Garzweiler II’”, and the Legiti- Generation in the Near Future Have Contributed to This Image

Investigative Design - ProjeCt

THE WANDERING HOLE

» The largest man-made holes in the world « , And their consequences

1km N

The hole : Lake(2090) 2045 2015 1995

Master thesis by Hannah Hiecke, Information Design (M.A.), Design Academy Eindhoven, June 2015 Mentors : Simon Davies, Nikki Gonnissen, Joost Grootens, Jennifer Pettersson, Arthur Roeloffzen and Gert Staal

Supply (RWE Power AG); Activists; Demand; Politics; Pro-Resettlement; Contra-Resettlement; Community; Critic; Research

Abstract

To the current day, Germany counts worldwide as a model The broad range of research sources regarding this topic in- for the utilisation of and investment in renewable energy. dicates multifaceted perspectives from which to question the Measures such as the exit from stone coal and nuclear power necessity, sustainability of “‘Garzweiler II’”, and the legiti- generation in the near future have contributed to this image. macy of each of the interest groups involved. This research But these decisions have consequences and are becoming a was implemented in form of the design project “The wande- tangible reality in projects such as the brown coal strip mine ring hole”, which shows the interwoven multitudes of cont- “‘Garzweiler II’”. “‘Garzweiler II’” is a migratory brown coal rasts and dimensions. Looking in detail at the complexity at strip mine moving steadily through the landscape of North hand highlights the dynamic movements around and diffe- Rhine-Westphalia in Germany in order to provide a constant ring understandings of its various elements. Each position supply of energy from brown coal. “The wandering hole” exa- reacts differently to the economic realities. “The wandering mines the effects and reactions triggered by the mechanisms hole” creates transparency, sensitivity and an opportunity to and dynamics regarding “‘Garzweiler II’”. The “‘Garzweiler bring the viewer closer to the various perspectives involved in II’” situation is representative of a number of economically “‘Garzweiler II’”. utilised areas in Germany. Beyond that, similar conditions appear worldwide, where the interests of a community collide with individual circumstances.

The present research is based on studies on village sociology, geography, and environmental psychology. These studies in the context of “‘Garzweiler II’” show a range of local, social, ecological as well as global effects of human interference with nature. Consequences can be shown to be expected for the near as well as distant future. “The wandering hole” visualises the relationship between the energy revolution, the large German utility corporation RWE, political as well as global decisions and their influence on long-standing structures, systems and relatively small seeming elements like families, communities, and the notion of home.

Photo : Open brown coal pit in Germany 1990

03 04 Legend

geographical energy source

Farmland Nuclear energy Brown coal Open brown coal pit Field Natural gasoline Ground water Mineral oil Park Renewable energy Sand or ‚excavation material ‘ Biogas Lake Sun Forest Wind Water Other energy sources Infrastructure Opencast lignitic coal pit Thermal power station Autobahn (highway) Hydroelectric power plant Railroad Gas pipe Oil pipe Other Motorway Street Cultivation Water Digger Inner harbour City ( < 100.000 population) Airport Large city ( > 100.000 population) Leisure time Megacity (> 1.000.000 population) Industry House or block of buildings Pumps Opencast pit ‘Garzweiler II’ Stock farming interest groups

The present research and design project „The wandering hole“ is used to represent and raise awareness of the individual involved interest groups. Other resourceS For this purpose the different interest groups are distinguished in the course of the thesis : Iron Fluorite Supply by energy company (RWE Power AG) Tin Asbestos Activists (From non-governmental, environmental and nature Copper Talc protection till voluntary committed organizations) Zinc Phosphor Demand ( From local, national till global users) Nickel Gypsum Politics (Governing parties in NRW) Chrome Titanium Resettler Manganese Pro-resettlement (Unanchored-to-home) Aluminium Contra-resettlement (Anchored-to-home ) Lead Community (Example : Rifle assoication Gold Borschemich) Silver Audience : Critiv (Example UN Climate Change Conference) Salt Audience : Designer (Positioning of the narrative Potassium and investigative research) Sulphur Spar

CONTENT

03 ABSTRACT 22 CommuniCation

05 LEGEND 23 Social Networks

23 Criticism

10 introduction 24 Garzweiler

12 [ Opencast pit in Germany 1968 – 2050 ] 24 Quality of the Brown Coal from the Garzweiler Strip Mine 15 RESEARCHQuestion 24 Borschemich 15 RESEARCHmethod

15 Problem 25 evaporating homelanD 16 Design Approach 25 STABILITY 16 Methodology 25 Definition of the Sense of Home 17 Implementation of the Design Approach 26 IDENTITY 17 Positioning 26 The Awareness of Surroundings 18 RESEARCHarea 26 Orientation & Aesthetics 18 NORTH RHINE WESTPHALIA 27 (Social) Constructivist 18 NRW’s Energy Policy Landscape Research

19 BROWN COAL IN NRW 27 MEMORIES

19 Formation of Brown Coal 27 The Location-Updating Effect

20 The Rhineland Mining District 28 friction 20 RWE ( Rheinisch–Westfälisches Elektrizitätswerk ) 29 economy & 22 PRESENCE common Good

07 28 JUDICIARY 37 TOTAL LOSS

28 APPROVAL

28 THE RIGHT TO A HOME 38 open brown coal pit IN Germany : Today 29 Resistance and Solidarity 38 Inefficiency

38 Future 30 consequences 39 current Situation 30 MIGRATION

30 CONSEQUENCES FOR THE LANDSCAPE 40 conclusion

30 INTERFERENCE with NATure

30 Dewatering

32 Woodland Clearing

32 COMPENSATION

32 Reclamation

32 Final-Cut Pits

35 SOcIAL CONSEQUENCES 43 appendix

35 resettlement

35 PROCESS 51 resources

35 Partial Resettlement 52 REFERENCE – Interview

36 cONcEPT 52 REFERENCE – bücher

36 Community 54 REFERENCE – PDFS / Links

36 COMPENSATION 55 REFERENCE – VIDEOS

37 UPROOTING & 55 REFERENCE – Other EXPROPRIATION 57 Index 37 Social Changes

08 09 introduction

figure 01 : Economic use in NRW figure 02 : Urban agglomeration in NRW (dark means high density of agglomeration)

figure 03 : Commuter in NRW figure 04 : (Large) cities in NRW

Germany as a whole sources almost a quarter of the energy Around 18 Million people live in NRW; it is the most popu- mix it consumes from local brown coal. The industrial utili- lous of the German federal states . In 2014, there were 29 sation of brown coal as a resource has a history of almost 200 cities (see Fig. 04), with a rising tendency for growth1. In no years in Germany and forms the origin of German indust- other area of Germany are population density and industrial rial history (see Table 01 on the next page). The locations of activity as high as in NRW2. This makes the area particu- brown coal power plants indicate the areas with the highest larly prone to clashes of economic, social and political inte- industrial activity. The largest industrial region lies in North rest groups. The dynamics and tensions of an industrialised Rhine-Westphalia - NRW (see Fig. 01). country and their consequences become apparent. Economic Economic hubs are not only attractive for companies, but phenomena and proportions particularly stand out: It is a also a magnets for many people (see Fig. 02) working or look- construct of power, money, sacrifices for the greater good, de- ing for work in that industry. A mutual economic dependen- pendency and insecurity, rethinking, trust and distrust. ce becomes evident (see Fig. 03). Over time, industrial history Added to this is a growing awareness for the environment has developed its own mechanism and legitimacy . and sustainability . Climate change causes a change in

1 City with more than 100,000 inhabitants (Source: http://universal_lexikon.deacade- mic.com/35009/Gro%C3%9Fstadt 26 January 2015) 2 „The excellent infrastructure, the central location and the people‘s high qualifications have made the most populous of the German federal states an economic power on an international scale in its own right. North Rhine-Westphalia ranks among the world‘s best in many economic indicators.” (Translated quote) [ Source: http://www.nrwinvest.com/nrwinvest_deutsch/NRW_ im_Ueberblick/Daten_Fakten/Wirtschaftsregion/index.php ( 26 January 2015 ) ] 10 ‚The wandering Hole‘

Figure 05 : History and development of RWE as a monopoly company in the Rhineland

many views, and there will be, and will have to be, some res- On the one hand, interest groups form that are primarily in- tructuring. Energy generation from brown coal is inefficient terested in brown coal as a source of energy. (See Fig. 05) For and one of the energy sources causing the most damage to one, in the shape of a large public limited company (in this the environment3. Brown coal strip mines and power plants case, the RWE Power AG) , who makes money by turning attract increasing criticism. The debate on the issue of brown coal into electric energy. This satisfies the majority of harmful emissions gains more and more weight. In contrast Germany’s energy demand. Connected to them is the interest to sustainability-focussed rethinking, lignite strip mining group that determines demand . It ranges from individual continues to stand as a leading element of industrialisation households to big business. The consumers have anexpec - in the Rhineland: After Germany’s exit from stone tation of a stable, affordable electricity price. On the other coal (2006) and nuclear power generation (2011), brown hand we have the interest group of people who are mainly coal is one of the last remaining fossil energy sources that interested in the speck of land that is their home; here, we guarantees a continuous supply of electricity. Furthermore, roughly distinguish between those unanchored-to-home the technical requirements for generating energy from brown those anchored-to-home (chapter “Memories”, p. 25). coal are met. Connected to them is the interest group of activists who The arising conflict drags instances such as politics, authori- represent the concerns of nature and environmental protec- ties and judiciary into a tangle with large corporations. With tion. Politics forms another interest group . Germany’s regard to future climate conferences, energy from brown coal modern political philosophy generally puts the interest of the - due to its high divergence in cost, efficiency, and environ- ‘common good’4 first. . Meaning here, both the covering of mental impact - will be increasingly harder to justify. At basic needs, in this case guaranteeing the security of energy the same time, brown coal in Germany is a major economic supply, as well as protecting the fundamental rights of each player not to be dismissed, for instance as an employer. individual citizen. The aspects of the debate around brown coal have funda- mentally diverse viewpoints and reasonings in a variety of None of the interest groups can be clearly defined. The groups magnitudes. These points and criteria only become a tan- are multifaceted in themselves. gible reality in the face of the actual area. As soon as imple- And yet a rough classification helps to clarify the dynamics, mentation begins, complementary expectations, the interest complexity and the issues resulting from them. It must be no- groups’ ideas of values and utilisation, as well as dimensions ted that there are conflicting interests andvalues regarding and power relations, become visible. This master thesis aims to document and analyse this: 4 Adam Smith: „The common good is the result of peaceful processes striving for the realisation of individual ambitions. ‚Common good‘ and ‚individual good‘ thus are inseparably related. Politically pursuing a common good is postulated as impossible 3 Source: http://www.co2-emissionen-vergleichen.de/Stromerzeugung/CO2-Ver- and counter-productive.” (Translated quote) by Martin Gessmann (Ed.): Philosophisches Wörter- gleich-Stromerzeugung.html ( 26 January 2015 ) buch. - 23th Edition. - Kröner, Stuttgart, 2009: ‚Bonum commune‘

Supply (RWE Power AG); Activists; Demand; Politics; Pro-Resettlement; Contra-Resettlement; Community; Critic; Research

11 TabLE 01 : Opencast pit in Germany 1968 – 2050

12 13 the mining area. For one side, it is priceless and irreplace- tion which implications the ‘Garzweiler II’ project has on the able homeland and cultivated land, for the other side it’s a various structures. Also, how varied, extensive and pervasive valuable resource. the resonances are. Borschemich was chosen as the location for this investigation and thus stands as representative for the research on the topic of living with coal. Based on various dimensions, the research investigates relationships and effect mechanisms. The village of Borschemich is being officially- re settled since 2005, with its ultimate demolition scheduled for 2015. Using Borschemich as an example, the present master thesis shows the social and anthropological impact on the structure of a community. Borschemich shows the extent of change on a smaller scale. This study aims to close a gap between the portrayals by different interest groups. Thereader will be presented with the To illustrate the opposing interests, tensions, issues, and re- rationale, relationships and emerging issues of ‘Garzweiler II’: sulting conflicts regarding lignite mining in Germany, this This research and the associated design project aims to pro- master thesis focusses on the research area of ‘Garzweiler II’. mote sensitivity to the differing perspectives of the interest The German State approved the ‘Garzweiler II’ project in groups involved. Which dynamics are involved in the Pro- 1995. With this act, federal politics gave NRW permission ject? And how extensive and pervasive is the impact of the to extend the brown coal mine ‘Garzweiler I’ by an area of ‘Garzweiler II’ project on the interwoven systems? 4,800 hectares. The compelling point for politicians at the time was that they were acting in the common interest and The aim of this work is to create transparency, a sense of the ensuring a secure power supply . This was supported on various groups, and an overview. This is to be achieved by the legal level by the following rationale : offering a basis for discussion that is as objective as possible, for identifying issues and finding solutions with the help » [ To ] continue to guarantee Germany’s of the design project. To this purpose, the following research economic success and independence « 5. question is being investigated with the aim of enabling a lar- gely neutral portrayal of the subject: With political permission, the project ‘Garzweiler II’ was set in motion, with consequences that can be shown to have been far-reaching, long-term and up to irreparable. The implications reach far beyond the exploited area and material values : Nature is being completely destroyed. The largest and most important groundwater reservoir in Germany is being substantially impaired to the point of not being able to be revegetated. Historically grown towns are being dissolved, putting their social networks under heavy strain. Add to this the so far barely estimable environmental effects of emissions at the point of extraction, transport as well as processing . The affected region has been living with these interferences for a while : In 1995, a project was set in motion with ‘Garzweiler II’ that can’t be simply brought to an end either .

The first part of the research will examine the details and relationships surrounding the ‘Garzweiler II’ project. The demonstrated circumstances and tensions lead to the ques-

5 Translated quote; Source to case law in an indictment amongst others against the lignite strip mine ‘Garzweiler II’: https://openjur.de/u/124287.html ( 15 December 2014 )

14 ‚The wandering Hole‘

Supply by the energy provider Activists Activists Activists (RWE Power AG) (Non-governmental, environmental (Non-governmental, environmental (Voluntary committed organizations) and nature protection organizations) and nature protection organizations)

Demand Demand Politics Politics (Local user) (Nationwide user) (Governing Party 2015) (Governing Party 2015)

Pro-resettlement Contra-resettlement Community Audience/ Critic (Anchored-to-home) (Unanchored-to-home) (Example : Rifle assoication) (UN-Climate Change Conference)

Figure 06 : Involved interest groups and perspectives

RESEARCHQuestion RESEARCHMETHOD

Can a detailed study, structural ana- Problem lysis and multifaceted comparison of Through the present research, it quickly emerges that the subject carries with it an enormous complexity, variety of in- the complexity, the diversity of dimen- formation, and lack of transparency. The implications of the sions and information of a project such ‘Garzweiler II’ project are manifold and are met with very varying reactions within the surrounding affected structures. as ‘Garzweiler II’ support transpa- The large number of interest groups creates viewpoints that rency, sensitivity and ultimately con- are in part even complementary. This results in perceptions and consequently views that are in part very different, as well sensus-finding? as diverging notions of right and wrong.

