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Carta Lettera A4 2-2014_geologi 2.06 12.02.15 15:20 Pagina 1 Swiss Bull. angew. Geol. Vol. 19/2, 2014 S. 3-172 Bull. géol. appl. Boll. geol. appl Bull. Appl. Geol. Swiss Bulletin für angewandte Geologie de géologie appliquée di geologia applicata for Applied Geology Inhalt / Sommaire / Contenuto /Contents D. Bollinger Editorial: Fracking – Segen oder Fluch? 3-4 K.M. Reinicke The Role of Hydraulic Fracturing for the Supply of Subsurface Energy 5-17 R. Jung Application and potential of hydraulic-fracturing for geothermal energy production 19-37 P. Reichetseder Clean Unconventional Gas Production: Myth or Reality? – The Role of Well 39-52 Integrity and Methane Emissions S. Liermann Hydraulic Fracturing – Application of Best Practices in Germany 53-64 T. Engelder The Fracking Debate in Europe – An Assessment of the History behind 65-68 the European Bans on Hydraulic Fracturing M. Stäuble Unconventionals in China – Shell’s Onshore Oil and Gas Operating Principles in Action 69-74 R. Wyss Die Erschliessung und Nutzung der Energiequellen des tiefen Untergrundes 75-93 der Schweiz – Risiken und Chancen W. Leu, A. Gautschi The Shale Gas Potential of the Opalinus Clay and Posidonia Shale in Switzerland – 95-107 A First Assessment D. Hartmann, B. Meylan Fracking in der Schweiz aus der Sicht des Grund- und Trinkwasserschutzes 109-113 E. Grosse Ruse Unkonventionelle Gasförderung im Klimaschutz: Teil der Lösung oder 115-122 Teil des Problems? W. Wildi Voraussetzungen zur Nutzung von unkonventionellen Kohlenwasserstoffen 123-128 mit Hilfe von Fracking in der Schweiz P. Burri The Global Impact of Unconventional Hydrocarbons (Hydraulic Fracturing on 129-139 the way to a clean and safe technology). AAPG Annual Convention Houston, April 2014 – Selected highlights U. Seemann Energie aus dem Untergrund – who cares? 141-142 P. Burri Hydraulic Fracturing – Postscriptum. A geologist's attempt to summarize 143-150 what we know and where we go R. Compagnoni High Pressure (HP) and Ultrahigh Pressure (UHP) metamorphism in continental 151-156 crust and oceanic lithosphere («subduction metamorphism») H.M. Bürgisser Bericht der 81. Jahresversammlung der SASEG vom 21. bis 23. Juni 2014 157-167 in Aosta (Italien) P. Burri Heini Schwendener 1952-2014 169-170 2-2014_geologi 2.06 12.02.15 15:20 Pagina 2 Anleitung für Autoren und Autorinnen for any extra costs incurred by oversize tables and colour illustrations. Manuskripte müssen bis spätestens 1. März bzw. 1. September für das jeweils folgende Citations in the text and the List of Refer- Heft (Juni bzw. Dezember) als Word-Doku- ences are to be formatted according to the ment beim Redaktor vorliegen. Manuskripte standards of the Swiss Journal of Geosciences. können in Deutsch, Französisch, Italienisch The author is entitled to 25 reprints free of oder Englisch verfasst sein. Der Umfang charge. Additional copies may be ordered at sollte 20 Seiten nicht überschreiten. 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Supplementary digital submissions are accepted in graphic www.angewandte-geologie.ch formats suitable for PC or Macintosh, e.g. www.geologie-appliquee.ch pdf, tif, jpg or gif. The author is responsible www.geologia-applicata.ch 2 2-2014_geologi 2.06 12.02.15 15:20 Pagina 3 Swiss Bull. angew. Geol. Vol. 19/2, 2014 S. 3-4 Editorial: Fracking – Segen oder Fluch? Noch nicht lange ist es her, da wurde über mutlich Jahrzehnte, um alternative Energien die Peak Oil Frage