ISSN 2319-8885 Vol.04,Issue.57, December-2015, Pages:12315-12324 www.ijsetr.com Fabrication & Analysis of Jute, Hemp & Banana Fiber Hybrid Composites 1 2 K. RUTHU RANI , SK. BAZANI 1PG Scholar, Eswar College of Engineering, Narasaraopet, Guntur, AP, India. 2Assistant Professor, Eswar College of Engineering, Narasaraopet, Guntur, AP, India. Abstract: An attempt has been made in the present work to explore and the possible use of variety of cultivated/wild grown fiber in the development of jute, hemp and banana fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites. The fiber is extracted from manual method and retting, and the test specimens are prepared as per ―ASTM‖ standards. Four different contents are incorporated in the specimen, with each fiber content two identical specimens are prepared. Jute, hemp and banana fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites are prepared by incorporating up to (0.5grms, 1grms, 1.5grms, 2grms) by mass. It is observed clearly (2grms) only mass of fiber compare with (1.5grms) of hybrid composites. Increase in the weight percentage of fibers changes the tensile strength, bending strength, impact strength. Keywords: ASTM, Fiber, Anatomical Structure, Leaves, Roots, Fruits, Seeds. I. INTRODUCTION A. Classification of Composites: The word ―composite‖ means two or more distinct parts The commonly accepted classification of composites is: physically bounded together‖. Thus, a material having phases 1. fibrous composites, or two more distinct constituent materials may be considered 2. laminated composites, a composite material. Fiber-reinforced composite materials 3. Particulate composites. consist of fiber with high strength and modulus embedded in or bonded to a matrix with distinct interfaces (boundary) 1. The fibrous composite:The fibrous composites are formed between them. In this form, both fiber and matrix retain their by embedding and binding together of fibbers by a continuous physical and chemical identities, yet they produce a matrix. According to the definition fibre is a material in an combination of properties but they cannot be achieved with elongated form such that it has a minimum length to a either of the constituents acting alone. In general, fiber are the maximum average transverse dimension of 10:1, a maximum principal load-carrying members, while the surrounding cross-sectional area of 5.2 x 10 –4 cm 2 and a maximum matrix keeps them in the desired orientation and location, acts transverse dimension of 0.0254 cm. A fiber is inherently as a load transfer medium between them, and protects them much stiffer and stronger than the same material in bulk form, from environmental damages due to elevated temperatures because of its perfect structure. Commercially available fibres and humidity etc. The properties that can be improved by are of glass, boron, Kevlar and graphite. The matrix is meant forming a composite material include strength, stiffness, for bonding the fibrous so that they act in concert. The corrosion resistance, wear resistance, attractiveness, weight, purpose of the matrix is manifold, namely to support, to fatigue life, temperature-dependent behavior, thermal protect and to transfer stress among the fibers. The matrix is insulation, thermal conductivity, acoustical insulation and usually of much lower strength, stiffness and density and is electrical insulation. Naturally, neither all of the properties are tougher than the fibres. It would not withstand itself high improved at the same time nor is there usually any stresses. Resins are widely used as matrix materials. The requirement to do so. Composite materials have a long history composite, resulting from the combination of fibers and of usage. Their beginnings are unknown, but all recorded matrix, possesses higher specific stiffness and specific history contains references to some form of composite strength, and is lighter than conventional engineering material. For example, straw was used by the Israelites to materials. strengthen mud bricks. Plywood was used by the ancient Egyptians when they realized that wood could be rearranged 2. Laminated Composites: Bonding layers of different to achievesuperior strength and resistance to thermal materials or same materials makes laminated composites. In expansion as well as to swelling owing to the presence of this class of composites, discontinuous matrix or mechanical moisture. More recently, fiber reinforced resin composites fasteners are used at times to keep the layers together. that have high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to- weight Depending upon the ways of fabrication, behavior, or ratios have become important in weight-sensitive applications constituent materials of laminates, laminated composites are such as aircraft and space vehicles. commonly called as bimetal, clad-metals, laminated or safety Copyright @ 2015 IJSETR. All rights reserved. K. RUTHU RANI, SK. BAZANI glass, plastic based laminates, laminated fibrous or hybrid percent, by volume, of a composite material. In addition to composites and sandwiches. maintaining the shape of the composite structure, aligning the reinforcements, and acting as a stress transfer medium, the 3. Particulate composites: Suspending particles of one or matrix protects the fibers from abrasion and corrosion. More more materials in a matrix of another material produces importantly, the limitation of a composite may well be a particulate composites. The particles and matrix can be either function of matrix properties. The two basic classes of resins metallic or non-metallic. The commonly used particulate are thermo sets and thermoplastics. The difference between composites are concrete, solid rocket propellants, carbides the two arises from their unique behavior when heated. etc. Thermo sets undergo an irreversible chemical change when they are cured. They chemically cross-link and develop a B. Natural Fibres network structure that sets them in shape. If they are heated The science of fiber crops studies the importance, after they have been cured, they do not melt. They will retain distribution, origin, botany, ecological conditions, agronomy, their shape until they begin to thermally decompose at high harvest method, quality determination, and processing of temperatures. On the other hand, thermoplastics reversibly different species of fibers. Secondary only food producing melt when heated and solidify when cooled. Once they have plants, fiber-producing plants play a significant role in early been initially melted to form the composite, heating above a and modern civilization. Fiber is an anatomical structure lower forming temperature can reshape them. Thus, obtained from stems, leaves, roots, fruits, and seeds. It is thermoplastic composites have the unique ability to be derived from meristematic tissue of primary or secondary repaired once they have been placed into service. origin depending on the species. Vegetable fibers consist of cellulose, lignocelluloses, pectin, and hemicelluloses Thermosetting resins are the most common types of matrix depending on the vegetable species. Worldwide, despite the system for composite materials. They have become popular availability of modern synthetic fibers, vegetable fibers for a number of reasons, including low melt viscosity, good remain in great demand and compete with wool, silk, and fiber impregnation, and fairly low processing temperatures. synthetics for quality resistance, durability, color, and luster. They are also lower in cost compared to thermoplastic resins. Due to the intense competition between natural and industrial Another class of thermosetting polymers, addition-polyamide fibers, a need exists for analysis of the growth and resins, is primarily used in high-temperature application. productivity of those fiber crops most important worldwide. Their development has given polymer composites new Farmers and researchers in the field of fiber crops face opportunities for applications requiring moderately high varying problems in their thrust to increase fibber service temperatures. A fiber reinforced resin system is a productivity, not the least of which are restrictions due to composite material consisting of a network of reinforcing uncontrollable edaphically and agro climatic factors and fibers embedded in a matrix of thermosetting or thermoplastic economic constraints at grassroots levels. The place of cotton resin. Other materials such as fillers and pigments may also as a fiber crop has already been well documented; therefore, be present, although they are not an essential part of the this work concentrates mainly on vegetable fibbers that are composite. In general, the resin used consists of a syrupy long, called long vegetable fibers. Probably linen was the first liquid which, when combined with a suitable catalyst or prepared fiber of prehistoric times, because it has been found hardener, can be cross-linked into a hard infusible solid. By in the remains of many primitive people. It is so ancient that impregnating the fibrous material, frequently in the form of a in Egypt, where flax had been used since about 6000B.C, it cloth or mat, with the catalyzed resin and allowing the resin to was considered to be the first thing created by gods for the cure, the composite material or laminate is formed. This people of land. The species of flax plant utilized by the process is carried out in a mould, which may be open or Egyptians so long ago appears to identical with the flax plant closed. The resultant product is fully cured moldings which cultivated today. may me