Supply (RWE Power AG); Activists; Demand; Politics; Pro-Resettlement; Contra-Resettlement; Community; Critic; Research

15 Previous discussions on the necessity of brown coal of the facts, information can be brought together on a single energy and the associated implications are rife with allega- plane. This approach is not meant to take away from the is- tions of miscommunication and misinterpretation of data. sue, but rather offer one common plane. All interest groups There are further allegations ofrash judgment, imparting are to be included and should aim to debate constructively half-truths, concealing and withholding information, lack with a common ‘language’. Through effective conflicts -for of transparency, and corruption. This greatly disrupts pro- ward-facing decisions and solution models can be identified. ductive discourse. So far, no constructive conflict could result Criticism and questioning are the basis for any development: from it. The consequences are hardened fronts, lack of trust to give shape to opportunities and problems. and understanding, ignorance, fears and a sense of being patronised. Methodology It is clear that information, data and facts have a range of The subject at hand is treated with a methodology similar to possible interpretations. Accordingly, each interest group the one used by “The wandering hole” in researching the area constructs and advocates different truths (see Fig. 06). and structures : In addition, affected groups are exploited by, for in- The topic is fragmented, analysed, organised, and reorde- stance, the media, or a respective interest group, for example red; and thus fully refurbished. This fullrefurbishment is in politics. equivalent to the regional development6 by RWE; one of the reasons RWE gave for restructuring the cultivated land was Design Approach redevelopment of the region in light of current standards. The The necessity to implement this issue as an information de- fragmentation, like in the project “Disassemble” by McLellan sign project lies in the objective to create transparency . (see Fig. 07) enables the illumination of each individual part A clear portrayal of the issue at hand results from a critical, of a complex. rational, equal and accurate examination of the ‘Garzwei- ler II’ project. There is an opportunity to create clarify, or- A multi-page analysis of the respective components renders der, and, through the multitude of possible interpretations, the deposited complexity as a whole more tangible and trans- at least an attempt at equal treatment of the various ‘truths’. parent. Misinterpretations and false information are to be avoided 6 Source RWE Website : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/de/1140406/umsiedlung/ in the process. Through a detailed and investigative analysis wie-funktioniert-umsiedlung/vertraege-regelwerke/bkp-braunkohlenplan/ (28 February 2015)

Figure 07 : Project ‚Disassemble‘ by the canadian photographer Todd McLellan. His latest series shows daily items in a unique, dismantled and exposed form ; 2013

16 ‚The wandering Hole‘

One example would be the UN Climate Change Conferen- ce in Paris in November 20157, which represents a target scenario for the design project. On the one hand, this event is important for the future of ‘Garzweiler II’ and on the other hand, almost every interest group will have representatives in the audience.

Figure 08 : Extract of a glossary; Example by the understanding of ‚Home‘ Positioning When implementing the design approach through the de- Furthermore, the methodology of this thesis is modelled scribed methodology, the author is meant to step into the after media such as encyclopedias or atlases. These media background. The aim is to avoid imposing a certain positi- aspire to examine complex topics in multi-faceted ways. on. Rather, the design work acts as a director, providing and In encyclopedias, for example, a term will be assigned diffe- arranging stages for the respective groups. The objective is rent meanings in different contexts (see Fig. 08). The circum- achieving a neutral and equal portrayal of the situation. Cre- stances are examined in different dimensions and planes in ative measures purely serve to communicate all the different order to highlight the accord as well as discord in the vari- possible interpretations on a single plane, leaving the viewer ous understandings (form up to ). The methodology of to form their own opinion. Within the framework of the rese- unfurling and analysing the fragments aims to visualise the arch at hand, marking of the ‘interest group’ (see up to varying views and rationales. p. 05) supports this approach. Finally, the results of the analysis are presented on one plane: A completely neutral position is impossible, since every pro- Every perspective has its ‘space’ to represent its own legiti- cess of information processing necessitates some interpre- macy. The sensitivity and stimulation towards its respective tation for organising it. Design decisions are being made motivations are being encouraged. The approach of the vie- accordingly. This serves primarily for structuring, not for ex- wer and the absorption of information through the project pressing opinion. The aim is providing a nuanced way for the “The wandering hole” can be customised. Thus, “The -wan viewer to access the topic. dering hole” sketches out the issue of finding a common consensus. At the same time, the extent and relative magnitudes of economic phenomenon and emotional dramatics are conveyed.

Implementation of the Design Approach The design project “The wandering hole” visualises the complexity of life with coal in the Rhineland mining district of

Germany. Thus, the implementation of the design approach 7 Full original title: United Nations Climate Change Conference, also called (world) climate summit or world climate conference. Prospective date: 30 November – 11 December 2015. is to serve as tool, basis and common denominator for future [ Further information: http://climate-l.iisd.org/events/unfccc-cop-21/ and http://newsroom.unfccc. int/ ( 11 February 2015 ) + Video about the UN Climate Change Conference 2014 in Lima, Peru : discussion fora. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PiVFtZN0t2c ( 08. March 2015 ) ]

Supply (RWE Power AG); Activists; Demand; Politics; Pro-Resettlement; Contra-Resettlement; Community; Critic; Research

17 ResearchArea :

Figure 09 : The research area Borschemich and its forthcoming open brown coal pit ‚‘Garzweiler II’‘ in NRW, Germany (March 2015)

The research at hand examines the space between business tral Europe. Germany’s most abundant water reservoir lies and the fate of the individual on the basis of the ‘Garzweiler under the largest part of NRW. II’ project. With a population of nearly 18 million, NRW is the most The detailed portrayal of the situation aims to facilitate an densely populated and most urban of Germany’s federal sta- effective conflict for instance about the shift in values bet- tes. Unemployment lies at 7.8%9. NRW counts as the most ween the common good, the good of the individual, and eco- popular immigration destination in Europe10. Characteristic nomic viability. What are the possibilities for an investi- for NRW are several key industries which make NRW one of gative analysis with a creative background? Can a shift in Germany’s industrial centres. Coal mining is the origin of the thinking or a level of empathy be achieved? Can a basis for Rhineland’s industrial heritage. constructive debate help reach consensus? The ‘Garzweiler II’ project serves in this context as a research NRW’s Energy Policy focus to outline the economic dynamics and mechanisms With the Agenda 2020 , Germany has set itself some am- and resulting external tensions on structures that have been bitious climate goals in connection with the Kyoto Protocol developed and have existed over many years. II, for example to reduce greenhouse emissions by 40% by 2020, compared to 1990. In 2014, a reduction of 23.8% compared to 1990 had been achieved. The near-term deadline of NORTH RHINE WESTPHALIA (NRW) the agreement strongly influences any energy policy. In 2012, Hannelore Kraft (NRW Minister-President11) sta- NRW is the westernmost state of Germany, sharing borders ted that by the year 2015, at least 30% of all power generated with the Netherlands and Belgium. in North Rhine-Westphalia was to be produced from rene- One of the largest brown coal deposits in Germany lies in wable sources. At the same time, the industrial focus of its NRW. In addition, NRW features fruitful lands with historic economy was to be preserved12. For the transition phase, the communities and abundant nature. Among these features 9 Average unemployment in Germany was 6.3% in 2014 http://de.statista.com/ are the fertile loessic soil as well as the roughly 12,000 year statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/ (04 December 2014) 8 old Hambach forest , one of the last ‘primeval forests’ in Cen- 10 Source on migration and attractiveness of NRW as a destination for (qualified) Immigrants from all over Europe: https://www.stiftung-mercator.de/de/presse/mitteilungen/nach- richten/nrw-beliebtes-ziel-fuer-zuwanderer-aus-der-eu/ and here: http://www.svr-migration.de/ content/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Web_SVR_Jahresgutachten_2013.pdf (21 January 2015) 8 Source : http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambacher_Forst ( 20 January 2015 ) „According to legend, many villages owe the Bürge forest to St. Arnoldus. The users of the Bürge 11 Since 2007, Kraft has been the SPD state chair in NRW and since 2009 deputy federal woods were obliged to pay an annual fee called Wachszins” (Translated). This means that Bürge chair of the SPD. Minister-President of NRW since 2010 and at least until the next state elections in forests have been particularly protected and preserved as far back as in Roman times. But the Ham- 2017. bacher forest never have been officially approved as forest that have to be protected by any justical 12 Article „Kraft bremst bei der Energiewende“ in the Süddeutsche Zeitung. principle. Thus, the Hambach forest has long maintained and protected. However, it has failed to Source : http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/koalitionsverhandlungen-in-ber- protect the forest by the law. lin-kraft-bremst-bei-der-energiewende-1.1804563 ( 19 February 2015 )

18 ‚The wandering Hole‘

mining of local coal would continue to be supported, as well reach ever deeper layers of brown coal. This removes the na- as the construction of coal-fired power plants would conti- tural boundaries of brown coal seams that lie too deep down nue to be possible on the basis of existing laws. as an obstacle.

» It is important that we preserve the in- Formation of Brown Coal dustry jobs in our state «, H. Kraft said.13 Brown coal is formed over the course of many millions of years in swamp areas from decayed plants. The main period of its formation lies in the tertiary period (about 25 million years ago).

» First moor, then peat, then brown coal, after that black coal, then graphite and then diamonds, we just can’t wait that long «15, says Mr. Kunde, RWE’s head of the Garzweiler strip mine.

Today, brown coal can only be found in a few isolated areas. 1990 2014 The former bay where NRW now lies fulfilled all the condi- Figure 10 : Electricity generation in Germany tions necessary for the formation of brown coal. Over the years, the current brown coal layer (or seam) has sunk lower. The NRW stategovernment publicly banks on investing in Hermetically16 sealed from the surface, the layer was exposed the development of renewable energies on the one hand, and to high pressures and temperatures. This started the coalifi- at the same time on the use of conventional energy sources cation process17. (see Fig. 10). Seams can occur in depths ranging between 20 and 350 me- However, the UN climate conference at the end of 2015 puts tres and have a diameter of 3 to 100 metres. After having pressure onto the respective state governments to redirect descended, the brown coal seams now lie under various stra- energy policy measures. ta of sand and rock, which are called ‘overburden’. More than ten tons of overburden need to be removed for each ton of brown coal to be mined18. BROWN COAL IN NRW

The economic use of brown coal started at the end of the 18th century. This ties the economic progress of Germany, and NRW in particular, closely to its coal mining activities. Du- ring the period of industrialisation, its independence in energy generation afforded Germany a rank of global significance that it maintains until today. By earlier standards, power from brown coal had the lo- west production costs compared to other sources of energy14. Brown coal in itself is cost free . It is the most important national energy source and is not, unlike oil or gas, dependent on the global market and global politics . Despite the well-known inefficiency of brown coal, the tendency from various sides is towards a continued mining of brown coal. A continuous further development of and investment in new technologies makes it possible to 15 Translated quote from the Interview with Lutz Kunde on 17 February 2015

13 Translated quoty; Article „Kraft bremst bei der Energiewende“ in the Süddeut- 16 Hermetical means airtight, untouched by air sche Zeitung.[ Source : http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/koalitionsverhandlungen-in-ber- 17 Source: http://artikel.schuelerlexikon.de/Chemie/Entstehung_und_Verwendung_ lin-kraft-bremst-bei-der-energiewende-1.1804563 ( 19 February 2015 ) ] von_Braunkohle_und_Steinkohle.htm ( 31 January 2015 ) 14 Source: http://www.oeko.de/oekodoc/55/1998-001-de.pdf ( 18. Jan 2015 ) 18 Source : http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergregal ( 30. Januar 2015 )

Supply (RWE Power AG); Activists; Demand; Politics; Pro-Resettlement; Contra-Resettlement; Community; Critic; Research

19 TheRhineland Mining District About 4500 AD the first farmers settled in what is now the Rhineland mining district. With their still very simple means, they could only harvest on very fertile soil. This they found between Aachen and Cologne. The soil was excepti- RWE ( RHEINISCH-WESTFÄLI- onally fertile loess soil, and the mild, dry climate was well SCHES ELEKTRIZITÄTSWERK ) suited for agriculture. About 5000 years later, the Romans dominated the densely populated region and built estates, RWE is the stock company and utility corporation behind villas and military roads. Theregion was called ‘granary’19 the ‘Garzweiler II’ project. The corporation is one of the most for its strong agricultural suitability. Many villages for- influential companies and largest employer in the Rhineland med along the trade routes. mining district. With its numerous subsidiaries, RWE has Temporary French occupation, revolution and administra- influential contacts on all levels: tion of the region helped to quickly modernise its economy. Politics, public and private authorities, local administration The French Mining Act of 1812 declared lignite a “regal and media (see Fig. 11) . In addition, a number of global mineral”20 and regulated the - previously unrestricted - mi- successor and affiliated companies (see Fig. 13) are connected ning of lignite. Brown coal was the “poor people’s heating with the corporation. RWE owns a large global network (see fuel”21. Today, the brown resource counts with a 24% share Fig. 12). of the federal republic’s energy mix as the main contributor to its power supply . The main share of it is mined in RWE the Rhineland mining district, where it is also directly pro- Brown coal committee cessed further. It is the location of large-area and high quality National district brown coal deposits with up to 55 billion tons of lignite22. District chief executive Parliament (state) » A supply [ of lignite in the Rhineland mining Politics district ] with an energy content equivalent to the Police Iranian oil reserves. « 23

Figure 11 : Example of linked instances by the example of John Kaptain, chairman of the brown coal committee for ‚‘Garzweiler II’‘ until 1989

19 „Due to the high to very high quality of its soils, the Jülich-Zülpich Börde region was known as the granary of the Holy Roman Empire. Corresponding to this long history of agricultural use, the Jülich and Zülpich Börde today are forest-free with the exception of the Bürge woods.“ ( Translated ) [ Source : PDF by Forschungsstelle Rekultivierung „Rekultivierung im rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier – Exkursionsführer Teil I“ by Achim Schmacher, Maren Stollberg, Ulf Dwor- schak, Jochen Weglau et al. 2011 ( 29 January 2015 ) ] 20 „The Bergregal, or Bergwerksregal, was the historic right of ownership of untapped mineral resources in parts of German-speaking Europe.“ (Translated) [ Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergregal ( 24 March 2015 ) ] 21 Source : “Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen”, by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock, and Bernhand; Lins, page 83 22 „[In the Rineland mining district] there is a deposit of around 55 billion tons of lignite covering an area of 2500 square kilometres. This region is the largest contiguous lignite deposit in Europe and has, with nearly 60%, the largest share of extraction in Germany.” ( Translated ) [ Source : http://www.energiewelten.de/elexikon/lexikon/seiten/htm/010405_Braunkohlerevie- re_und_Reserven_in_Deutschland.htm ( 29 January 2015 ) ] Figure 12: Examples of oil and gas production foreign locations own by RWE 23 Source : http://www.oekoplus.sepeur-media.de/RUBenergie/Braunkohle.php ( 21 December 2014 )

