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Und Gemeineigentum Grundflächen und Rohstoffe im Spannungsfeld zwischen Privat- und Gemeineigentum - Eine interdisziplinäre Untersuchung - Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften im Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Fabian Thiel aus Elmshorn Hamburg 2001 Als Dissertation angenommen vom Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Hamburg auf Grund der Gutachten von Prof. Dr. Eckhard Grimmel und Prof. Dr. Jürgen Lafrenz Hamburg, den 07.02.2001 Prof. Dr. Ulrich Bismayer (Dekan des Fachbereichs Geowissenschaften) Vorwort und Danksagung Das Interesse für eine (notwendigerweise interdisziplinär angelegte) Untersu- chung über Grundflächen und Rohstoffe der Erde entwickelte sich während meines Jurastudiums an der Universität Regensburg und konnte durch mein an- schließendes Studium der Geographie an der Universität Hamburg vertieft wer- den. Von Interesse sind dabei insbesondere die Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten der einschlägigen Normen unserer (vorläufigen) Verfassung, die für eine natur- und sozialverträgliche Grundflächen- und Rohstoffverwaltung fruchtbar gemacht werden können. Zuvorderst möchte ich Herrn Prof. Dr. E. Grimmel danken, der mich zu der vor- liegenden Arbeit ermutigte, in zahlreichen Gesprächen mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stand und der mir insbesondere bei der Gestaltung der Untersuchung den größt- möglichen wissenschaftlichen Freiraum gewährte. Ihm gilt für seine langjährige Förderung und vor allem für sein „Blick über den Tellerrand“ der Geographie hinaus in andere wissenschaftliche Disziplinen mein ganz besonderer Dank. Zu danken habe ich ferner Herrn Prof. Dr. J. Lafrenz sowie Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Rieter für wertvolle Hinweise, kritische Anmerkungen und nicht zuletzt für die gutachterliche Arbeit. Herrn K. Nitschke von der Finanzbehörde der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (Abteilung Liegenschaften) danke ich sehr herzlich für die detaillierte Einführung in die Bodenpolitik Hamburgs sowie in die dahinter ste- henden Eigentumsverhältnisse des Verwaltungsvermögens. Mein besonderer Dank gilt meiner Mutter für ihre wertvolle Unterstützung und insbesondere für die Übernahme der Korrekturlast. Ferner möchte ich mich bedanken bei den Herren O. Arndt (bei diesem für den nimmermüden Einsatz in Layout-Angelegenheiten), T. Langer und J. H. Fuhr- mann für ihren freundlichen „support“ während der Bearbeitung. Elmshorn, im Juli 2002 Fabian Thiel Inhalt 1. Einleitung ..................................................................................................... 1 2. Flächennutzungsinteressen......................................................................... 3 2.1 Staatliche Lenkungsvorgaben................................................................. 3 2.2 Notwendigkeit staatlicher Planungsvorgaben ........................................ 4 2.3 Differenzierung der Eigentumsstruktur.................................................. 4 2.4 Der methodische Ansatz von DUWENDAG et al...................................... 5 2.5 Motive der Flächennachfrage der öffentlichen Hand............................. 7 2.6 Verwertbarkeit der Ergebnisse ............................................................... 8 3. Verfassungsrechtliche Aspekte der Flächennutzung............................. 11 3.1 Artikel 14 GG ....................................................................................... 11 3.1.1 Flächennutzung nach Artikel 14 GG............................................. 12 3.1.2 Historische Bodenordnung in Preußen.......................................... 15 3.1.3 § 903 BGB ..................................................................................... 17 3.1.4 § 905 BGB ..................................................................................... 17 3.1.5 Die Situationsgebundenheit einer Grundfläche............................. 19 3.1.6 Der Lösungsansatz von BINSWANGER ........................................... 21 3.2 Artikel 15 GG ....................................................................................... 21 3.2.1 Das Verfügungs- und Nutzungseigentum ..................................... 23 3.2.2 Grund und Boden/Naturschätze..................................................... 24 3.2.3 Sozialisierung in Hessen................................................................ 25 3.2.4 Moderne Auffassungen zu Grund und Boden............................... 27 3.2.5 Gemeineigentum an Grund und Boden ......................................... 29 3.2.6 Gemeinwirtschaft am Beispiel der Genossenschaft ...................... 31 3.2.6.1 Genossenschaftliche Ausprägungen....................................... 32 3.2.6.2 Raumbeispiel „Siedlung Eden“ .............................................. 