 15% for tensile strain, and 15% and 20% for modulus of elasticity, compared to the corresponding fibre loads of untreated fibre composites. Keywords Raffia palm fibre, Composite, Ortho unsaturated polyester, Alkali treatment The main drawbacks of such composites are their water 1. -
A Comprehensive Review on Bast Fibre Retting Process for Optimal Performance in Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites
Hindawi Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2020, Article ID 6074063, 27 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6074063 Review Article A Comprehensive Review on Bast Fibre Retting Process for Optimal Performance in Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites C. H. Lee ,1 A. Khalina ,1 S. H. Lee,1 and Ming Liu2 1Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Material Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Rue Bommel Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg Correspondence should be addressed to C. H. Lee; [email protected] and A. Khalina; [email protected] Received 10 December 2019; Accepted 9 May 2020; Published 13 July 2020 Academic Editor: Charles C. Sorrell Copyright © 2020 C. H. Lee et al. (is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Natural fibres are a gift from nature that we still underutilise. (ey can be classified into several groups, and bast natural fibre reinforcement in polymer composites has the most promising performance, among others. However, numerous factors have reported influences on mechanical properties of the fibre-reinforced composite, including natural fibre retting processes. In this review, bast fibre retting process and the effect of enzymatic retting on the fibre and fibre-reinforced polymer composites have been discussed and reviewed for the latest research studies. All retting methods except chemical and mechanical retting processes are involving secretion of enzymes by bacteria or fungi under controlled (enzymatic retting) or random conditions (water and dew retting). -
Jute and Kenaf Chapter 7
7 Jute and Kenaf Roger M. Rowell and Harry P. Stout CONTENTS 7.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................406 7.2 Formation of Fiber .......................................................................................................407 7.3 Separation of Blast Fiber from Core ............................................................................408 7.4 Fiber Structure................................................................................................................ 409 7.5 Chemical Composition..................................................................................................................411 7.6 Acetyl Content ................................................................................................................412 7.7 Changes in Chemical and Fiber Properties during the Growing Season ................. 414 7.8 Fine Structure ...............................................................................................................419 7.9 Physical Properties ..........................................................................................................420 7.10 Grading and Classification............................................................................................421 7.11 Fiber and Yarn Quality..................................................................................................................... 423 7.12 Chemical Modification for Property Improvement.......................................................424 -
Biocomposites
BIOCOMPOSITES Composite stand up for humanitarian causes, composites are environmentally responsible and the automation is the key for reducing the cost of manufacturing composite parts , are some of the words said before the winners of the Worldwide Competition of JEC Paris Innovation 2010 Award had heard and we totally agree. 3 / 25 CONTENTS OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 BIO-COMPOSITES ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 1. FIBERS ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 a) Jute ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 b) Hemp................................................................................................................................................... 10 c) Kenaf ................................................................................................................................................... 11 d) Sisal ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 e) Coir ..................................................................................................................................................... -
Global Journal of Engineering Science and Researches Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Biocomposites:Critical Review P
[NCIME: October 2016] ISSN 2348 – 8034 Impact Factor- 4.022 GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES KENAF FIBER REINFORCED BIOCOMPOSITES:CRITICAL REVIEW P. Ramesh*1, Dr.K.L. Narayana2, Dr. B. Durga Prasad3 and Dr. A. Mahamani4 *1Research scholar, JNT University, Ananthapuramu 2Professor in Mechanical Dept., SVCET, Chittoor 3Professor in Mechanical Dept., JNTUA, Ananthapuramu 4Professor in Mechanical Dept., SVCET, Chittoor ABSTRACT The development of biodegradable polymers has been subjected to great interest in materials science for both ecological and biomedical perspectives. Among the many types of natural assets, Kenaf fiber have been widely used over the past few existence which is a mostly attractive alternative due to its rapid growth at different climatic conditions and its ensuing low cost, kenaf fiber has gained some attention in replacing the glass fiber composite and making it purely a eco friendly. Therefore, in this paper, it is presented as overview of the developments that are made in the area of kenaf reinforced composites in terms of their market, processing methods, fiber content, environmental effects, chemical treatments, mechanical properties. Several critical issues and suggestions which are helpful for further research are discussed, for the better future of this bio-based material through a value addition and for the enhancement of its uses. Keywords- Kenaf fiber; chemical treatment-methods; polymer matrix composites; fiber content; thermo-mechanical properties. I. INTRODUCTION Jeffrey Sachs [1] aimed to work for eradication of excessive poverty; to ensure environmental sustainability. The improved utilization of plastics throughout the world has resulted in enhanced plastic waste. Shekeil YAE et al. [2] identified that the recent developments in recyclable polymers plays vital role as today there is an uncertainty in petroleum usage in the world.