20 ‚The wandering Hole‘

Subsidiary companies :

Partner, splitter- or succession companies :

Figure 13 : Interlocking of RWE (Partner, Subsidiary-, splitter- or succession companies)

According to RWE, the company is one of Europe’s five leading electricity and gas companies24 :

» Through our expertise in lignite production, in electricity generation from gas, coal,

nuclear and renewables, and in energy trading as Figure 14 : Development of RWE share from 1985 up to today (2015) well as [...] distribution and supply, we are active at all stages of the energy value chain. Around Where 59% are institutional investors, 25% communal 60,000 employees supply over 16 million electri- shareholders and only 13% are private shareholders. This city customers [...] with energy, both reliably and shows close links with local authorities and businesses. at fair prices. In fiscal 2013, we recorded appro- ximately €54 billion in revenue. [...] The European RWE needs restructuring. The “RWE 2015” programme energy sector is undergoing fundamental chan- formulates strategies for cost reduction. According to ge. Political intervention is making our business the RWE website, measures such as investment in renewa- challenging [ with reference to the German market ]. «25 bles and the modernisation of network infrastructure are planned : RWE communicates an awareness of ongoing changes in the energy supply system both in Germany and across Europe. » Despite difficult framework conditions, RWE sees a ‘threat’ to the corporation in the slowly declining we want to play our part in the continued de- interest in conventional power plants at the hand of rising velopment of the European energy system [...] by subsidies for renewable energies in Germany. This has an ef- offering a wide range of innovative energy pro- fect on the balance sheets of the energy provider (see Fig. 14) : ducts and services. « 26

24 In Europe, RWE is in third place as electricity provider. Source under the menu item „Profile“ : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/1029638/rwe/about-rwe/profile/ ( 24 March 2015 ) 25 Translated source under the menu item „Profile“ : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/ 26 Translated source under the menu item „Profile“ : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/ en/1029638/rwe/about-rwe/profile/ (24 March 2015) en/1029638/rwe/about-rwe/profile/ ( 24 March 2015 )

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21 PRESENCE COMMUNICATION

RWE cultivates a strong “community engagement”27; The RWE website verbalises trust through extensive pro- pan-European partnerships28 and the promotion of their grammes for ‘their’ region. They also convey transparency: locations are amongst RWE’s core activities.29 The RWE web- The strategy of disclosure, for instance concerning incidents site lists sponsorships that lie mainly in the cultural realm. Its in power plants, annual business reports and the opportuni- public appearance both locally as well as in various media30 ty to attend company meetings. Which raises the question: is strategically thought out and executed to a high professi- Are these all the critical points? How much does a large cor- onal standard. The large number of employees provides a poration like RWE have to disclose, and to what extent is in- diversified network of representatives of the corporation : formation being withheld? How far does this transparency reach regarding RWE marketing? » RWE Germany is there for the people in the region. We support a variety of communi- In the research area, this situation became conspicuous in ty projects and initiatives. And in times of need, the context of railroads connecting the strip mine with the our employees themselves will volunteer in their power plant : home communities for a good cause. « 31

RWE supports many sponsorship activities in nearby cultural institutions, towns and clubs . They financially support village fairs, the RWE Big Band frequently performs at events, societies like the “Girls from the gravel pit” are spon- sored and “they play Saint Nick at the school or nursery“32. But at these points it becomes clear that RWE is financially worse off than a few years ago :

» Due to cost-cutting measures in the RWE corporation, we regret to say that the RWE Photo: Picture taken on the 15th of february 2015, by H.Hiecke Band will be dissolved at the end of the year « 33, says Alfred Turbanski, chairman of the choir . A locomotive derailed and employees work to repair the damage. After extensive research regarding this incident, one article could be retrieved from the ‘Neu Grevenbroicher’ local newspaper34. This was the only source of information. This establishes that complete transparency does not exist. There is also no relevant engagement with unsatisfied customers and resettlers, of which there are many. Little to no information at all can be found about conflicts with activists, critical questions about outdated technologies, and sustainability. Behind RWE’s public appearance stands a professionally 27 Source : RWE website http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/1904248/rwe/responsibility/ community/community-engagement/ ( 24 March 2015 ) trained, goal-oriented management . 28 Examples are 10 year partnership with International Filmfestival Karlovy Vary (Czech Republic), Partner of International Prague Spring music festival since 1946, for more than 10 years partner of Museum Folkwang (Essen), also the Dortmunder U and the Dortmund Concert » Our sponsoring activities are part of Hall, a dedicated Norwegian Scholarship Programme in Music for several years Source : RWE website, menu item „Sponsoring has a long tradition at RWE“ RWE’s integrated communication concept and [ Source : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/1386288/rwe/responsibility/community/community-engagement/social-commitment/sponsorings/ ( 24 March 2015 ) ] are based on a Group-wide sponsorship stra- 29 „RWE Germany is there for the people in the region. We support a variety of community projects and initiatives. And in times of need, our employees themselves will volunteer in their tegy. Corporate interests always embrace soci- home communities for a good cause.“ Translated quote from the following link Source: http://www. rwe.com/web/cms/de/499914/rwe-deutschland-ag/engagement/ ( 17 January 2015 ) al responsibility issues, making corporate social 30 Media such as the internet, brochures, information desks and videos responsibility a key part of this strategy alongs- 31 Translated quto. [ Source under the menu item „Unser Engagement“ : http://www. rwe.com/web/cms/de/499914/rwe-deutschland-ag/engagement/ ( 17 January 2015 ) ] ide brand communication. For this reason, all 32 „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirsch- gens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins, page 55 33 Translated quote from the article „Verlust: Die RWE-Power-Band wird aufgelöst“ in 34 Translated quote from the article „Zwei Loks kollidieren am Kraftwerk” in the the Aachener Zeitung, 28 April 201. [ Source : http://www.aachener-zeitung.de/lokales/eschweiler/ Neu-Grevenbroicher Zeitung. [ Source : http://www.rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/grevenbroich/zwei- verlust-die-rwe-power-band-wird-aufgeloest-1.565873#plx1485182651 ( 19 February 2015 ) ] loks-kollidieren-am-kraftwerk-aid-1.4874500 ( 15 February 2015 ) ]

22 ‚The wandering Hole‘

our sponsoring activities are closely linked to dilute reality with the aid of professional and targeted mar- the overall objective of generating profits as a keting: Visible through false or incomplete presentation of company and achieving a positive social and en- facts and information. In this context it must be mentioned vironmental impact as a result of our activities. that interviews have shown the side of activists and those Even though RWE is an internationally oriented fighting to protect the cultivated land and the environment as corporation it still remains firmly anchored in the well not only arguing with unbiassed information40. In this regions from which it has grown. The individual point, both sides are facing similar criticism. regional companies have sufficient autonomy within the RWE sponsoring model to allow them to implement individual, targeted projects for their own respective region. «35

Social Networks RWE doesn’t only have a physical representation; there are numerous points of contact in the digital realm: Such as in the social networks (Twitter, Facebook). Pages like “RWE helps”, “RWE SmartHome” and the Twitter group “@RWE_AG” communicate, according to the corporation, internal and global news and serve as an information desk on top of it. Photo: Extract from a commercial by RWE „Wer, wenn nicht wir“ ( Who, if not us ), 2008

Criticism Even back in 1985, author Albert Kirschgens amongst others speaks very critically about RWE’s activities :

» Public opinion is being targeted and

manipulated, laws and regulations concerning Photo: Extract from a commercial by RWE „Unser Land geht voRWEg“ ( Our country goes in advance / leads ), 2013 the strip mines, the resettlement measures and energy policy are being adapted in advance to suit the needs of the mining industry. «36

In addition, critics accuse RWE of using outdated technologies despite known risks and problems, while at the same time investing too little in the development of sustainable, renewable energies. Further allegations in that regard concern an entanglement with important bodies such as politics, which lead to stronger allegations of lobbying37.38 Statements by RWE and communication addressed to the public do not Photo: Extract from the commercial by RWE „Der Energieriese“ ( The energy giant ), 2015 match up with the corporation’s actual conduct. This is often referred to as ‘greenwashing’39. In addition, RWE is said to

35 Translated quote from the RWE Website under the menu item „Sponsorings” [ Source : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/1386288/rwe/responsibility/community/community-engagement/social-commitment/sponsorings/ ( 24 March 2015 ) ] 36 Translated quote form the book „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins, page 42 37 Lobbying: “A form of advocacy in politics and society. Through lobbying, interest groups (lobbies) attempt to influence the executive and legislative branches, mainly through fostering personal connections. They also influence public opinion through public relations. This is mostly done via mass media.” (Translated) Source : Wikipedia (de)> Lobbyismus ( 01 March 2015) 38 Source :Wikipedia http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWE_Power (22 December 2014) 39 Greenwashing: „In the figurative sense it means ‚putting on a green coat‘. Greenwas- hing is a critical name for PR methods that aim to give an environmentally friendly and responsible image to a company in the pubic eye, without there being substantial grounds for it.” (Translated) 40 Interview Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Niemann-Delius, BBK III – Lehrstuhl und Institut für [ Source : Wikipedia (de) > Greenwashing ( 01 March 2015 ) ] Rohstoffgewinnung über Tage und Bohrtechnik, RWTH Aachen

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23 GARZWEILER

Garzweiler was a town in the Rhineland mining district. Now - in place of the town - there is the brown coal strip mine Garzweiler I. Garzweiler I has claimed an area of 6,600 hectares and, since 31 March 1995, has been extended by an area of 4,800 hectares with the start of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project41. ‘Garzweiler II’ holds, according to geological esti- mates, lignite reserves of 1.3 billion tons. Until World War II, brown coal strip mining, and with it the interference in settlements and cultural spaces, was limited to a sparsely populated and utilised space (Ville)42. Growing energy demand and improved mining technologies (deep strip mining) Figure 13: Aerial view of Old-Borschemich before the demolition and resettlement (2000) have since led to expansions of those areas.

Quality of the Brown Coal from the Garzweiler Strip Mine Studies show that the lignite mined from the Garzweiler pit has diminished in quality43. The material is very damp. The lignite from Garzweiler therefore often needs to be mixed with coal from nearby mines (Inden and Hambach) or needs to be ‘upgraded’ with burnable oil or biomass44 .

BORSCHEMICH

The town of Borschemich is a district of the city of Erkelenz and lies in the mining area of ‘Garzweiler II’. Borschemich is one of a total of 15 towns that have to make way for the Figure 14: Plan of New-Borschemich; location and settling attached to the northern part of the city Erkelenz ‘Garzweiler II’ strip mine. Borschemich is a village with nearly a thousand-year history (Fig. 13). The village was, before the announcement of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project, home to around 700 people. Between 2005 and 2015, about 300 residents of Old Bor- schemich will be resettled to New Borschemich, 8km away (Fig. 14 and 15). The preparations and the residents’resistance against the approval of ‘Garzweiler II’, as well as the imminent resettlement, however, were already set in motion in 1970.

41 Source : http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagebau_Garzweiler ( 12 February 2015 ) 42 „Umsiedlungsatlas“ by Frank Dickmann Page 19 43 Source from the Interview with Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Niemann-Delius, BBK III – Lehrstuhl und Institut für Rohstoffgewinnung über Tage und Bohrtechnik, RWTH Aachen ( 19 Febuary 2015 ) 44 Source from the PDF „Zukunft statt Braunkohle“ by BUND : Figure 15: Arial view of New-Borschemich (2014) http://www.bund-nrw.de/fileadmin/bundgruppen/bcmslvnrw/PDF_Dateien/Braunkohle/Materi- alien/ZsB_Dokumentation_screen.pdf ( 19 February 2015 )

24 ‚The wandering Hole‘ evaporating homelanD

In Germany, the concept of the homeland has, in the years STABILITY since World War I, brought forth very different sentiments: Directly after the end of World War II there is talk of the lost What constitutes a sense of home? What does it mean to homeland, or ‘Heimat’45 and the longing for an unblemished have to give up ones home and lose it ? world. This shaped theperceptions of the war and reconstruction generations. » In order to write about home, it must already be lost. «47

Definition of the Sense of Home Nearly every human being feels, over the course of their life, ‘at home’ in a certain place. They are integrated into a social, often also family environment, are familiar with their surroundings, find their way around and may have witnessed changes in the structure. The sense of home comes from a concept of interplay of time, space, and identity48. Home descri- bes the relationship between space and person within a time dimension. Frequently the term nowadays carries, due to its history and the ties to a location, very nostalgic overtones . Home is a concept based on a personal perception in interaction with the spatial environment, whereas its loss represents the boundary and at the same time the awareness of this con- Photo : Example the home of family Oldenbourg since 1902 cept. As is also expressed by Eduard Spranger, a scholar on ‘Heimat’: In the 1960s/’70s, the term ‘Heimat’ has more negative con- notations - which persist in part until today. Its use was con- » Therefore, Home is both: surroundings sidered backwards, an instrumentalised bit of vocabulary for and soul, corporeal, personally executed, soul- those who are stuck in the past, stuffy old people who couldn’t fully shaped rooting into a life-whole and its or- keep up with the times of the ‘Wirtschaftswunder’. ‘Heimat’ der, it lives on a special speck of land. «49 was often used to convey social, political and cultural ‘inten- tions’, promises and utopias. Today, Heimat is a term with various meanings: The definiti- IDENTITÄT on of the term remains a vague notion and is connected with the sentiment of belonging. Globalisation and the utilisation How do people identify through their surroundings? of spaces give the term ‘Heimat’ and the question of belon- In the aforementioned interplay between person and space, ging a whole new meaning again. ‘Heimat’ and the concept the person develops a feeling of belonging, or also familiarity. of home are experiencing a change in times of a requirement Over time, a sense of habitude and regularity develops, for increased flexibility : which is of central significance for many people and reflects existential security50. » The culture of home, as opposed to an international culture, means to say: here every folklore has put its own mark on it; here, the fi- 47 Translated quote by Friedrich Kittler (1986) „De Nostalgia“ In: Hans-Georg Pott gurative and the concrete come before all that is (Hg.), Literatur und Provinz. Das Konzept ‚Heimat’ in der neuen Literatur,Paderborn u.a: Schö- ningh; page 153 46 purely intellectual. « 48 „Heimat – Konturen und Konjunkturen eines umstrittenen Konzepts“ by Gunther Gebhard, Oliver Geisler and Steffen Schröter, page 10 49 Translated quote from the book „Heimatkunde im Wandel“ by Eduard Spranger, 45 Heimatsvertriebenen (the expellees of their homeland) 1923, page 11 (07 March 2015)Schöningh; page 153 46 Translated quote from the book „Heimatkunde im Wandel“ by Eduard Spranger, 50 See also the turn of phrase “old habits die hard”. Thus, a living space represents 1923, page 10 (07 March 2015) routine and expectations.

