DOCSLIB.ORG

A Political Ecology of Mineral Rights and Land Tenure Struggles in Appalachia and the Andes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Political Ecology of Mineral Rights and Land Tenure Struggles in Appalachia and the Andes University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Geography Geography 2017 Politics below the Surface: A Political Ecology of Mineral Rights and Land Tenure Struggles in Appalachia and the Andes Lindsay Shade University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2017.195 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Shade, Lindsay, "Politics below the Surface: A Political Ecology of Mineral Rights and Land Tenure Struggles in Appalachia and the Andes" (2017). Theses and Dissertations--Geography. 50. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/50 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Geography at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Geography by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Lindsay Shade, Student Dr. Tad Mutersbaugh, Major Professor Dr. Andrew Woods, Director of Graduate Studies POLITICS BELOW THE SURFACE: A POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF MINERAL RIGHTS AND LAND TENURE STRUGGLES IN APPALACHIA AND THE ANDES DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Lindsay Shade Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Tad Mutersbaugh, Professor of Geography Lexington, Kentucky 2017 Copyright © Lindsay Shade 2017 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION POLITICS BELOW THE SURFACE: A POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF MINERAL RIGHTS AND LAND TENURE STRUGGLES IN APPALACHIA AND THE ANDES This dissertation examines how confusion and lack of access to information about subsurface property rights facilitates the rapid acquisition of mineral rights by mining interests, leaving those who live 'above the surface' to contend with complicated corporate and bureaucratic apparatuses. The research focuses on the first proposed state- run large scale mining project in Ecuador, believed to contain copper ores, and on the natural gas hydrofracking industry in three counties in north central West Virginia. Qualitative and visual methods, including mapping, are employed to determine (i.) how the geography of subsurface ownership patterns is changing, (ii.) links between changes in subsurface ownership and surface ownership, and (iii.) how these changes are facilitated or impeded by institutional and governance practices. Rights and permit acquisitions are facilitated by state institutions, which often have strategic interests in mineral development. Accordingly, this research also considers the role of state strategy with respect to the establishment, bureaucratic management, and enforcement of vertical territory, which reflects the state’s interest in and sovereign claim over subterranean resources to benefit the nation. The research finds that the historical separation of subsurface property rights from the surface is associated with a persistent weakening of surface holder claims to land in favor of mining development, and that this weakening has contributed to the long-term persistence of absentee ownership and control over land in Ecuador and West Virginia. Viewing subsurface land deals from the perspective of those whose lives are disrupted on the surface, I conclude from this work that mundane practices such as deed transfers and local micropolitics about land use are significant factors in the lead up to larger scale violences and silences, such as forced displacement and even political imprisonment of activists opposed to extraction. KEYWORDS: Political ecology, mining, extractive industries, Latin America, Appalachia Lindsay Shade April 28, 2017 POLITICS BELOW THE SURFACE: A POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF MINERAL RIGHTS AND LAND TENURE STRUGGLES IN APPALACHIA AND THE ANDES By Lindsay Shade Tad Mutersbaugh Director of Dissertation Andrew Woods Director of Graduate Studies April 28, 2017 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would not have been possible without many collaborators in Ecuador and West Virginia, whose experiences and guidance are the basis of this dissertation. I am also especially grateful to the members of my dissertation committee for their enduring patience, support, and insights. Lastly, this work was feasible thanks to support from the National Science Foundation Law and Social Science Program (#1535660), the Institute for Human Geography, the University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences in Ecuador (FLACSO-Ecuador), and the Andean Center for Popular Action. iii Table of Contents: Chapter One: Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 Key Contributions: Subsurface geographies, resource dependency and the production of opacity .............................................................................................. 2 Extraction legacies and economic transition in Appalachia and the Andes ............ 4 Appalachia .................................................................................................. 4 The Andes ................................................................................................... 8 Theoretical contributions: Critical Legal Studies, Legal Geography and Political Ecology ................................................................................................................. 11 Methodological contributions to a comparative approach .................................... 16 Collaborative and Comparative Methodology and Epistemology ........................ 18 Collaborative Method as Global Ethnography ......................................... 21 Global Ethnography in Multiple Sites ...................................................... 22 Key Contributions and Chapter Overviews .......................................................... 