33 3.2.7 Ausnahmen von der Grundflächensozialisierung.......................... 35 4. Ethische Aspekte der Flächennutzung .................................................... 37 4.1 Grundeigentum und ethische Lehre...................................................... 37 4.2 Grundeigentum und kommunistische Lehre ........................................ 38 4.3 Grundeigentum und kirchliche Lehre................................................... 41 4.3.1 Landverteilung im antiken Griechenland ...................................... 41 4.3.1.1 Die Reformen des SOLON........................................................... 43 4.3.2 Landverteilung im antiken Rom.................................................... 44 4.3.3 Landverteilung und kirchliche Lehre ............................................ 45 4.3.4 Landverteilung und gesellschaftliche Gleichheit .......................... 49 5. „Neues Bodenrecht“ .................................................................................. 51 5.1 Die Entwicklung seit dem 19. Jahrhundert .......................................... 51 5.2 Die Entwicklung seit dem 2. Weltkrieg ............................................... 52 6. Ökonomische Aspekte der Flächennutzung............................................ 55 6.1 Das Differentialrentenmodell von RICARDO ........................................ 55 6.2 Die Bodenrente in der modernen Volkswirtschaft............................... 56 6.3 Die „Utopisten“ .................................................................................... 58 6.3.1 Thomas Morus............................................................................... 59 6.3.2 Robert Owen.................................................................................. 60 6.4 Die Bodenreformer............................................................................... 61 6.4.1 Hermann Heinrich Gossen............................................................. 61 6.4.2 Henry George................................................................................. 63 6.4.3 Michael Flürscheim ....................................................................... 64 6.4.4 John Stuart Mill ............................................................................. 66 6.5 Die Bodenreform im Sinne der Freiwirtschaftslehre ........................... 67 6.5.1 Silvio Gesell................................................................................... 67 6.5.2 Lösungsvorschlag von GRIMMEL................................................... 70 6.5.3 Anmerkungen zur Lehre GESELLs................................................. 71 6.5.4 Adolf Damaschke .......................................................................... 73 6.5.5 Hans Bernoulli............................................................................... 75 6.6 Die flächenbezogenen Instrumente der Bodenreformer....................... 77 6.6.1 Die Bodenwertzuwachssteuer (BWZSt.)....................................... 77 6.6.2 Verbesserungs- und Bauabgabe..................................................... 79 6.6.3 Besteuerung der Grundflächen ...................................................... 79 6.6.4 Bodenwertzuwachssteuer und Planungswertausgleich ................. 80 6.6.5 Verkehrswert und Ertragswert der Flächennutzung...................... 81 6.6.6 Verteilung der Flächen im Erbfall................................................. 82 6.6.7 Ökologische Flächensteuern .......................................................... 83 6.6.8 Die Flächennutzungssteuern.......................................................... 86 6.6.9 Das „vollkommene Grundbuch“ ................................................... 88 7. Aspekte der Rohstoffnutzung................................................................... 91 7.1 Bergbau und „Bergregal“ ..................................................................... 91 7.2 Die Geschichte der Bergwerksabgaben................................................ 93 7.2.1 Die Ressourcenrente ...................................................................... 93 7.2.2 Der Zehnt(e)................................................................................... 95 7.3 Aspekte des modernen Bergbaus.......................................................... 96 7.4 Rohstoff-Definitionen nach der Wertigkeit.......................................... 98 7.5 Bedeutung einiger oberflächennaher Rohstoffe................................. 100 7.6 Aspekte der Rohstoffnutzung in der ehemaligen DDR...................... 101 7.6.1 Unterschiedliche Rechtslage hinsichtlich Sanden und Kiesen.... 103 7.6.2 Politische Schlussfolgerungen..................................................... 105 7.7 Staatliche Planungsinstrumente.......................................................... 108 7.7.1 Das Beispiel „Lausitzer Braunkohlenbergbau“..........................
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