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25 judgment dimension Meaning perfection in terms of landscape of the landscape of the landscape

Tradition Cultural heritage Traditional

nature conservancy Nature Diversity, presence of rare species

yield Factor of production Profitable use

Emotion Leisure area Diversity, symbolic value

Figure 16: According to M. Hunziker (2010); The meaning or significance of the environment for the people : Objective feature of the landscape or individual perception of man?

The perception of an environment and developed stability This underlines that the perception, utilisation and the un- connects closely with the person: a sense of home. This pro- derstanding of a landscape differ and therefore so does the cess takes time and habits51. A deviation from it develops in- understanding of the necessity for a project such as ‘Garzwei- ternal tensions . ler II’ . The human being lives as an ‘animal symbolicum’ in a world of symbols. The person constructs this world The Awareness of Surroundings themselves (Fig. 17), interprets it and bases their actions on According to Professor Kühne, a scholar on identity and the it56. Structural changes also cause a change in the values or sense of home, the awareness of a landscape can be roughly symbols, but only slowly : divided into “the normal home landscape” and “the stereo- typical landscape”52. In this, the “normal home landscape” » Symbols encompass levels of meaning does not need to be stereotypically beautiful, but rather that go beyond the concrete-denotative, going familiar. A change of the “normal home landscape” is fre- deeper, including emotional bearings and conno- quently reconstructed as loss of home. Since the “normal tations which can only incompletely be captured home landscape” is subject to intergenerational changes, it by discourse. « 57 is important to classify the different assessments of acquired physical landscape depending on different dimensions of (Social) Constructivist Landscape Research judgment (see Fig. 16) 53. The landscape perspective (see Fig. 16) can have a key role in the interaction with space58. This opens up access to materi- Orientation and Aesthetics of the Landscape al, social and individual developments and correlations. In The aesthetic experience can be understood as “a way to ori- addition, this enables the integration of aesthetic and emo- entate oneself in the world“54 : tional approaches as well as different functionalisations to spatial arrangements. This visualises and constitutively inte- » The history of aesthetics consists of a grates the perspectives of power distribution in society. steady reinterpretation of the concept of beauty. There is no one reference point for determining beauty that can hope for acceptance from all sides and for all times, and of which can’t be said, with equal justification, the exact opposite. « 55

51 „Man is a creature of habit“, this saying means that fixed rituals, known and familiar things are very important for humans and accordingly play a large role in life. 56 Cassirer, E. (1990[1944]): Versuch über den Menschen. Einführung in eine Philoso- 52 Kühne, O. / Spellerberg, A. (2010): Heimat und Heimatbewusstsein in Zeiten phie der Kultur. Frankfurt a.M. erhöhter Flexibilitätsanforderungen. Empirische Studien im Saarland, Wiesbaden. Source from the Symposium by Holemann, 2014 57 Translated quote by Knappstein, Th. (2002): Stadt und Symbol: Die Bedeutung von Symbolen in städtischen Lebenswelten. Angebote der hermeneutischen Methode des Therapeuti- 53 Hunziker, M. (2010): Die Bedeutungen der Landschaft für den Menschen: objektive schen Sandspiels. Dissertation. Eigenschaft der Landschaft oder individuelle Wahrnehmung des Menschen? In: Forum für Wissen [ Source : http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgibin/dokserv?idn=965575322&dok_var=d1&dok_ext=pdf&fi- 2010, 33-41. lename=965575322.pdf ( last accessed 15.5.2011 ) ] 54 Küpper, J./Menke, C. (2003): Einleitung. In: Küpper, J./Menke, C. (Hg.): Dimensio- 58 Hesse, M. (2012): Suburbaner Raum – Annäherungen an Gegenstand, Inhalte nen ästhetischer Erfahrung. Frankfurt a.M., 7-15. und Bedeutungszuweisungen. In: Schenk, W. / Kühn, M. / Leibenath, M. / Tzschaschel, S. (Hg.): 55 Translated quote by Borgeest, C. (1977): Das sogenannte Schöne. Ästhetische Sozial- Suburbane Räume als Kulturlandschaften. Hannover, 13-24. schranken. Frankfurt am Main.

26 ‚The wandering Hole‘

These examples show that memories and the structures of what and how a person remembers something are closely linked to the spatial environment. What about the memories of resettled people who have no chance to return to the place of South America Denmark Germany origin of their memories?

A countereffect is the change of location when ruminating. Through movement, change of surroundings and changing impressions one can sort their thoughts anew. This is a cons- Finland France The Netherlands cious method for influencing the mental state. Thus, a resettlement can also be seen as a chance for a new start and re-orientation ( pro-resettlement). This is true mainly for the younger generation of resettlers.

Italy Kenya Poland

Russia The Ukraine The United States of America

Figure 17: Landscape painting by various artists worldwide

MEMORIES

The Location-Updating Effect

» The brain often binds a thought to the room in which it was formed. This is why people sometimes struggle to remember something that they decided to do in a different room. The reason: The brain bundles memory packages - but not necessarily by aspects of content, but sometimes also into other chapters. Therefore, often spatial circumstances are a deciding factor in the structure of memory. «59

This insight has been discovered in the context of dementia research. But what about people who connect memories with their surroundings and these surroundings get destroyed and wiped out? What then happens inside the human brain and with the memories? Research into the phenomenon of déjà vu confirms this finding. Déjà vu occurs as a result of a false linking of memories and spatial environment.

59 Translated article on Focus – online : http://www.focus.de/wissen/natur/erinnerungskiller-tuer-gehirn-koppelt-gedanken-an-zimmer_aid_724288.html (27 November 2014)

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27 friction economy & common Good

The ‘Garzweiler II’ project highlights mechanisms and phe- this ban was replaced by Adolf Hitler’s mining law. Since nomena regarding business. Here collide not only different then, it was permitted that, if an “overriding public interest” viewpoints and values, but also different dimensions. The could be proven, even residential or commercial buildings ‘Garzweiler II’ project has an impact on many levels and have to be given up. Decisions including the one regar- areas of life. The common good and the well-being of the in- ding the ‘Garzweiler II’ project were still made on the basis dividual come into conflict: Large versus small, professiona- of the 1937 mining law64 around 1990. The mining authority lism against insecurity and fear, power and money against in Düren approved the “Garzweiler I/II plan of operations” emotional values, the interest of the general public versus in 1997 and thereby released the area for coal strip mining traditional, enrooted villages. In the research area, the good until 2045 . of the individual must give in and make way to the common In the brown coal district, there is a saying : good60. This shows implications also for the ‘soft’ structures. Figuratively speaking, hard clashes with soft, steady with un- » Mining rights break fundamental rights «65. certain, strong and tangible with fragile, strong and tangible with emotional and mental. Where are the limits? Which ones does the economic mecha- THE RIGHT TO A HOME nism encounter, and which one does it cross? How are decisions constructively made and conveyed, when aspects are The corporation acts with political support, even compared that are so divergent? though regarding the strip mine, several principles of the state have been set aside. So far, more than 200,000 resettlers66 have had their right to self-determination, free choice of loca- JUDICIARY APPROVAL tion, the right to a home and to property repealed. In addition, laws concerning environmental protection like ‘secu- 1908, after a number of mergings, unions came together to ring natural means of subsistence’ (State development plans form the “Rhenish public limited company for brown coal III)67, the state water regulations or the water supply regu- mining and briquette factory (RAG)”61, which later became lations are given less weight. Ranked higher is for example RWE. Since then, the main shareholders and investors of to- the regulation „Expropriation is only admissible for the day’s RWE shares have been mainly communal and institu- benefit of the general public“ (article 14, paragraph 3)68. tional bodies. These bodies therefore have an interest in the And the federal mining law (article 79, paragraph 1 )69 : economic progress of the corporation . „Compulsory purchase of land is admissible on a case by case basis, if it serves the common good, if in particular the supply The energy corporation RWE acts in the interest of the so of the market with raw materials, preservation of jobs in the called common good . The associated intrusions and re- mining industry, maintaining or improving the structure of settlements count as ‘Sonderopfer’, a specific type of sacrifice 64 Article from the TAZ „Gesetze aus der Nazi-Zeit, die bis heute gelten. Wo Adolf noch one is expected to make in favour of the national interest. The regiert“ Source : http://www.taz.de/!114913/ (31 January 2015) Comment : „ [ … ] the German mining law, because there, the mining authorities (who in turn answer to the economic ministries) number of so-called ‘Sonderopfer’ of the ‘Garzweiler II’ pro- alone can decide the approval of mining projects – and thus, the industry that was important for the war back then had free reign. The fact that environmental authorities or even other democratic ject amounts to roughly 7000 affected people62. bodies have no say in the matter has apparently not come to anyone‘s attention for a long time […].”; (Translated ) 63 Until 1934, the mining law in effect stated that landowners 65 Translated quote from the article „Recht auf Heimat“ from „Der Spiegel“ 23/2013. can “never” be forced to give up “land on which stand buil- Source : http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-97012801.html ( 15 December 2014 ) 66 The list of mined towns allows a rough calculation of at least 200,000 affected people. dings for living, business or industry”. Under the NS regime, [ Source : http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_abgebaggerter_Ortschaften, ( 15 December 2014 ) ] 67 Land development plan 2013. [ Source : http://www.landesentwicklung.sachsen.de/ download/Landesentwicklung/LEP_2013.pdf ( 15 December 2014 ) ] 60 Interview with Hans Willi Schulte, member of the rifle assoication Schützenbruder- 68 Excerpt from the current version of the Federal Republic of Germany‘s constitution schaft, Borschemich on 15 December 2014 : (1) Property and inheritance rights are guaranteed. Content and bounds are determined by law. (2) Property obliges. Its usage shall at the same time serve the common good. (3) 61 „Zukunft statt Braunkohle – 30 Jahre Widerstand gegen den Braunkohlentagebau Expropriation is only admissible for the benefit of the general public. It must only take place by law ‘Garzweiler II’“ by Dirk Jansen and Dorothea Schubert; BUND NRW; April 2014; page 21ff or based on a law that regulates the nature and extent of compensation. The compensation is to be 62 Source http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/ determined under just consideration of the interests of the general public and the concerned parties. DE/2013/bvg13-076.html ( 01 February 2015 ) In light of the amount of compensation, in case of a dispute it is possible to take legal action before 63 The Allgemeine preußische Berggesetz (mining law) originates from 24 June 1865, a court of law. Source : http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/art_14.html ( 15 December 2014 ); this replaced parts of the Allgemeinen Preußischen Landrechts (land law) of 1752 as well as 50 ( Translated ) provincial mining laws. With the start of industrialisation and reformation of administration and 69 Excerpt from the current version of the Federal Mining Law §79 „Requirements for state in the mid-19th century there was also an aim to restructure feudal mining law to a functi- the admissibility of compulsory purchase“ from 13 August 1980, this article has not been changed onal mining administrataion. For the source see PDF : http://www.dnjv.org/14Green/Ring-Ber- until today, 15 December 2014. Source : http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/bbergg/ grecht.pdf ( 01 February 2015 ) gesamt.pdf and : https://www.juris.de/purl/gesetze/_ges/BBergG (15 December 2014); (Translated)

28 ‚The wandering Hole‘

the economy, or the meaningful and planned mining of the many resettlers are themselves employed by RWE, one of deposits are to be secured, and the purpose for the compulso- their associated industries or trades. They fear consequen- ry purchase with regards to the site-dependency of the extrac- ces for their job. Too often, compensation and employment tion operation can not be achieved by any other acceptable contract negotiations go hand in hand. And on the other means.“ hand, many resettlers hope for good conditions or better replacement properties if they complete negotiations more Resistance and Solidarity quickly. Each property is assessed and sold individually. As When the first rumours of resettlement start, often the RWE communicates comprehensibly: “No house is like the thought of resistance unites the residents in the joint decision other”75. Meanwhile, in the village, this leads to a mixture to take a stand. They want to protect and preserve their home. of secret-mongering and competition about compensation Residents call upon the “right to a home” and environmental sums. This atmosphere’‘ faces the large corporation with protection . Often, associations, citizen’s initiatives, coali- legally trained and professional personnel. Routine and ex- tions for action and town meetings are put in motion. pertise meets anxious victims. For the individual affected person, this is about existence and the looming threat of ex- » We don’t accept that we should have our propriation. This makes resettlement the logical consequence lives turned upside down for the profit of a public for many of the affected parties. limited company «70 says Mr. Pütz, a former citizen of Immerath, in court. Resettlement can also be seen as a chance, a new start and improvement76. The implications are not exclusively negati- Citizens and environmental organisations have tried to de- ve. One example for this is the comparison of resettlement fend the planned mining area in court - but unsuccessfully in towns Heuersdorf and Lippendorf77. Heuersdorf has taken a most cases. In June 1997, the judge rejected the constitutional stand against resettlement until just before its demolition , complaint against ‘Garzweiler II’ : whereas Lippendorf has come to terms with the idea early on and explored all options . Today, Heuersdorf is in a worse » If you take a closer look at these cases, structural state than Lippendorf. It is to be noted hat the ma- you start to wonder if you live in Germany or un- jority suffers mainly from the lengthy process of resettlement, der some other regime «, said lawyer Dirk Teßmer71 since the future of their home is often in question within this process. Legal protection is the exception, “most victims give up, exhausted, at some point“72. So far, only few villages could be saved from strip mining, for example Kaster73 and Röcken74. Kaster has a historic Old Town and Röcken is the birthplace and site of the tomb of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. This place could be saved from the nearby mining operations by heritage protection. But these towns are isolated cases.