24 Extractivism as Spatiotemporal Process ................................................... 25 State-Territorial Strategies for Managing the Subsurface ......................... 26 Systemic Opacity ...................................................................................... 28 Challenges and Future Directions ......................................................................... 29 Chapter Two: Producing the subsurface: Opacity as governance in the new extractivism ..................................................................................................................... 33 Land and territorial enrollment in the new extractivism ....................................... 36 Systemic opacity and the political economy of transparency ............................... 40 The Intag case: How land reform favors mining interests .................................... 42 Appalachian shale gas and the historical weakening of surface rights in West Virginia ................................................................................................................. 48 Conclusion: ........................................................................................................... 57 Chapter Two Figures: ............................................................................................ 59 Chapter Three: Sustainable Development or Sacrifice Zone? Politics below the surface in post-neoliberal Ecuador................................................................................ 68 Sacrifice zones as state-territorial strategy: Vertical territory and securing the subsoil ................................................................................................................... 70 Uneven citizenship and the sacrifice zone ............................................................ 71 Toward a critical analysis of sustainable mining policies ..................................... 73 The redistributive basis of mining expansion in Ecuador: 21st Century Socialism ..................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • By Frank Uekötter in the History of Land, Different Dimensions Overlap
    by Frank Uekötter In the history of land, different dimensions overlap which are, strictly speaking, not interdependent. Land was simultaneously sover- eign territory, the basis of agricultural production, a repository of mineral resources, a space to be accessed or travelled across, the object of expert knowledge and science, and the property of a state or private persons. The different rationales connected with these various perspectives resulted in numerous conflicts which became ever more difficult to resolve due to the increasing pace of change in most of these areas from the 19th century onward. If one views modern history "from below" in this way, it becomes a history of the mobilization of land. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Land and Power 3. Land as a Possession 4. No Entry! The Question of Access 5. Mineral Resources 6. Land as an Object of Knowledge 7. The Mystery of Fertility 8. Lack of Respect 9. A European History? 10. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Literature 3. Notes Indices Citation At first glance, an article on land seems somewhat out of place in a historical project which attempts to view Europe as the product of intercultural transfer processes. Land is not typically subject to transfer, but is immobile to a high degree. The physical substrata of the land are the product of long geological processes, and the natural history of land has thus unfolded over time periods which are very long in comparison with human history. For this reason, land became a classic symbol of permanence and traditionalism in several European countries. And when land is made to move by wind or water, this movement follows natural laws, ignoring cultural conditions completely.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Neoliberal Environmental Governance in Bolivia and Ecuador Pablo Andrade A
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Springer - Publisher Connector OPEN 4 The Government of Nature: Post-Neoliberal Environmental Governance in Bolivia and Ecuador Pablo Andrade A. Introduction In 2005 and 2006, anti-neoliberal coalitions won the elections in Bolivia and Ecuador, respectively. In both countries, this development put an end to the rules that had regulated the use of natural resources in hydrocarbon extraction during the latter part of the twentieth century (Hogenboom, 2014). The post-neoliberal governments constructed new institutions for the governance of extractive-industry activities. The new rules of the game have changed the way in which the Andean countries govern extractive industries. It has not put an end to their dependence on income generated from natural resources, but it has changed the way in which that income is distributed. The process of change from neoliberalism to post-neoliberalism was fast, and fraught with confusion and abandoned experiments. This chapter describes that process. Two analytical objectives guide this description. First, I will identify the factors that guided the changes from neoliberalism to post-neoliberalism; and second, I will analyse the pos- sibilities for the governance of mineral and hydrocarbon wealth and the creation of a “government of nature” that were opened up by the new regulatory framework. Natural resources, rentier states, development and post-neoliberalism The contemporary debate about development based on natural resources has existed since the 1990s. Numerous academic studies con- ducted in that decade called attention to the relationship between 113 F. de Castro et al. (eds.), Environmental Governance in Latin America © Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2016 114 The Government of Nature income from natural resources and development, highlighting the neg- ative impact of the former on the latter.
