Konstituierung Eines Industriellen Arbeitsmarktes in Oberschlesien

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Konstituierung Eines Industriellen Arbeitsmarktes in Oberschlesien Konstituierung eines industriellen Arbeitsmarktes in Oberschlesien Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln 2009 vorgelegt von Dipl.-Volksw., Dipl.-Kfm. Michael Jan Kendzia aus Konstanz Referent: Prof. Dr. Toni Pierenkemper Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Ralph Anderegg Tag der Promotion: 5. Februar 2010 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ..................................................................................I Abbildungsverzeichnis ....................................................................... III Tabellenverzeichnis ............................................................................ IV Abkürzungsverzeichnis ....................................................................... V 1 Einleitung ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Zielsetzung und Vorgehensweise der Arbeit ............................................................. 3 1.2 Gegenstand der Untersuchung ................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Arbeit und Arbeitsmarkt .................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Untersuchungszeitraum und räumliche Abgrenzung .................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Bestimmung der Standortfaktoren ................................................................................................. 17 1.3 Zum Stand der Forschung und zur Quellenlage ....................................................... 20 2 Der theoretische Rahmen der Rekonstruktion .............................. 26 2.1 Theorie der Verfügungsrechte .................................................................................. 28 2.2 Prinzipal-Agent-Theorie ........................................................................................... 31 2.3 Zur Erklärung des Wandels von Verfügungsrechten ............................................... 33 3 Veränderung der Arbeitsverhältnisse in der oberschlesischen Agrarwirtschaft ............................................................................. 37 3.1 Neuausrichtung der preußischen Wirtschaftspolitik ................................................ 37 3.2 Anfänge des Agrarkapitalismus ............................................................................... 44 3.3 Die Agrarverfassung Oberschlesiens vor 1807 ........................................................ 51 3.3.1 Unerblich-lassitisches Besitzrecht und die Untertänigkeit der Landbevölkerung ......................... 52 3.3.2 Die Vorrechte der Grundherren ..................................................................................................... 60 3.4 Die preussischen Agrarreformen und ihre Folgen ................................................... 63 3.4.1 Auflösung des Abhängigkeitsverhältnisses ................................................................................... 65 3.4.2 Widerstand der Gutsherren und die Etablierung der Landarbeiter ................................................ 69 4 Rahmenbedingungen für die Formierung eines industriellen Arbeitsmarktes .............................................................................. 75 4.1 Wandel der Arbeitsverhältnisse vom Agrar- zum Montansektor ............................. 76 4.1.1 Arbeitsverhältnisse im vorindustriellen Gewerbe ......................................................................... 76 4.1.2 Lohnarbeit beim Berg- und Hüttenwesen im Nebenerwerb .......................................................... 79 4.2 Rechtlicher Rahmen des vorindustriellen Berg- und Hüttenwesens ........................ 84 4.2.1 Die revidierte Bergordnung von 1769 ........................................................................................... 84 4.2.2 Neuordnung des Knappschaftswesens .......................................................................................... 90 4.2.3 Zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Direktionsprinzips ....................................................................... 95 4.2.4 Errichtung staatlicher Berg- und Hüttenämter............................................................................... 99 4.2.5 Die Bergordnung und die Frage der Lohnentstehung ................................................................. 105 4.3 Heterogenität der Arbeitsverhältnisse im Berg- und Hüttenwesen ........................ 110 4.3.1 Zur Frage der Arbeitsverträge ..................................................................................................... 111 4.3.2 Zum Verhältnis feudal abhängiger und freier Arbeit .................................................................. 114 4.4 Mangelnde Verfügbarkeit an Arbeitskräften .......................................................... 119 - I - 5 Herausbildung einer industriellen Arbeiterschaft ....................... 122 5.1 Wiederbelebung des oberschlesischen Berg- und Hüttenwesens .......................... 123 5.1.1 Die Situation beim Übergang der Provinz an Preußen und die Rolle des Holzes ....................... 124 5.1.2 Produktions- und Absatzbedingungen im Steinkohlenbergbau ................................................... 129 5.1.3 Produktions- und Absatzbedingungen in der Eisenverarbeitung ................................................. 141 5.1.4 Produktions- und Absatzbedingungen in der Zinkindustrie ........................................................ 155 5.2 Rekrutierung un- und angelernter Arbeiter ............................................................ 164 5.3 Rekrutierung berg- und hüttenmännischer Fachkräfte ........................................... 167 5.3.1 Heranziehung qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte aus dem In- und Ausland .......................................... 168 5.3.2 Qualifizierung Einheimischer im In- und Ausland ...................................................................... 173 5.4 Die Ansiedlung der Arbeitskräfte .......................................................................... 179 5.5 Modernisierung des Produktionssystems im Berg- und Hüttenwesen ................... 185 5.5.1 Innovationen im Bergwesen und deren Implikation für die Arbeitsnachfrage ............................ 187 5.5.2 Innovationen im Hüttenwesen und deren Implikation für die Arbeitsnachfrage ......................... 200 5.5.3 Investitionen in die Verkehrsinfrastruktur ................................................................................... 212 5.5.4 Kritische Würdigung des staatlichen, privaten und feudalen Engagements ................................ 219 5.6 Veränderung der Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen ............................................... 224 5.7 Herausforderungen an die Arbeiterschaft .............................................................. 237 5.7.1 Anpassungsprobleme an Arbeit und Lebensverhältnisse ............................................................ 237 5.7.2 Preußens Militarismus ................................................................................................................. 239 6 Durchsetzung von Marktverhältnissen in der Organisation industrieller Arbeit...................................................................... 243 6.1 Anfänge der oberschlesischen Montanindustrie .................................................... 244 6.2 Etablierung der freien Lohnarbeit .......................................................................... 247 6.2.1 Lohnentwicklung der Ware „Arbeit“ .......................................................................................... 248 6.2.2 Einkommen der industriellen Arbeiterschaft und deren Entwicklung ......................................... 256 6.3 Strategien der Marktteilnehmer .............................................................................. 261 6.3.1 Strategien der staatlichen Betriebe .............................................................................................. 263 6.3.2 Strategien der privaten und feudalen Betriebe ............................................................................ 277 6.3.3 Strategien der Arbeitskräfte in der Bergindustrie ........................................................................ 280 6.3.4 Strategien der Arbeitskräfte in der Hüttenindustrie ..................................................................... 288 7 Schlussbemerkungen .................................................................. 294 Anhang ............................................................................................. 299 Quellenverzeichnis ........................................................................... 317 Literaturverzeichnis .......................................................................... 330 - II - Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Das oberschlesische Industriegebiet .................................................................. 16 Abbildung 2: Preußen im 19. Jahrhundert ............................................................................... 20 Abbildung 3: Die Transitionsfunktion ..................................................................................... 35 Abbildung 4: Preußische Bergbauverwaltung in Schlesien bis 1836 ...................................... 99 Abbildung 5: Preußische Bergbauverwaltung in Schlesien 1836-1861 ................................. 100 Abbildung 6: Häuer und Förderleute auf der Königin Luise Grube 1796-1855 .................... 200 Abbildung 7: Verteilung
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