In the course of the lengthy process of resettlement, often the residents split up according to their different interests. Solidarity and mutual support crumble. On the one hand,

70 Translated quote from the article in Spiegel – online: http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/braunkohle-tagebau-garzweiler-verfassungsgericht-erlaubt-abbau-a-939589.html ( 19 December 2014 ) 71 Translated quote by the lawyer Dirk Teßmer, who represented Mr. Pütz and the BUND in the case of the town of Immerath. Immerath was a town that had to make way for the Garzweiler mine on 22 January 2011 72 Translated statement from the article „Recht auf Heimat“ from „Der Spiegel“ 23/2013. Source : http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-97012801.html ( 15 December 2014 ) 75 „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirsch- 73 In the 1970s, the town of Kaster bordered in the north and east on the then-operati- gens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins, page 102 onal Frimmersdorf and Fortuna-Garsdorf strip mines, today called Garzweiler I. „Die historische 76 „Dorfzerstörung und Relokalisierung durch Braunkohletagebau in konzeptionellen Altstadt von Kaster stellt ein besonderes Baudenkmal im Revier dar.“ [ Source : http://forschungs- biografischen und kollektiven Kontext von Raum, Ortsbezügen und Nachbarschaft“ Dissertation stellerekultivierung.de/downloads/exkursionsfuehrerteiliv.pdf page 15f ( 29 January 2015 ) ] zur Erlangung des akademischen Grads Dr. phil.by Heidrun Gode-Leurßen, page 103 74 Röcken is a district of the city of Lützen in the federal state of Sachsen-Anhalt. 77 Towns near Leipzig and the strip mine Vereinigtes Schleenhain, East Germany

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29 consequences

eventually the brown coal. An emptiness forms, a void compared to what used to be where there currently is the pit. The overburden that gets dug up at the front is being tipped into the back, where all the coal has already been removed. The tipping mostly happens as a mixture, which means that geological rock strata have been irrevocably destroyed. After that, reconstruction and revegetation follows :

» Through the mining, only the history of the cultivated land is lost. After the mine, a new beginning starts at zero hours. According to current knowledge, every functional aspect of the landscape can be fully restored. [...] Additionally,

PHOTO : Town and infrastructure at the edge of the open brown coal pit ‘Garzweiler II’ we get given the chance to protect, with the support of RWE, landscape and animal species «, The dimensions of the interference with the environmental says U. Dworschak, biologist at the land reclamation depart- balance and impact on the structures of the mainly rural, ment79 . populated region are known and enormous. The migration of the strip mine wipes out everything that has grown to that day. The cultivated land makes way for a pit. CONSEQUENCES FOR THE LANDSCAPE

MIGRATION INTERFERENCE WITH NATURE

The structure of cultivated land that’s been familiar for many years changes, including for example infrastructure and reference points (motorways, church spires, forests and fields). This has an impact on orientation within the Rhineland mining district and its ecosystem . Rivers have to be re- directed, forests cut down, farmland and meadows dug up. ‘Nature’ is no longer a unit, but after the passage of the mine an artificial-functional structured area organised into farmland and ‘recreational areas’ . The landscape that has developed naturally and historically makes way for artificially Figure 18 : Migration and dynamic of the open brown coal pit ‘Garzweiler II’ 1995, planned functional areas. current (2015) and the planned end in 2045 before any routing decision

The migration of a strip mine through the landscape is quite Dewatering special78. The mining area of a strip mine does not become The Rhine bay is rich in groundwater reservoirs spanning larger, RWE calls the migration through the landscape an area of 600,000 hectares80 (see Fig. 19). ‘wandering’. The diggers steadily excavate brown coal, so The strip mine is circled by numerous concentrically arran- that the surrounding power plants have an uninterrupted ged pumping stations (see Fig. 20). These pumps stand out supply of brown coal . The Garzweiler strip mine is active through their sheer number. They are placed close together 24 hours a day, every day of the year. At a speed of 2.282 and keep the mine dry (see Fig. 21). For the ‘Garzweiler II’ cm per hour, the pit moves steadily through NRW. Nothing project, a maximum dewatering volume of up to 150 milli- can withstand the diggers. Everything is dissolved, just like 79 The reclamation department works in cooperation with RWE 80 Article „Die Niederrheinische Bucht – Grundwasserreservegebiet von höchster Bedeutung“ by Bund Natur und Umweltschutz Deutschland. [ Source : http://www.bund-nrw.de/ 78 The “wandering” has technical reasons (location, conveyor belts and their efficiency) themen_und_projekte/braunkohle/braunkohle_und_umwelt/braunkohlentagebau_und_ge- and could be associated with a worm that eats its way through the land. The pit can therefore be waesserschutz/ ( 01 February 2015 ) ] compared to a foreign body or a black hole in the middle of the Rhineland mining district.

30 ‚The wandering Hole‘

on cubic metres per year was approved81. For the most part, the drained water is pumped, unused, into the Rhine. The draining has far-reaching consequences: Streams dry out, wetlands disappear and the quality of the drinking water is rapidly lowered. Waterworks are no longer able to supply urban areas with their own groundwater . Soil strata collap- se, causing soil settlement and surface damage. Fertile loess soils experience desertification. Farms within a large radius complain about crop failures. The largest German groundwater reservoir is being destroyed. The ecological system becomes unbalanced and the local biodiversity is measurably reduced82. The groundwater draining measures has fatal consequences for the Rhine bay’s water supply. Any further expansion of dewatering activities83 extends the affected area to the north and west - reaching as far as the Netherlands - more and more. RWE offers an artificial compensation, which creates Figure 19 : Effect on the ground water in Rhineland Mining District trigger by ‚‘Garzweiler a dependency. In the end, the draining and compensation II’‘ measures not only grant RWE the energy supply monopoly in Germany, but also control over the groundwater supply in NRW and surroundings.

Figure 20 : Dewatering system of Borschemich on the edge of ‚‘Garzweiler II’‘ (red)

81 Article „Ein Bodenschatz wird geplündert“ by Bund Natur und Umweltschutz Deutschland. [ Source : http://www.bund-nrw.de/themen_und_projekte/braunkohle/braunkoh- le_und_umwelt/braunkohlentagebau_und_gewaesserschutz/ ( 01 February 2015 ) ] 82 Article „Die Grundwasserabsenkung reicht weit über das Abbaugebiet hinaus“ by Bund Natur und Umweltschutz Deutschland. [ Source : http://www.bund-nrw.de/themen_und_ projekte/braunkohle/braunkohle_und_umwelt/braunkohlentagebau_und_gewaesserschutz/ ( 01 February 2015 ) ] 83 Due to the wandering of the pit, constant dewatering extension is necessary to keep Figure 21 : Dewatering pits to keep ‘Garzweiler II’ dry the mine consistently dry.

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31 Woodland Clearing Reclamation TheHambach forest was, before being cut down for the mine, The reclaimed land turns out ecologically depleted in NRW’s largest contiguous woodland with 5,500 hectares84 comparison87. Trees grow with effort. Farmland is less (see Fig.22 ) : yielding. Any long term effects are only partially, if at all, A forest grows slowly, but it dies quickly. The clearing of known. Only about 40% of independent farms can continue the forests destroyed an irreplaceable and unique woodland to operate after the resettlement, mostly however separate ecosystem. Its destruction wiped out entire habitats. RWE from settlements . RWE has to provide a reimbursement. biologists and geologists endeavour to intercept irreversible Whether or not this is comparable in quality, and brings a damage by taking measures for revegetation . stable yield in the long run, is no longer RWE’s responsibility after mining is finished. The Chamber of Agriculture complains about ‘extreme land shortage’. On the one hand because, due to ‘temporary use’ by RWE, the corporation is obliged to recultivate farmland for 7 years (Fig. 24), while at the same time receiving agricultural subsidies from the EU88. On the other hand, the strip mine leaves behind a pit which will reduce the agricultural space89.

Final-Cut Pits In the end, a large pit remains. There is no more overburden left to fill the so-called last-cut pit with soil. These pits are often restructured into recreational lakes and are therefore intended as economic compensation for the region . In the past, such lakes have lost their ecological balance Figure 22 : Hambacher Forest (green) and boundary of a mining claim of the open brown and gone bad. They were biologically dead and have turned coal pit Hambach (red) into foul smelling, murky cloacas, like the final-cut lake of former fill site Berrenrath in the Rhineland mining district90 COMPENSATION (Fig. 25). This lake has been filled too fast and not in a cont- rolled manner. The compensation measures taken during and after the -mi Reclamation takes time, and mistakes have been made that ning operation are aligned with its profitability for RWE. It’s have been learned from. One example of a successful reclama- a matter of “economy before ecology“85. A rethinking in soci- tion of a final-cut pit is the 100 hectares wide lake ‚Blaustein- ety and growing awareness of sustainability have raised the see‘91 (Fig. 26). The German office for reclamation has seen -sub value that is placed on ecological arguments today (2015). stantial development and is a global leader in the field . Meanwhile, the protection of nature and the environment has become a topic in politics. As long as RWE keeps to the ‘concept of ecological requirement’86 and the fulfillment of revegetation measures’, ‘Garzweiler II’ will get political approval.

87 „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirsch- gens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins page 98 88 “The soil that the excavator eats up, RWE has to revegetate by law. The billion-dollar corporation becomes a farmer in the eyes of the EU, agricultural subsidies are paid by area distribution – what else the owner of the area gets up to, doesn‘t matter. 304 Euros are paid per hectare o land, the same as for small-scale farmers. Since everyone is equal before the law, RWE can cash in subsidies – only just a little bit more. Because a lot of area brings a lot of money. Since RWE has to revegetate the fields for 7 years before it gives it back to the farmers, that adds up. In 2010 it was over half a million of farmers‘ money.” (Translated) [ Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?- v=Igd0pvt8Ebg ( 20 February 2015 ) ] 89 Source from the Interview with Ulf Dworschak, biologist and employee at the land reclamation department in cooperation with RWE 84 Pfälzer forests in comparison. Source : http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pf%C3%A4lzer- 90 „Angewandte Grundwasserchemie, Hydrogeologie und hydrogeochemische Model- wald ( 01 February 2015 ) lierung – Grundlagen, Anwendungen und Problemlösungen“ by Frank Wisotzky, Springer Verlag, 85 “Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirsch- pages 202 to 205 gens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins page 97 91 PDF „Rekultivierung im Rheinland“ page 12 by RWE Power AG. Source : 86 PDF „Rekultivierung im Rheinland“ by RWE Power AG. http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/mediablob/de/235956/data/235578/3/rwe-power-ag/presse-down- [ Source : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/mediablob/de/235956/data/235578/3/rwe-power-ag/pres- loads/braunkohle/Rekultivierung-im-Rheinland.pdf se-downloads/braunkohle/Rekultivierung-im-Rheinland.pdf ( 01 February 2015 ) ] 01 February 2015)

32 ‚The wandering Hole‘

Figure 23a : Cultivated landscape – Hambacher Forest Figure 23B : Recultivated landscape – Sophienhöhe

Figure 24A : Historical farmland Figure 24B : Recultivated farmland

Figure 25 : Final-Cut Pit „Zieselsmaarsee“ Figure 26 : Final-Cut Pit „Blausteinsee“

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33 Metrol Deutschland Aachen Cologne

Resettled villages (organised by date of demolition) :

1800 2040

Figure 27 : Map of resettled villages in Germany because of an opencast pit

34 ‚The wandering Hole‘

Social CONSEQUENCES resettlement

In Germany, around 300 villages92 have so far been resettled It stands to reason that historically grown cultivated land due to brown coal (see Fig. 27 and Table 02, p. 42 et seq.). can not be compared to modern regulations and norms. A resettlement should be planned and completed within a 10 year period. For the residents, it is a much more lengthy Partial Resettlement process that takes up to 30 years93. As the first rumours of Each individual goes into negotiations of varying duration a potential resettlement arise, the village already loses its with RWE, usually without legal counsel. Everyone is isola- future and consequently, any development dies. Nothing is ted and isolates themselves from the others. A resettlement built, no investments made any longer. Younger generations comes with a lot of stress as it is: the residents develop anxie- move away comparatively early94. The life of individuals, fa- ties and neuroses, become depressed or physically ill with milies and the entire town community changes. From its an- psychological causes.97 nouncement on, the resettlement is on everyone’s mind, and all have to confront it. Dealing with the associated processes » A place full of hate and envy «, and events, and ultimately the decisions about one’s future, says Ms. Esser (resident of Old-Borschemich) influence the daily routine of each affected party. After the negotiations, everything depends on the progress of » The resettlement in the Rhenish brown the strip mine. Each resettlement is conducted in isolation coal district hits the people in a similarly inesca- from others, according to necessity. Thus, a village’s resett- pable and final way as it does small-scale far- lement never happens in one go. The emptying of the village mers in a rain forest. «95 happens one by one and stretches over years. The old folks stay behind in the village. Neighbourhoods that have grown over decades slowly fall apart. Many elderly people decide PROCESS unusually early to move into a nursing home.

Resettlement is an all-encompassing process. This co- » Compulsory resettlement [ shows that ] vers finding a location for the new village, with its structure often, people are thrown into a new residenti- and design, as well as parcelling out the land and assigning al relocation without being sufficiently mentally it to the citizens. Then follows construction, relocation and prepared for its challenges « 98 setting up. The process from the old to the new involves, despite compensation pay, usually a high financial burden and in most cases debt. The city planners and coordinators are provided and paid for by RWE. The statement by RWE :

» At the same time, this offered a unique chance for improving the local infrastructure. In the place of of old villages with their nestled houses and properties, the narrow streets and dangerous thoroughfares, modern arrangements and facilities were built. «96

92 The list of mined towns allows a rough calculation of at least 200,000 affected people. [ Source :http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_abgebaggerter_Ortschaften, (15 December 2014) ] 93 Interview with Hans Willi Schulte, Brüderschaftsmeister at the rifle association of Borschemich : „We‘ve been dealing with the topic of resettlement for 30 years now after all, in the beginning we went around the boundaries of the alleged strip mine with pitch torches. Have staked time, 1981, current brochures use comparable portrayals (Fig. 28) out that area.”( Translated ) 97 Information from the interview with Hans Willi Schulte, held on 21st February 2015 94 Information from the interview with Hans Willi Schulte, held on 21st February 2015 98 Translated quote from „Dorfzerstörung und Relokalisierung durch Braunkohle- 95 Translated quote from the book „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohle Tagebau und tagebau in konzeptionellen biografischen und kollektiven Kontext von Raum, Ortsbezügen und seine Folgen“ by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins page 42 Nachbarschaft“; Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grads, Dr. phil.von Heidrun 96 Translated quote from the „Blickpunkt Rheinbraun“ from the Rheinbraun at the Gode-Leurßen, page 7

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35 CONCEPT One example is the Borschemich rifle association (see Fig. 29). They have been proudly running for almost 400 years now, but the resettlement did leave its mark on their format as well .