    [Show full text]
  • A Commentary on Some Controversial Issues
    Industrial Policy in Japan and the Policy Choices for Central and East European Countries - A Commentary on Some Controversial Issues Werner Pascha1 Nobuko Inagawa has written an excellent paper on the relevance of Japanese experiences for a successful integration of Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) into the world economy. Talking about the case of Japan is particularly interesting - and potentially controversial - compared with the experiences of other leading economies or successful late- industrializers. The reason is that Japan - or rather: a significant part of its political, bureaucratic and academic establishment - currently is the only major challenger to the so- called „Washington consensus“ on how to go about structural change in developing and post- socialist transition economies. Here, I want to concentrate on three issues, which could be seen somewhat controversially when utilising Japan´s experiences and drawing policy lessons for CEECs: 1. Did Japan ever experience a „transformation“, suitable as a „tertium comparationis“ with today´s CEECs? 2. Are such experiences helpful with respect to the policy problems of today´s CEECs? 3. To what extent is the experience „translated“ into theory and to what extent is it made use of by Japanese institutions and researchers? 1. The experience of systemic change in Japan Comparing Japan´s past with the present experience of the CEECs is of course tricky. If we think of a „transformation“ as a full-scale switch from a command economy to a market economy and from collective or state ownership to private ownership, we have to admit that 1 This paper was prepared as a commentary to Nobuko Inagawa´s contribution („Experience from other countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Conflicts Around the World - September 2012
    Mining conflicts around the world - September 2012 ejolt report no. 7 September, 2012 Mining conflicts around the world Common grounds from an Environmental Justice perspective Begüm Özkaynak and Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos (coord.) with contributions by Gloria Chicaiza, Marta Conde, Bertchen Kohrs, Dragomira Raeva, Ivonne Yánez, Mariana Walter EJOLT Report No. 07 Mining conflicts around the world - September 2012 September - 2012 EJOLT Report No.: 07 Report coordinated by: Begüm Özkaynak (BU), Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos (UAB) with chapter contributions by: Gloria Chicaiza (Acción Ecológica), Marta Conde (UAB), Mining Bertchen Kohrs (Earth Life Namibia), Dragomira Raeva (Za Zemiata), Ivonne Yánez (Acción Ecologica), Mariana Walter (UAB) and factsheets by: conflicts Murat Arsel (ISS), Duygu Avcı (ISS), María Helena Carbonell (OCMAL), Bruno Chareyron (CRIIRAD), Federico Demaria (UAB), Renan Finamore (FIOCRUZ), Venni V. Krishna (JNU), Mirinchonme Mahongnao (JNU), Akoijam Amitkumar Singh (JNU), Todor Slavov (ZZ), around Tomislav Tkalec (FOCUS), Lidija Živčič (FOCUS) Design: Jacques bureau for graphic design, NL Layout: the world Cem İskender Aydın Series editor: Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos The contents of this report may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational or non-profit services without special Common grounds permission from the authors, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. This publication was developed as a part of the project from an Environmental Justice Organisations, Liabilities and Trade (EJOLT) (FP7-Science in Society-2010-1). EJOLT aims to improve policy responses to and support collaborative research and action on environmental Environmental conflicts through capacity building of environmental justice groups around the world. Visit our free resource library and database at Justice perspective www.ejolt.org or follow tweets (@EnvJustice) to stay current on latest news and events.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Switzerland in 2014
    2014 Minerals Yearbook SWITZERLAND U.S. Department of the Interior December 2017 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF SWITZERLAND By Sinan Hastorun Switzerland is a highly developed, landlocked, and $675.3 billion (CHF642.3 billion1) in 2014. The slightly higher mountainous country in Central Europe that borders the rate of growth was mainly owing to increased net exports and, European Union (EU) member states of Austria, France, to a lesser degree, increased domestic private consumption. Germany, and Italy as well as the Principality of Liechtenstein. The gross value added from manufacturing and construction Few mineral commodities were mined in the country although increased by 2.0% in 2014, compared with a revised increase more than 1,000 mineral deposits (in particular, iron ore of 1.0% in 2013. Within manufacturing and construction, and manganese ore) have been identified on Swiss territory. the value added from manufacturing increased by 2.4% Switzerland’s mineral output consisted almost exclusively of compared with an increase of 0.7% (revised) in 2013, and that industrial minerals for the construction sector, refined precious of construction increased by 2.1% compared with 2.0% in the metals, and refined mineral fuels. Industrial minerals that previous year. The mining and quarrying sector contracted were mined and used on a large scale by industry were clay, in 2014; its value decreased by 5.3% in 2014 compared with gypsum, lime, and rock salt. Hydraulic cement and sulfur (from an increase of 1.9% (revised) in 2013 (Federal Statistical petroleum refining) were also produced. Construction aggregates Office, 2015c, e, h, i; European Commission, 2015, p.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Fluvial Contamination Associated with Artisanal Gold Mining in the Ponce Enríquez, Portovelo-Zaruma and Nambija Areas, Ecuado