debattiert, so auch im als tragenden Pfeiler der globalen Energie- Swiss Bulletin für angewandte Geologie. Nei- versorgung zu etablieren. gen sich die nutzbaren Reserven an fossilen In den USA hat die Fracking-Technologie im Kohlenwasserstoffen rasch dem Ende zu, Bereich unkonventioneller Kohlenwasser- wie das im Jahre 1972 der Club of Rome erst- stoffe einen wahren Boom ausgelöst, die Wirt- mals prognostizierte? − In den letzten Jahren schaft angekurbelt und die Abhängigkeit der ist indes eine andere Thematik zunehmend USA von Kohlenwasserstoffimporten funda- in die öffentliche Wahrnehmung geraten, die mental verringert, mit gewaltigen politischen Technologie des Hydraulic Fracturing Konsequenzen. Doch Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking). Es vergeht kaum eine Woche, hat nicht nur Bedeutung bei der Förderung ohne dass in den Medien darüber berichtet von fossilen Kohlenwasserstoffen, sondern wird. Eine rasante Entwicklung im geologi- ist auch eine Schlüsseltechnologie in der Tie- schen Verständnis der Petroleumsysteme fengeothermie. Aber sie kann spürbare Erd- sowie der Bohr- und Fördertechnologie hat beben auslösen, wie die Projekte von Basel in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten ganz neue (2006) oder Landau im Rheingraben (2013) Perspektiven eröffnet. Sie ermöglichen die zeigten. Eine Technologie des Teufels? Das Erschliessung von Kohlenwasserstoffen in könnte man meinen, wenn wegen der Beben Gesteinen, aus denen bislang keine rentable plötzlich zahlreiche Gebäude angeblich Förderung fossiler Ressourcen möglich war. frisch entstandene Risse aufweisen oder Sie verändert die Peak Oil Debatte funda- wenn man den brennenden Wasserhahn im mental, weil sich dadurch ganz neue Dimen- Film «Gasland» (2010) sieht. Obwohl Fachleu- sionen von Gas- und Ölquellen erschliessen te schon lange wissen, dass der brennende lassen. Die Versorgung der Welt mit fossilen Wasserhahn nichts mit Hydraulic Fracturing Kohlenwasserstoffen scheint plötzlich für zu tun hat, wirkt das für viele beängstigend. viele Jahrzehnte, beim Gas möglicherweise Es verunsichert und schürt Emotionen. Über- für Jahrhunderte gesichert. Der Peak wird all, wo Emotionen im Spiel sind, besteht auch nun zu einem solchen der Nachfrage, und die Gefahr der bewussten Desinformation. nicht mehr in erster Linie zu einem des geo- Leicht können − auch auf der Basis falscher logisch vorhandenen Angebots. Bilder − Ängste und Aversionen geschürt wer- Durch die enormen neuen Gas-Ressourcen, den, gerade bei einer für Laien kaum fassba- die eine schnelle Substitution von Kohle und ren, komplexen Technologie und in einem Öl in Stromerzeugung und Mobilität ermög- Land, das kaum eine Tradition in der Nutzung lichen, soll auch ein wirtschaftlich und des tiefen Untergrundes hat. Hydraulic Frac- gesellschaftlich verträglicher Übergang zu turing geschieht im Untergrund, in Tiefen von einer Versorgung durch erneuerbare Ener- mehreren Kilometern und ist scheinbar der gien sichergestellt werden. Nach anfäng- direkten Beobachtung entzogen. Eine ableh- licher Euphorie ist klar geworden: erneuer- nende Haltung solchen Technologien gegen- bare Energien sind trotz ihres grossen über ist daher verständlich. Ängste können Wachstums noch weit davon entfernt, auch indes abgebaut werden, wenn eine offene, nur den jährlichen Zuwachs des globalen objektive und sachliche Information und Aus- Energiebedarfs zu decken. Es braucht ver- einandersetzung
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