COMPENSATION

Figure 28 : Concept of Resettlementling by RWE „Resettling together“

(See Fig. 28) RWE on their concept of ‘resettling together’99 :

» This is not only about fair compensation for material possessions, [...] it is also about immaterial values such as tradition, community and home, which cannot be compensated with money. However, the resulting strains on each individual person and each individual family can be cushioned by enabling the preservation of the Photo : Substitutive clinker for the outer wall of the new building of Mr. Loerkens (House Paland, Borschemich) village community and by mastering the resettlement task together. « A compensation is based on standard values’. For home and property owners, this standard value is calculated against Community data such as the state, age and location of the property. The The things that constituted ‘home’, the village’s own history, land and estate are measured. Thus, every estate is frag- its social structure, societies, neighbourhoods, acquaintances mented (Fig. 30) and assigned a compensation value accor- and cemeteries prove to be complex aspects of resettlement. It ding to established data. When determining value, material is not unusual for the population of a village to reduce by half things such as trees, bushes, power outlets, number of rooms after a resettlement100. Retailers and trade businesses often and floors are decisive. Different conditions determine the have to close down years ahead of a resettlement, since they individual value of each property. Either a ‘replacement’ is gradually lose their customers. Such meeting places very ra- offered in the new village, or the corporation and the affec- rely survive resettlement. ted party agree on a financial compensation. Tenants in the old village are offered a comparable flat or house to rent in the new village.

Figure 29 : Rifle association Borschemich 2012

99 PDF „Umsiedeln im Rheinland“ by RWE. [ Source : http://www.rwe.com/web/cms/contentblob/77362/data/116624/Umsiedlun- gen-im-Rheinland-Partnerschaft-sichert- Sozialvertraeglichkeit-RWE-Power-AG-.pdf ( 02 Figure 30 : Exploded view when planning a house. ( Metaphorically, this plan be seen January 2015 )] as the contra-rating of the functional aspects of a home.) 100 Information from the interview with Hans Willi Schulte, held on 21 February 2015

36 ‚The wandering Hole‘

UPROOTING & EXPROPRIATION

» Resettlement is a radical, profound Everyone experiences the same problems, but handles emotional loss. I won’t just let something be ta- them differently. This can lead to lack of understanding and ken away from me. «,101 says Mr. Pütz (resident of the alienation amongst each other. In addition, the individual demolished town of Immerath) negotiations with RWE suddenly provide a basis for valuation and thus comparability. This can lead to discord in a com- Social Changes munity, between friends and neighbours. Studies of the resettlement towns find, when comparing the new and old villages, that many social networks are greatly changed, upset, if not destroyed. TOTAL LOSS During the lengthy, individually and gradually conducted resettlement process, societies only rarely manage to with- The process of a brown coal project like ‘Garzweiler II’ has stand the community’s dispersal. Members of gun clubs, many soft and hard aspects that come together. Economic church choirs, volunteer fire departments, sports and youth mechanisms confront numerous individual everyday lives clubs or altar servers scatter over at least two locations, the that are threatened for the long term by the impending re- old and the new village. Meeting venues and accessibility be- settlement. Where once were homes, landscapes, forests, vil- come more difficult. lages, and memories, now there is a pit : The new resettlement towns are often connected to larger cities (see Fig. 31). This means that after the resettlement, peop- » The largest man-made pit in the world «102 le get their supplies from the nearby cities. This often makes everyday life harder for the elderly . The pit makes way for a functional landscape that is structured according to a plan. This is among the biggest contrasts Braunkohlenplan Umsiedlung Borschemich within the whole process of lignite mining: From an organi- Zeichnerische Darstellung cally and historically grown landscape, to fragmentation and dissolution of various structures by the wandering pit, to a construct of structured life- and reclaimed natural spaces.In the case of resettlement - due to lignite mining - the affected people are left with nothing but longitude and latitude. Peop- le lose the ground beneath their home. Home and nature are de-materialised. People deal differently with this intrusion. In the end, it’s about survival on all levels ( up to ). As proven by evolution, people and many systems can adapt to Legende Erkelenz Umsiedlungsflächen Straßen zur Anbindung changing circumstances. Many ecological systems are flexib- der Umsiedlungsflächen © Topografische Karten: Landesvermessungsamt NRW, Bonn 2004 Verkleinerung aus der Deutschen Grundkarte 1:5.000 Maßstab 1:10.000 le, but an interference this harsh is very unnatural. For a ra- pid and definitive cut like this, it is questionable whether the environment even has a chance to adapt to circumstances. This leads to a current political issue : How sustainable and necessary is ‘Garzweiler II’?

Figure 31 : Plan of New-Borschemich (red) with connection to the city Erkelenz

101 Translated quote from the article by Greenpeace : https://www.greenpeace.de/ themen/energiewende/fossile-energien/garzweiler-klaeger-tiefgreifender-emotionaler-verlust 102 Translated quote. [ Source: http://www.bund-nrw.de/fileadmin/bundgruppen/bcms- ( 25 November 2014 ) lvnrw/PDF_Dateien/Braunkohle/Materialien/Verheizte_Heimat_Teil_I.pdf ( 20 March 2015 ) ]

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37 Open Brown Coal Pit in Germany : Today

The resettlement and its social implications are complex. It poses a strain for the various social structures in a community. However, if a community sees this as a new beginning, it can be used productively. Take as example the town of Pödel- witz103 (see Fig.32), which will start resettlement voluntarily in 2018.

Figure 33 : Possible position of Holzweiler close by the later open pit lake; within the current routing decision of the state government (Hannelore Kraft) if it would not be resettlement.

» Our domestic brown coal is the only energy source that is competitive and guarantees a secure supply. To forgo it is grossly negligent. «, says Christian Lindner from the liberal party FDP107

Inefficiency Since nuclear and black coal energy are being phased out, brown coal is one of the last remaining inefficient forms of Figure 32 : Situation and problems of the village Pödelwitz (red) near the open pit power generation. Current political and economic decisions „Vereinigtes Schleenhain“ within a probably possible non-resettlement make clear that as long as lignite mining remains profitable, In Germany, brown coal and energy generation has a high there is no end to its extraction in sight. media profile. Regarding emissions regulations and the efficiency of this type of power generation, brown coal is heavily » Thus the accountants at RWE are the discussed . In the course of a precedence-setting political ones who determine the future of Garzweiler «108 decision104 it was announced that roughly 300 milion out of 1.3 billion tons of lignite are not to be mined105. The changes Future would mean a restriction of the ‘Garzweiler II’ lignite mining Brown coal therefore remains a current issue. Energy rela- activities. As of April 2014, two of the planned resettlement ted decisions are pending and slowly, a re-thinking becomes town106 are to be spared by ‘Garzweiler II’. This means 1400 noticeable. Is the resistance from so many people and acti- fewer people need to resettle (see Fig. 33). But several voices vists starting to bear fruit ? Also with regard to pending express that this ‘premature’ decision will be legally disputed direction-setting decisions and the UN climate conference by RWE. Where the chances of RWE winning the dispute are important decisions have to be made. relatively high. The uncertain situation leaves the affected parties in doubt. Both those who hope for their ‘Heimat’ , and those who look for a new start . This makes the process very emotional and any anger understandable.

103 „On 16 November 2012 [ … ], the requirements were met for the voluntary resettlement that was desired by a large majority of the 130 residents of the town of Pödelwitz.The resettlement of 130 residents of the town of Pödelwitz at the mining site Vereinigtes Schleenhain is to be completed in 2018 at the latest. The majority of Pödelwitzers has signalled a wish for resettlement towards MIBRAG already in late summer of 2009 with the announcement and public hearing in the context of the reconfiguration of the brown coal plans for the strip mine Vereinigtes Schleenhain.“ (Translated) [ Source: MIBRAG ( 19 February 2015 ) ]

104 A precedence-setting decision (‚Leitentscheidung‘) is a verdict or ruling in high or 107 Translated quote by Christian Lindner in the context of the Crimean crisis. C. Lind- supreme courts that clarifies legal questions of fundamental interest for the first time or makes a ner is a German politician (FDP) and has been federal chair of the FDP since 7 December 2013. significant fundamental change in the interpretation of a current law. Since May 2012 he has, like previously from 2000 to 2009, been a member of the state parliament 105 Article „Was bedeutet die ‘Garzweiler II’-Verkleinerung?“ in Die Welt on 2 April in NRW. 2014. [ Source : http://www.welt.de/regionales/duesseldorf/article126488195/Was-bedeu- 108 Translated quote from the article in the Handelsblatt : http://www.handelsblatt.com/ tet-die-Garzweiler-II-Verkleinerung.html ( 01 February 2015 ) ] unternehmen/industrie/urteil-zu-garzweiler-ii-es-darf-gebaggert-werden/9228644.html 106 Spared from the „‘Garzweiler II’“ mine are the municipality of Holzweiler, the town of (22 November 2014) Dackweiler and one individual farm.

38 ‚The wandering Hole‘

Current Situation

Even where the complexity mostly concerns the mining area of ‘Garzweiler II’ - the events and interest groups are spread across various arenas. Thus, the spatial dispersion and fragmentation of viewpoints alone indicates a lack of perception of each other’s understandings (see Fig. 34). Supply by the energy provider (Employee at RWE Power AG)

Demand Demand Politics Politics (Local user) (Nationwide user) (Governing Party 2015) (Governing Party 2015)

Pro-resettlement Contra-resettlement Community Audience/ Critic (Anchored-to-home) (Unanchored-to-home) (Example : Rifle assoication) (UN-Climate Change Conference)

Figure 34 : Arena and situating of the various stakeholders Audience / Research ( Looker, writer & designer )

Supply (RWE Power AG); Activists; Demand; Politics; Pro-Resettlement; Contra-Resettlement; Community; Critic; Research

39 conclusion

The present research makes clear the complexity and diverse As an information design project, it is the aim of this re- implications of the ‘Garzweiler II’ project. The intrusion into search to create transparency and an overview within this long established systems is enormous. Thereactions to it are important and difficult process. For example to highlight, as diverse as the affected parties are numerous. The implica- at a gathering such as the climate conference in November/ tions mentioned go hand in hand with the movement of the December 2015, the complexity on the one hand and the pit and the mechanisms within RWE. necessity on the other – to find a consensus. Next to the implications, this research aims to visualise how the RWE mechanism has developed, both in how it functions The monopoly position of the ‘kraken’ that is RWE means as well as how far and deep it reaches: How dependent is Ger- that a project like ‘Garzweiler II’ can’t be suddenly stopped - many really on ‘Garzweiler II’ and consequently on RWE? this would come with strong complications. Opposite the rethinking of brown coal energy stands a long Germany looks back on a long list of statewide strip mines industrial history, mutual dependence and mechanisms of and associated resettlement locations. Back then, the actions the Rhineland mining district, as well as the associated in- of the corporation alongside politics were seen as unchallen- vestment and exploitable technologies. ged and irrefutable. Affected persons put up with their ‘ fa- At the start of the project, its utilisation was set and appro- te’109. ved for the period between 1995 and 2045. All plans for this But a growing awareness for citizens’ fundamental rights, period are made. A gradual restructuring, however, should taking a stand for their basic needs and questioning sustain- be possible. It is to be noted that an incentive to rethink has ability has set in motion a rethinking in affected parties taken place on the political side. This has opened up a de- and activists , at the latest since the planning of ‘Garzwei- mand for discussing new options. Constructive debate re- ler II’. A resistance is forming which is subtly growing and quires transparency of information and equal rights of the thickening. This rethinking and awareness of the role as an interest groups. Constructive debate can only take place affected party (no matter in what form) is important in the when all interest groups are represented, acknowledged, and process of structural change and development into a more appreciated. The present research work aims to offer this -ba sustainable economy. Ultimately, this rethinking has in sis together with the associated design project. April 2014, with the possible changes to the project’s requirements, finally found political support . Or was this po- The issue at hand is not only topical within Germany. litical quick-fire decision nothing more than an exploitation Similar tensions exist worldwide: For example in Holland of the situation? and the USA concerning fracking110, Canada and Australia 111 concerning coal mining (see Fig. 35 and Fig. 37 on p. 64 et seq.). Topics such as necessity, treatment of resources and handling of consequences, as well as the increasing privatisation and monopolisation need to be discussed. This does not only concern the Rhineland mining district.

» The aim of commerce [ is ] the free human «112

110 Source : http://gruppen.greenpeace.de/ingolstadt/ ( 01 February 2015 ) 109 When comparing older and more current literature, current literature shows a larger occurrence of critical assessments of lignite strip mines. Criticism in such cases comes from 111 Source : http://www.multiwatch.ch/de/p97001717.html ( 01 February 2015 ) environmentalists, from urban planning and heritage protection bodies or from action groups such 112 Translated quote from an advertisement by the Duisburger Kupferhütte, from : Auss. as the Hambach group. Kat. Eisen und Stahl, Düsseldorf 1952

40 ‚The wandering Hole‘

Figure 35 : Opencast pits worldwide (different resources)

THE WANDERING HOLE – appendix – TabLe 02 : Resettlement towns in Germany because of opencast coal mines appendix appendix Figure 36 : The wandering hole, 1995 – 2045

2090

2045 2015 1995 Erkelenz Infrastructure between Erkelenz, M’gladbach and Cologne | North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

1km The hole : 1995 2015 2045 See (2090)