    Fluvial contamination associated with artisanal gold mining in the Ponce Enríquez, Portovelo-Zaruma and Nambija areas, Ecuador. Appleton J D1, Williams T M1, Orbea H2 and Carrasco M3 1 British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, England 2 CODIGEM (Corporación de Desarrollo e Investigación Geológico-Minero Metalúrgica), Quito, Ecuador 3 DINAPA (Departamento Nacional de Protección Ambiental), Quito, Ecuador Running Title: Contamination from gold mining in Ecuador. Abstract Artisanal gold mining in the Ponce Enríquez, Portovelo-Zaruma and Nambija areas of Ecuador has resulted in extensive contamination of the fluvial environment by mercury (Hg) and potentially toxic ore-related elements including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). This occurs principally through the fluvial dispersion of contaminated mineral processing wastes and recycling of Hg sublimated during the burning of amalgam. Mercury concentrations in filtered (<0.45µm) surface waters do not exceed the WHO Drinking Water Guideline value and the USEPA Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Life. Criteria for other potentially harmful elements are, however, exceeded by a wide margin in the Ponce Enríquez (As, Cu, Zn) and Portovelo-Zaruma (Cd, Cu, Zn) districts, but not in the Nambija area. The Environment Canada sediment quality Hg EQ-PAP10.DOC Final version 3 September 2001 1 Toxic Effect Threshold for the Protection of Aquatic Life is exceeded in all three mining areas. As, Cd and Cu in many sediment samples from the Ponce Enríquez and Portovelo- Zaruma districts exceed Sediment Toxic Effects Thresholds by factors of 10 to >1000. The results highlight the need to ensure that contaminated sediment and water do not enter commercial banana plantations and shrimp ponds downstream of the Ponce Enríquez mining district.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Education and Conservation in Southern Ecuador: Constructing an Engaged Political Ecology Approach
    ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND CONSERVATION IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR: CONSTRUCTING AN ENGAGED POLITICAL ECOLOGY APPROACH By KATHRYN A. LYNCH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2001 Copyright 2001 by Kathryn A. Lynch ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My most heart-felt thanks go to all the people who contributed to this project. In Loja, special thanks go to Fundación Ecológica Arcoiris, and specifically to Bolívar Tello, Fausto Lopez, Arturo Jiménez, Elia Gonzales and Angel Hualpa. Their invitation to collaborate provided me a site and a focus, while their logistical support in 1996 and 1997 made it possible to accomplish all that I did. Likewise, the Fundación Cientifica San Francisco and specifically Lic. Ruth Espinosa deserve special thanks. Her unflagging enthusiasm and dedication to improving environmental education in the region is inspiring, and I am deeply grateful for all her critical input and assistance in the field in 1999. Likewise, I am thankful for the valuable feedback provided by Dra. Ketty Vivanco at the Universidad Nacional de Loja, regarding my survey instruments and research design. Without the support of parents, teachers, and school directors in the region I would not have been able to conduct this research. I am deeply grateful to them for granting me permission to interact with their students, and for the time they took to share their educational experiences as well. Likewise, without the collaboration of the students, I would have no dissertation. Therefore, special boisterous and rambunctious thanks go to all of the children who patiently put up with my questions and provided brilliant illustrations of their communities and the Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Responsible Gold Sourcing from Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Scoping Study on Developing Pilot Supply Chains Imprint
    Responsible Gold Sourcing from Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Scoping Study on Developing Pilot Supply Chains Imprint Editor: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, BGR) Stilleweg 2 30655 Hannover Germany Authors: Fabian Stähr, Philip Schütte Contact: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Stilleweg 2 30655 Hannover [email protected] Date: September 2016 ISBN: 978-3-943566-93-2 (PDF) Cover photos: © Gold washing (Burundi), Photo: D. Braun (left) © Entrance of SOTRAMI ASM-Cooperative (Peru), Photo: BGR (middle) © Underground gold mining (Columbia), Photo: BGR (right) Copyright: © 2016 Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Responsible Gold Sourcing from Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Scoping Study on Developing Pilot Supply Chains Fabian Stähr, Philip Schütte Hannover, September 2016 Responsible Gold Sourcing from Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Scoping Study on Developing Pilot Supply Chains Executive Summary Public and political discussions increasingly acknowledge the role of responsible supply chains in order to support decent working conditions, protect the environment and apply adequate due diligence. In recent years, companies have demonstrated that through apply- ing supply chain due diligence they may act as partners contributing to improved conditions of production of certain raw materials. Establishing certification schemes and institutionaliz- ing supply chain management in line with the OECD Guidance serves to strengthen cooper- ation between producers and buyers; compliance with international minimum standards may be demonstrated in a credible way. Gold forms one of the most important products of the global mining sector. About 10% of global gold mine production originates from artisanal and small-scale mining. Artisanal and small-scale mining represents an important livelihood base for the local population: 10-20 million small-scale miners, and their families, directly depend on gold mining.
    [Show full text]
  • Contested Futures for Energy Transitions
    PoWiNe Working Paper 1/2021 Contested Futures for Energy Transitions Ulrike Zeigermann, Gilles Lepesant, Katrin Beer Hrsg. Bild: Kohlekraftwerk am Ohio River westlich von Cincinnati/Indiana, USA. / 2013 Robert S. Donovan (CC BY-NC 2.0 cropped) ISBN: 978-3-948749-00-2 DOI: 10.24352/UB.OVGU-2021-045 PoWiNE Working Paper PoWiNE Working Paper Magdeburger politikwissenschaftliche Beiträge zu Nachhaltigkeit in Forschung und Lehre Band 1 Eine Schriftenreihe der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Humanwissenschaften (FHW), Institut II: Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Politikwissenschaft mit Schwerpunkt Nachhaltige Entwicklung herausgegeben von: Katrin Beer ([email protected]) Michael Böcher ([email protected]) Ulrike Zeigermann ([email protected]) Contested Futures for Energy Transitions Ulrike Zeigermann, Gilles Lepesant, Katrin Beer Hrsg. Impressum Contested Futures for Energy Transitions Herausgeber*innen dieser Ausgabe: Ulrike Zeigermann Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Gilles Lepesant Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Katrin Beer Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg Verlag: Universitätsbibliothek (UB) Magdeburg Design und Layout: Ulrike Zeigermann ISBN: 978-3-948749-00-2 DOI: 10.24352/UB.OVGU-2021-045 Manuskriptdrucke. Die Autor*innen zeichnen für ihre Beiträge inhaltlich selbstverantwortlich. Die Manuskripte wurden durch die Herausgeberinnen nur redaktionell bearbeitet. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte
    [Show full text]
  • Konstituierung Eines Industriellen Arbeitsmarktes in Oberschlesien
    Konstituierung eines industriellen Arbeitsmarktes in Oberschlesien Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln 2009 vorgelegt von Dipl.-Volksw., Dipl.-Kfm. Michael Jan Kendzia aus Konstanz Referent: Prof. Dr. Toni Pierenkemper Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Ralph Anderegg Tag der Promotion: 5. Februar 2010 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ..................................................................................I Abbildungsverzeichnis ....................................................................... III Tabellenverzeichnis ............................................................................ IV Abkürzungsverzeichnis ....................................................................... V 1 Einleitung ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Zielsetzung und Vorgehensweise der Arbeit ............................................................. 3 1.2 Gegenstand der Untersuchung ................................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Arbeit und Arbeitsmarkt .................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Untersuchungszeitraum und räumliche Abgrenzung .................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Bestimmung der Standortfaktoren ................................................................................................. 17 1.3 Zum Stand
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Ecuador in 2014
    2014 Minerals Yearbook ECUADOR U.S. Department of the Interior October 2017 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF ECUADOR By Susan Wacaster Despite known high-value mineral targets, the value of mining Minerals in the National Economy and quarrying activities (including fabrication of nonmetallic mineral products) have accounted for less than 1% of Ecuador’s Provisional data from the Central Bank of Ecuador indicated real gross domestic product (GDP) every year since at least that the contribution (by value of production) of natural gas, 2004. Geologic investigations of Ecuador’s mineral deposits petroleum, and related services to the GDP (using 2007 as the have been reported upon since the late 1800s. In the mid- to base year) in 2014 increased to $7 billion, or by 3% compared late-1990s, international agreements for technical cooperation with that of 2013; this amount accounted for about 9.5% of the resulted in the Geological Map of the Republic of Ecuador and GDP compared with 9.7% in 2013. The value of production of the Tectono–Metallogenic Map of the Republic of Ecuador, petroleum refinery products decreased to $415 million in 2014, both of which were completed at a scale of 1:1,000,000. In the or by a revised 42% compared with that of 2013. The combined early 2000s, the Primary Auriferous Potential Map of Ecuador value of production from mines and quarries, the fabrication of and a simplified geologic map of the Andes of Ecuador were unspecified nonmetallic mineral products, and the fabrication released, the latter of which focused on Tertiary magmatic units.
    [Show full text]
  • FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Factors Associated with the Impacts of Large-Scale Mining on Forests
    FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Factors Associated with the Impacts of Large-Scale Mining on Forests Credit: Jeremy Holden/FFI. Suggested Citation: Forest-Smart Mining: Large-Scale Mining on Forests (LSM), World Bank, 2019 Disclaimer: This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. All omissions and inaccuracies in this document are the responsibility of the authors. The findings, interpretations, and views expressed in this guide do not necessarily represent those of the institutions involved, nor do they necessarily reflect the views of PROFOR, The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. This document has been prepared by Fauna & Flora International (FFI) for the public interest purposes of sharing good practice so as to ensure positive forest outcomes in the future. The information contained in this document has been obtained from public sources, as well as from the companies concerned in some instances.
    [Show full text]