48 appendix

2090

2045

2015

1995

1km Geographical differences in altitude

THE WANDERING HOLE – resource –

51 resource INTERVIEWS

– 22nd November 2014 : Interview with Mr. Bayer, residents of Jüchen and Archivist of the municipal archives Jüchen – 23rd November 2014 : Interview with Wilfried Lörkens, resident of House Paland in Borschemich, Erkelenz – 23rd November 2014 : Interview with Arne Münster, Photograph and administrator : http://www.garzweiler.com/ – 25th January 2015 : Hambach Forst Führung „Forest instead of coal“ and interview with Michael Zobel, Forest guide and nature educator – 25th January 2015 : Interview withActivists and environmentalists, Hambacher Forest – 16th February 2015 : Interview with Thomas Balzhäuser, employee at the city of Erkelenz, planning office – 17th February 2015 : Interview with Lutz Kunde, RWE Power Aktiengesellschaft Leiter Tagebau Garzweiler – 17th February 2015 : Interview with Ulf Dworschak, Biologe und Angestellter bei Forschungsstelle Rekultivierung in Zusammenarbeit with RWE – 17th February 2015 : Interview with Prof. Dr. Horst Bannwarth, Institution for für Biology and Didactics, Cologne – 18th February 2015 : Interview with Dirk Jansen, Director at the environmental and conservation policy, press and public relations of BUND NRW - Association for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany – 18th February 2015 : Interview with Anja Schürmans, Employee at the city Erkelenz, Planning Department – 19th February 2015 : Interview with Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Niemann-Delius, BBK III – Chair of the d epartment for raw materials and mining, RWTH Aachen – 19th February 2015 : Interview with Dr.-Ing. Peter Vossen, BBK III – Employee at the d epartment for raw materials and mining, RWTH Aachen – 20th February 2015 : Interview with Bachelor architect Jan Tihon – 21st February 2015 : Interview with Hans Willi Schulte, Brudermeister at the rifle association of Borschemich – 21st February 2015 : Interview with Herrn Goebels, Küster / Sexton of the old church Saint Martinus, Alt-Borschemich – 22nd February 2015 : Hambach Forest guide „Forest instead of coal“ and interview with Michael Zobel, Forest guide and nature educator – 23rd March 2015 : Interview with Dorothea Schubert, employee from BUND NRW – Association for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany; Author of the book „Future instead of brown coal - 30 years resistance to ‘Garzweiler II’“ – 06th March 2015 : Interview with Prof. Ulrich Horst Prof. cityplaner, architect and planning of Garzweiler I – 06th March 2015 : Invitation and contribution of the General Assembly of the rifle association of Borschemich, New – Borschemich – 22nd March 2015 : Interview with members of the rifle association of Borschemich, New – Borschemich – 27th March 2015 : Interview with Wilfried Lörkens, resident of House Paland in Borschemich, Erkelenz – 10th April 2015 : Interview with Hans Willi Schulte, Brudermeister at the rifle association of Borschemich resource BOOKS

– „Aachen geographische Arbeiten, Heft 29 : Anspruch und Wirklichkeit von Ortsumsiedlung im Rheinischen Braunkohlere- vier – Untersuchung zur Bedeutung von Umsiedlungsstandorten in der kommunalen Siedlungsentwicklung und –planung“ [ „Aachen geographical works, Issue 29: Expectations and reality of local resettlement in the Rhenish lignite mining area - Investigation on the importance of resettlement sites in the municipal urban development and planning“ ] by Frank Dickmann; Aachener geographische Arbeiten; 1995 – „Anspruch und Wirklichkeit von Ortsumsiedlungen im rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier“ [ „Expectations and reality of local resettlement in the Rhenish lignite mining area“ ] by Frank Dickmann; Aachen: Geographisches Institut der RWTH; 1995 – „Beiträge zur Geologie und Erkundung von Braunkohlenlagerstätten“ [ „Contributions of geology and exploration of lignite deposits“ ]by Rainer Vulpius; Berlin : ZGI; 1989

52 resource

– „Braunkohle und Sümpfung (Kartenteil und Hauptband)“ [ „Lignite and Sümpfung (map section and major part)“ ] Natur, Landschaft, Ökologie; Auswirkungen des Braunkohlentagebaus auf die Stadt Mönchengladbach; 1984 – „Braunkohle und Umwelt“ [ „Brown coal and the environment“ ] by Kerstin Kretschmer; Lang; 1998 – „Braunkohlenbergbau und räumlich-struktureller Wandel im wesentlichen Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier“ [ „Lignite mining and spatial structural change within the substantially Rhenish lignite mining area“ ] by Maas-Rhein-Institut of applied geography (Aachen); Bibliographical reference; Aachen 1999 – „Braunkohlenplanung und Umsiedlungsproblematik in der Raumordnungsplanung Brandenburgs, Nordrhein-Westfalens, Sachens und Sachsen-Anhalts“ [ „Lignite planning and resettlement issues in the spatial planning of Brandenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt“ ] by Andreas Berkner; Materials of the Academy for Spatial Research and Planning, Hannover: ARL; 2000 – „Braunkohlentagebau und Umsiedlung im Rheinischen Revier“ [„Lignite mining and resettlement in the Rhenish mining area“ ] by W. Braun, K. G. Schneider and G. Weiss; Geology studies Dr. K. G. Schneider, Universitity of Cologne, Seminar of geography; 19 – „Das Recht auf Heimat – Verträge, Thesen, Kritik“ [ „The right to a homeland - contracts, theses, criticism“ ] by Dr. Dr. Kurt Rabl; Protestant Academy in Hesse and Nassau, Albertus-Magnus-College R. Lerche; 1965 – „Demographie und Wohlstand : Neuer Stellenwert für Familie in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft“ [ „Demography and prosperi- ty: New significance for family in the economy and society“ ] by Christian Leipert; Springer-Verlag (publisher); 2003 – „Die anorganischen Komponenten der Kohlen“ [ „The inorganic components of coal“] by Hans Jürgen Rösler; Akademischer Verlag (academic publishing), Berlin;1991 – „Dorfzerstörung und Relokalisierung durch Braunkohletagebau in konzeptionellen biografischen und kollektiven Kontext von Raum, Ortsbezügen und Nachbarschaft“ [ „Destruction of villages and relocation by lignite mining in the conceptual context of biographical and collective space, local references and neighborhood“ ] by Dr. phil. von Heidrun Gode-Leurßen; Magde- burg, University, Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education; Dissertation for academic degree; 2009 – „Displacements and Diasporas : Asians in the Americas“ by Wanni W. Anderson and Robert G. Lee; Rutgers University Press; 2005 – „‘Garzweiler II’“ from the series: „socially acceptable?“; by Kurt Berlo; Aachen, Kersting; 1996 – „Heimat – Konturen und Konjunkturen eines umstrittenen Konzepts“ [ „Home - contours and conjunctures of a controversi- al concept“ ] by Gunther Gebhard, Oliver Geisler and Steffen Schröter; transcript Verlag (publisher); 2007 – „Holz – Der Umzug eines Dorfes im Niederrheinischen Braunkohlenrevier“ [ „Holz – The relocation of a village in the Lower Rhine brown coal district“ ] by Christian Kandorra; 2013 – „Leben im neuen Dorf – Eine volkskundliche Untersuchung zu Dorfumsiedlungen im Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier am Bespiel Neu-Etzweiler (Studien zur Alltagskulturforschung)“ [ „Life in the new village - an ethnological study on village resettlement in the Rhenish lignite mining area on the example of New Etzweiler (studies of the everyday culture research)“ ] by Sabine Metzger; Münster : Lit; 2004 – „Migration – Heimat – Identität : Beiträge zum Bewusstsein der Begriffe“ [ „Migration - home - identity: contributions to awareness of the terms“ ] by Helmut Fischer; Siegburg : Schmitt; 2013 – „Natur als Rohstoff und Schöpfung“ [ „Nature as a raw material and creation“ ] by Barbara Mrytz; Köln, div, Dt. Inst.-Verl:, 1998 – „Philosophisches Wörterbuch“ [ „Philosophical Dictionary“ ] 23. Issue original : „Bonum commune“; by Martin Gessmann; Kröner, Stuttgart; 2009 – „Raumentwicklung und Sozialverträglichkeit“ [ „Spatial development and social compatibility“ ] by Günter Heinritz; Conference docu- ments and scientific articles. 50. Deutscher Geographentag Potsdam ( Occasion of the 50th German Geographers in Potsdam ); 1995 – „Tiere und Pflanzen in der Rekultivierung: 40 Jahre Freilandforschung im Rheinischen Braunkohlerevier“ [ „Animals and plants in the restoration: 40 years of field research in the Rhenish lignite mining area“ ] by Claus Albrecht, Ulf Dworschak, Thomas Esser, Horst Klein, Jochen Weglau; Nature and Science; Issue: 1st edition (8th of December 2005) – „Umsiedlung – Garzweiler / Priesterath / Stolzenberg / Jülich, Südliche Jülicher Straße“ [ „Resettlement – Garzweiler / Prieste- rath / Stolzenberg / Jülich, Jülich southern road“ ] (Town planning documentation) by Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Horst Ulrich; Jüchen; 1997 – „Umsiedlungsatlas des rheinischen Braunkohlenreviers – Siedlungsform, Wohnen, Infrastruktur - Umsiedlungsmaßnahmen

53 als Faktor kommunalen Strukturwandels“ [ „Resettlement Atlas of the Rhenish lignite mining area - settlement, housing, infrastructure - resettlement as a factor for municipal structural change“ ] by Frank Dickmann; Rhineland Regional Council, Office Rheinische Landeskunde Bonn; Köln [i.e.] Pulheim : Rheinland-Verlag (publisher); 1996 – „Verheizte Heimat – Der Braunkohlentagebau und seine Folgen“ [ „Dissipated home - The lignite mining and its consequences“ ] by Albert Kirschgens, Barbara Wolf, Frank Heimbrock and Bernhard Lins; Alano; 1985 – „Zeitraum Braunkohle“ [ „Period lignite“ ] by Ulrike Stottrop; Essen, Pomp; 1993 – „Zukunft statt Braunkohle – 30 Jahre Widerstand gegen den Braunkohlentagebau ‘Garzweiler II’“ [ „Future instead lignite - 30 years resistance against the lignite opencast ‚Garzweiler II‘„ ] by Dirk Jansen and Dorothea Schubert; BUND NRW; 2014 resource PDFS

– http://forschungsstellerekultivierung.de/downloads/exkursionsfuehrerteili.pdf Source : PDF Research recultivation „Reclamation in the Rhenish lignite mining area - Exkursionsführer Part I“ by Achim Schmacher, Maren Stollberg, Ulf Dworschak, Jochen Weglau and others; 2011 (29th of January 2015) – http://www.bund-nrw.de/fileadmin/bundgruppen/bcmslvnrw/PDF_Dateien/Themen_und_Projekte/Braunkohle/Inden/ Kurzgutachten_Evaluierung_Umsiedlung.pdf | Source : PDF of the BUND NRW – Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (Association for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany) „Kurzfassung Gutachten zur Evaluierung von Umsiedlungen im Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier im Hinblick auf ihre Sozialverträglichkeit im Auftrag des Ministeriums für Umwelt, Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft Nordrhein-Westfalen“ [ „Summary report for the evaluation of resettlement in the Rhenish lignite mining area in terms of their social acceptability on behalf of the Ministry of Environment, Physical Plan- ning and Agriculture of North Rhine-Westphalia“ ] (19th of Febuary 2015) – „Braunkohlenplan – Umsiedlung Borschemich“ [ „Lignite plan - resettlement Borschemich“ ] by the district council Cologne ( BKP Borsch_textliche_darstellung.pdf ) – 140625_ 3 Abschnitt Rückbaukonzept Borschemich.pdf – „Bebauuungsplan Nr. XXI – Umsiedlung Borschemich; Erkelenz - Mitte“ [ „Zoning No. XXI - Resettlement Borschemich; Erkelenz - center“] by the city Erkelenz ( B_Plan Umsiedlung Borsch_Begründung Teil1; Source : http://www.erkelenz.de/de/ bauen/Planen/Bebauungsplan.html ) – „Umsiedlungsfiebel – Borschemich“ [ „Resettlement Manual - Borschemich“] by the city Erkelenz (Gemeinsame Umsiedlung Borschemich.pdf) – „Walking through doorways causes forgetting: Further explorations“ by Gabriel A. Radvansky, Sabine A. Krawietz and Andrea K. Tamplin ( Aktualisierungs__Radvansky Krawietz & Tamplin 2011 (QJEP).pdf ) – „Externalismus und die Kontextabhängigkeit der Erinnerung“ [ „Externalism and the context dependence of remembrance“ ] by Sven Bernecker ( Context depended memory.pdf) – „Braunkohle in Deutschland 2013 – Profil eines Industriezweiges“ [ „Lignite in Germany in 2013 - Profile of an industry“ ] by DEBRIV Bundesverband Braunkohle („Federal Lignite“) ( debriv_izb_2013.pdf) – „Die Zukunft der Braunkohle in Deutschland im Rahmen der Energiewende“ [ „The future of lignite in Germany as part of the energy revolution“ ] by Clemens Gerbaulet, Jonas Egerer, Pao-Yu Oei, Judith Paeper, Christian von Hirschhausen; German Institute for Economic Research; 2012 – „Futuro Promitivo – Orimitive future“ by Sou Fujimoto; 2008-2010 – „Braunkohlesanierung – Grundlagen, Geotechnik, Wasserwirtschaft, Brachflächen, Rekultivierung, Vermarktung“ [ „Ligni- te remediation - foundations, geotechnical engineering, water management, brownfields reclamation, marketing“ ] by Carsten Drebenstedt and Mahmut Kuyumcu (Hrsg.); Springer Vieweg; 2014 – „Wir übertragen die Heimat – Umsiedlung im rheinischen Braunkohlerevier1“ [ „We transmitted the home - resettlement in the Rhenish lignite mining area 1“ ] by Susanne Lohmann; 2012 – „Umsiedlungen infolge des Braunkohlenbergbaues im Rheinland Das Beispiel der Ortsumsiedlungen im Abbaugebiet Frim- mersdorf“ [ „Resettlements due to lignite mining in the Rhineland The example of the local resettlement in the mining area Frimmersdorf“ ] by Michael Brückner; Rhenish lignite plants consortium; 1989 – „Quarks & Co : Braunkohle – Von großen Baggern und dicker Luft“ [ „Quarks & Co : Bown coal - About large excavators up to thicker air“ ] vby Sonja Kolonko, Daniel Münter, Michael Ringelsiep; 2009

54 resource

– Article in the magazine „Die Welt“ : „Das alte Immerath ist ein Geisterdorf geworden“ [ „The old Immerath has become a ghost town“ ] ( Umsiedlung_ Das alte Immerath ist ein Geisterdorf geworden - DIE WELT.pdf) (12th of January 2015) – „Umsiedlung im Braunkohlenbergbau Erfahrungen und Perspektiven“ [ „Resettlement in the lignite mining experiences and perspectives“ ] by the university Leipzig Institution Environmental and Planning Law; Workshop; 11./12. November 2002; Leipzig

resource LINKS

– Article by Focus – online : http://www.focus.de/wissen/natur/erinnerungskiller-tuer-gehirn-koppelt-gedanken-an-zimmer_ aid_724288.html (27. Nov 2014) – Statistics by Statista : http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/ (19. Dez 2014) – Article by Spiegel – online: http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/braunkohle-tagebau-garzweiler-verfassungsgericht-erlaubt-abbau-a-939589.html (19. Dez 2014) – Article by Greenpeace : https://www.greenpeace.de/themen/energiewende/fossile-energien/garzweiler-klaeger-tiefgreifender-emotionaler-verlust (25. Nov 2014) – Article by Handelsblatt : http://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/industrie/urteil-zu-garzweiler-ii-es-darf-gebaggert- werden/9228644.html (22. Nov 2014) – Energy research study 2013 by BGR see bund.de : http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Energie/Downloads/Energiestu- die_2013.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=5 (03. Deczember 2014) – Bundesverbund Braunkohle (Federal composite lignite) : http://www.braunkohle.de/ – Greenpeace : http://www.braunkohle.info/Urwald-Weisswasser/Grundwasserspiegel – http://www.bund-nrw.de/fileadmin/bundgruppen/bcmslvnrw/PDF_Dateien/Themen_und_Projekte/Braunkohle/Inden/ Kurzgutachten_Evaluierung_Umsiedlung.pdf (11. Januar 2015) – http://www.borschemich.de/bruderschaft.html – http://www.borschemich.de/ – Monitoring by the lignite Committee Cologne ( Source : http://www.bezreg-koeln.nrw.de/brk_internet/gremien/braunkoh- lenausschuss/)

resource VIDEOS

– http://youtu.be/0fKBhvDjuy0 Powers of Ten™ (1977) (watched 26th January 2015 ) – http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/deutsche-geschichte/68er-bewegung/52077/peter-zlonicky „Der öffentliche Raum wurde zum Besitz der Bürger“ [ „The public space was the property of the citizens“ ] Interview with the city planner Peter Zlonicky (19th February 2015) – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tiQmRJzDFE „Demographischen Wandel“ von Prof. Dr. Dr. Olaf Kühne (19th February 2015) – Quarks & Co : „Braunkohle – Von großen Baggern und dicker Luft“; Sendung vom 14.04.09

resource OTHERS

Horst Köhler : „Demokratie und Streitkultur aus Weihnachtsansprache des Bundespräsidenten 2006“ [ „Democracy and culture of debate from Christmas speech of the Federal President 2006“ ] (www.kultur.institut1.de) 14th December 2011 – Monitoring ‘Garzweiler II’ annual reports 1995 upto 2015 ( Lignite Committee - Archive) 56 THE WANDERING HOLE – INDEX –

57 Belonging – 25 Complementary – 15 Big Band – 22 Complex – 16 A Biodiversity – 31 Complexity – 3 11 15 17 39 40 Biomass – 24 Complication – 40 19 16 Absorption – 17 Black coal – Concealing – 32 25 36 Accountant – 38 Blausteinsee – Concept – 14 24 36 3 21 29 Acquaintance – 36 Borschemich – Condition – 25 14 18 Activist – 11 Boundary – Conflict – Activity Brown coal – 10 11 19 24 38 Constructive conflict –16 16 18 40 Industrial activity – 10 Brown coal energy – Consensus – 19 17 Administration – 20 Brown coal layer – Common consensus – 10 15 Aesthetics – 26 Brown coal power plant – Consensus-finding – 11 18 21 28 3 10 Agenda 2020 – 18 Business – Consequence – 30 Agglomeration – 10 Consequences – 26 Agreement – 18 Constructivist – 3 17 Agriculture – 20 32 C Context – 3 20 21 Aim – 14 17 Corporation – 40 25 Allegation – 16 23 Canada – Corporeal – 35 22 Analysis – 16 Challenge – Cost-cutting – 38 27 Structural analysis – 15 Chance – Countereffect – Anchored-to-home – 11 15 39 Change Country 10 10 Animal species – 30 Climate change – Industrialised country – 22 3 Annual business report – 22 Choir – Countryside – 17 37 16 23 Appearance – 22 Circumstance – Criticism – 14 40 Approach – 17 Circumstances – Ctizens’ fundamental rights – 3 25 Design approach – 16 Individual circumstances – Culture – 11 Aprproval – 28 Citizen – 29 Assessment – 26 Citizen’s initiative – 35 Association – 29 City planner – D 11 Atlas – 17 Classification – 32 16 Atmosphere – 29 Cloaca – Data – 19 18 Audience – 17 Coal-fired power plant – Deadline – 19 18 Australia – 40 Coal mining – Debate – 28 40 Author – 17 Coal strip mining – Constructive debate – Authority Common good – 11 18 28 Decision – 3 35 28 25 Private authority – 20 Common Good – Definition – 14 27 Awareness – 10 21 26 40 Common interest – Déjà vu – Common plane – 16 Dementia – 27 Communication – 22 23 Demolition – 14 B Community – 3 35 36 38 Denominator Historical community – 18 Common denominator – 17 10 10 Background – 17 Commuter – Density – 10 20 10 40 Basic need – 11 40 Company – Dependence – 32 10 Basis – 14 Comparison – Dependency – 15 32 Basis of existing law – 19 Multifaceted comparison – Destruction – 32 36 14 Beauty – 26 Compensation – Detail – 32 16 23 40 Belgium – 18 Economic compensation – Development –

58 Index

Regional development – 16 Everyday life – 37 Garzweiler I – 14 24 Dewatering – 30 Evolution – 37 ‘Garzweiler II’ – 14 15 16 24 Digger – 30 Examination – 16 28 30 40 Dimension – 14 15 17 30 Expansion – 24 31 Gas – 19 Director – 17 Expectation – 11 Generation – 3 Disassemble – 16 Experience – 26 Geography – 3 Discourse Exploitation – 40 German State – 14 Productive discourse – 16 Expropriation – 28 37 Germany – 10 12 17 Discussion – 14 16 Extraction – 14 Globalisation – 25 Discussion fora – 17 Global market – 19 Distribution – 21 Global politics – 19 Distrust – 10 F Good Diversity – 15 Greater good – 10 Dramatic – 17 Facebook – 23 Government – 19 Dynamic – 3 10 11 Fact – 23 Granary – 20 Facts – 16 Graphite – 19 Family – 3 Greenhouse emission – 18 E Farmer – 20 Greenwashing – 23 Farmland – 32 Groundwater draining – 31 Economic – 10 Fate of the individual – 18 Groundwater reservoir – 14 31 Economic hub – 10 Fear – 16 28 Groundwater supply – 31 Economic success – 14 Federal mining law – 28 Growth – 10 Economy – 18 28 29 Federal politic – 14 Guarantee – 38 Ecosystem – 30 Federal state – 10 Effect –3 Fertile soil – 20 Environmental effect – 14 Final-cut pits – 32 H Emission – 14 38 Finding – 35 Empathy – 18 Flexibility – 25 Half-truths – 16 Employee – 22 Folk – 35 Hambach – 24 Encyclopedia – 17 Folklore – 25 Hambach forest – 18 32 Energiewende – 3 Forest – 30 Heimat – 25 38 Energy corporation – 28 Primeval forest – 18 Help – 14 Energy demand – 11 Formation – 19 Heritage Energy generation – 11 Fracking – 40 Industrial heritage – 18 Energy mix – 10 20 Fragmentation – 16 Heuersdorf – 29 Energy policy – 18 Framework – 17 21 History – 10 24 26 30 36 Energy provider – 21 French mining act – 20 German industrial history – 10 Energy revolution – 3 French occupation – 20 Holland – 40 Energy source Friction – 28 Home – 11 36 37 Conventional energy sources – 19 Friend – 37 Homeland – 14 25 Engagement Fundamental right – 11 28 House – 36 Community engagement – 22 Future – 3 17 29 38 Household – 11 Environment – 10 26 Human – 40 Spatial environment – 27 Environmental protection – 11 G Europe – 18 Event – 35 Garzweiler – 24

59 Justification Meaning – 17 Equal justification – 26 Mechanism – 3 10 14 18 28 37 I Mechanisms – 40 Media – 16 17 22 Identity – 25 K Meeting – 29 Ignorance – 16 Meeting place – 36 Illumination – 16 Kaster – 29 Meeting venue – 37 Image – 3 Key industry – 18 Member – 37 Immigration – 18 Knowledge – 30 Memory – 27 Impact Kraft, Hannelore –18 Mental state – 27 Social impact – 14 Kraken – 40 Methodology – 16 17 Implementation – 17 Kyoto Protocol II – 18 Migration – 30 Implication – 15 16 40 Migratory – 3 Imposing – 17 Mining area – 14 Improvement – 29 L Mining authority – 28 Inden – 24 Mining industry – 28 Independence – 14 19 Lack of corruption – 16 Miscommunication – 16 Industrialisation – 19 Lack of transparency – 16 Misinterpretation – 16 Industry – 10 Lake – 32 Model – 3 Inefficiency – 38 Landscape – 3 26 Modernise – 20 Information – 15 17 Functional landscape – 37 Money – 10 28 Infrastructure – 35 Language – 16 Monopolisation – 40 Insecurity – 10 28 Legitimacy – 3 10 Moor – 19 Integration – 26 Life – 25 Motion – 14 24 Intention – 25 Life with coal – 17 Motivation – 17 Interest Lignite mining – 14 37 Movement – 3 40 Conflicting interest –11 lignite strip mine – 14 Opposing interest – 14 Lignitic coal – 3 Interest groups – 3 10 39 Lindner, Christian – 38 N Interference – 3 14 30 Lippendorf – 29 Interpretation – 17 Living with coal – 14 Nature – 3 11 14 Possible interpretation – 16 Lobbying – 23 Necessary – 37 Range of possible interpretations – 16 Local newspaper – 22 Necessity – 3 16 40 Investigation – 14 Location – 10 14 36 Negotiation – 35 Investment – 3 19 35 Location-Updating Effect – 27 Neighbour – 37 Investor Locomotive – 22 Neighbourhood – 36 Institutional investor – 21 Loessic soil – 18 Netherlands – 18 Iranian oil reserves – 20 Loess soil – 20 Network – 22 Issue – 14 17 40 Looming – 29 Neu Grevenbroicher – 22 Issues – 11 Loss New resettlement town – 37 Emotional loss – 37 News – 23 New village – 36 J Nietzsche, Friedrich – 29 M Norm – 35 Job – 19 29 North Rhine-Westphalia – 3 18. Sie- Judgment – 26 Magnet – 10 he auch NRW Rash judgment – 16 Material – 24 Nostalgic – 25

60 Index

Notion – 15 25 Politics – 11 16 32 40 Economic reality – 3 Notion of home – 3 Population – 10 18 36 Reclamation – 32 NRW – 10 14 Portrayal – 14 16 17 Reconstruction – 30 NS regime – 28 Positioning – 17 Reconstruction generation – 25 Nuclear power – 3 Possession – 36 Refurbishment – 16 Power – 10 28 Regime – 29 Power generation – 38 Region – 10 14 20 22 O Power plant – 30 Regulation – 28 35 Power supply – 14 Relationship – 3 14 25 Oil – 19 Precedence-setting political decision – Relocation – 35 Opencast pit – 12 38 Renewable energy – 3 19 21 Opinion Presence – 22 Re-orientation – 27 Own opinion – 17 Presentation – 23 Requirement – 25 40 Opportunity – 3 16 Preservation – 28 Research – 26 Opposite – 26 Price Research area – 14 Organising – 17 Electricity price – 11 Research source – 3 Orientation – 26 Privatisation – 40 Resettlement – 35 Origin – 18 Problem – 15 Resettler – 27 Overburden – 32 Process – 29 35 37 40 Resettling together – 36 Overburden’ – 19 Processing – 14 Resistance – 24 29 Overview – 14 Process of resettlemen – 29 Resonance – 14 Promise – 25 Resource – 10 14 Property – 29 36 Responsibility – 32 P Proportion – 10 Restriction – 38 Pro-resettlement – 27 Restructuring – 10 16 21 40 Paris – 17 Psychology – 3 Result – 16 17 Partial resettlement – 35 Pumping station – 30 Re-thinking – 38 Past – 25 Purpose – 14 Rethinking – 10 32 Peat – 19 Revegetation – 30 32 Perception – 15 25 26 39 Revolution – 20 Period Q Rhine – 31 Tertiary period – 19 Rhineland – 18 Permission Quality – 24 Rhineland mining district – 17 20 32 Political permission – 14 Question – 29 40 Perspective Questioning – 16 Rife – 16 Differing perspective –14 Quick-fire decision – 40 Rifle association –36 phenomena – 28 Right to a homa – 28 Phenomena – 10 Right to a home – 29 Phenomenon R Röcken – 29 Economic phenomenon – 17 Roman – 20 Philosophy – 11 Railroad – 22 Rooting – 25 Pit – 37 Rain forest – 35 Rumour – 29 Plane – 17 Rationale – 14 17 Planning – 40 Raw material – 28 Pödelwitz – 38 Reaction – 3 15 40 Point Reader – 14 Compelling point – 14 Reality – 3

61 Suitability – 20 Industrial utilisation – 10 Supply – 21 Utopia – 25 S Support – 15 22 Surface – 19 Sacrifice – 10 Surrounding – 15 25 26 V Saint Nick – 22 Sustainability – 3 10 32 Scale – 14 Swamp area – 19 Valuation – 37 School – 22 Symbol – 26 Value – 11 Security System – 37 Emotional value – 28 Existential security – 25 Interwoven system – 14 Material value – 14 Security of energy supply – 11 Variety – 22 Self-determination – 28 Viability – 18 Sense – 14 T Victim – 29 Sense of being patronised – 16 View – 17 Sensitivity – 3 14 15 17 Target scenario – 17 Viewer – 3 17 Sentiment – 25 Technology – 19 40 Village – 3 24 Shareholder – 21 Tendency – 10 19 Village fair – 22 Single plane – 16 Tension – 10 14 26 40 Ville – 24 Site-dependency – 29 External tension – 18 Volunteer – 22 Situation – 3 17 Time – 25 Sketch – 17 Tool – 17 Social changes – 37 Total loss – 37 W Social network – 14 23 Town – 14 Society – 26 36 Tradition – 36 Water reservoir – 18 Solidarity – 29 Transparency – 3 16 22 40 Website – 21 Solution – 14 Transport – 14 Wirtschaftswunder –25 Solution model – 16 Treatment – 40 Withholding – 16 Sonderopfer – 28 Equal treatment – 16 Woodland clearing – 32 Soul – 25 Trust – 10 World – 37 Space – 17 25 Truth – 16 World War II – 24 Speck of land – 11 25 Twitter – 23 Sponsorships – 22 Spranger, Eduard – 25 Stability – 25 26 U Stage – 17 Standard – 19 Unanchored-to-home – 11 Current standards – 16 UN Climate Change Conference – 17 Standard value – 36 19 38 Statement – 35 Understanding – 16 17 39 Stimulation – 17 Differing understanding –3 Strategy – 21 Unemployment – 18 Strip mine – 3 24 Uprooting – 37 Strip mines – 40 Urban – 18 Structure – 3 14 15 USA – 40 Social structure – 36 Use Studies – 3 Temporary use – 32 Study – 15 Utilisation – 3 40

62 63 Iron Tin Copper Zinc Nickel Chrome Manganese Aluminium Lead Gold Silver Salt Potassium Sulphur Spar Fluorite Asbestos Talc Phosphor Gypsum Titanium

64 65