The Spelling of Early Modern English As Seen in the King James Version 1611 Holy Bible Compared to New King James Version Holy Bible

THE SPELLING OF EARLY MODERN ENGLISH AS SEEN IN THE KING JAMES VERSION 1611 HOLY BIBLE COMPARED TO NEW KING JAMES VERSION HOLY BIBLE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Prestented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

LUCIA KURNIADI Student Number: 044214151

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009

THE SPELLING OF EARLY MODERN ENGLISH AS SEEN IN THE KING JAMES VERSION 1611 HOLY BIBLE COMPARED TO NEW KING JAMES VERSION HOLY BIBLE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Prestented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

LUCIA KURNIADI Student Number: 044214151

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009

iii

“Those who don’t give up will win in the end”

Surely goodnes and mercie shall followe me

all the daies of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for euer

(KJV 1611, Psalm 23: 6)

YÉÜ Ytà{xÜ? ]xáâá V{Ü|áà tÇw [ÉÄÄç fÑ|Ü|à `Éà{xÜ `tÜç `ç Wtwwç UxÇÇç ^âÜÇ|tw| 9 Åç `ÉÅ fÜ| fâátÇà| `ç UxÄÉäxw f|áàxÜ TÄÉçá|t ^âÜÇ|tw| `ç UxÄÉäxw UÜÉà{xÜ fxutáà|tÇ U|ÄÄç ^âÜÇ|tw| TÄÄ YtÅ|Äç tÇw yÜ|xÇwá

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan dii bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Lucia Kurniadi

Nomor Mahasiswa : 044214151

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: The Spelling of Early Modern English as Seen in the King James Version 1611 Holy Bible Compared to New King James Version Holy Bible beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal : 24 Maret 2009

Yang menyatakan

(Lucia Kurniadi)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Jesus Christ for His kindness, so that I finally completed the thesis writing.

There are a lot of people who have guided, supported and helped me in completing this thesis writing. Therefore, I would like to thank:

1. Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A as the advisor for guiding and giving a lot of

advises so that I finally complete this research.

2. J. Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum as the reader for giving suggestions

and advises.

3. All lecturers of English Letters study Programme of Sanata Dharma

University, and Mbak Ninik.

4. My parents Benny Kurniadi and Sri Susanti, my beloved sister Aloysia

Kurniadi, my beloved brother Sebastian Billy Kurniadi, uncles and aunties,

and all of my cousins.

5. My friends Kiki, Dinda, Vonny, Theo, Hartati, Steven, Frans, Shendy.

6. My best friends Karisma Kurniawan, Yohanes Krisostomos, Ardi Nugroho,

Reena Rai, Wahyu Puspita Sari, Scholastika Ardianita, Hilda Dina Santoja,

Nur Indah, Vina Christiana, Prawira Atmaja.

I realize that this thesis has not been perfect yet. Therefore, the criticisms and suggestions from whoever read this thesis are welcome. May God bless all of those who have helped me throughout my study.

Lucia Kurniadi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGE ...... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iii MOTTO PAGE ...... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN ...... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii ABSTRACT ...... ix ABSTRAK ...... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 2 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Benefit of the Study ...... 3 E. Definition of Terms ...... 3

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ...... 5 A. Review of Related Theories ...... 5 1. English Modern English Problem ...... 5 2. Spelling of Early Modern English ...... 7 3. The English Alphabets ...... 10 4. Classical Latin Spelling ...... 11 5. History of the Holy Bible in English ...... 12 6. The Sound System of English...... 14 B. Theoretical Framework ...... 17

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 18 A. Object of the Study ...... 18 B. Method of the Study ...... 18 C. Research Procedure ...... 19

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 21

A. The Letter Addition ...... 22 B. The Aposthrophe ‘s Addition ...... 29 C. Change of Consonant Order ...... 29 D. Letter Deletion ...... 30

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E. The Doubled Letter ...... 43 F. Grammar Shift ...... 46 G. The Compound Differences ...... 47 H. Negative Morpheme Shift...... 49 I. The Singled Letter...... 49 J. Word Adaptation...... 52 K. Letter Shift ...... 52 L. Misspelling...... 76

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 79 APPENDICCES ...... 80

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ABSTRACT

LUCIA KURNIADI. The Spelling of Early Modern English as Seen in the King James Version 1611 Holy Bible Compared to New King James Version Holy Bible. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2009.

Before the Renaissance, England used French as its national language and English became the language of low-class people. However, after the Renaissance era, English became popular because the nobles tried using it to communicate with their people. Different from the Old English and Middle English, the early version of Modern English looks much simpler for us. The inflection system is reduced, as well as the gender. However, there is no particular rule about how to spell the words. Every author had his own spelling. Therefore, we can know who the author of a book is just from the spelling. The purposes of this study are first to identify the spelling of the King James Version 1611 Holy Bible and second to understand the extent of its difference from Modern English. Therefore, there are one problem that is discussed namely how the spelling of Early Modern English is different from Modern English. In this study I conducted a desk research which means that this study is done based on the theories from many sources and also the data from the King James Version 1611 Holy Bible especially the Gospel of Luke. Then, I compared it with the New King James Version Holy Bible to know the differences Based on the research result, there are many differences between the King James Version 1611 and the New King James Version. The differences are the letter addition 2.4%, the apostrophe ‘s addition 1%, the change of consonant orders 0.02%, letter deletion 40.8%, doubled letters 2.7%, grammar shifts 0.06%, compound differences 1.7%, negative morpheme shifts 0.04%, singled letters 8.6%, word adaptation 0.06%, the letter shifts 42.48%, and misspellings 0.1%.

ABSTRAK

LUCIA KURNIADI. The Spelling of Early Modern English as Seen in the King James Version 1611 Holy Bible Compared to New King James Version Holy Bible. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2009.

Sebelum Renaisans, Inggris menggunakan bahasa Prancis sebagai bahasa nasionalnya dan bahasa Inggris menjadi bahasa untuk rakyat jelata. Akan tetapi setelah zaman Renaisans bahasa Inggris menjadi kembali terkenal karena para bangsawan menggunakannya untuk berkomunikasi dengan rakyat mereka. Berbeda dengan Inggris Kuno dan Inggris Pertengahan, versi awal Inggris Modern tampak sangatlah sederhana bagi kita. Sistem infleksi dan gender dikurangi. Bagaimanapun juga, tidak ada rumus umum untuk cara penulisan suatu kata. Setiap penulis mempunyai cara penulisannya sendiri. Oleh karena itu, kita dapat mengetahui penulis suatu buku dari cara penulisannya Tujuan penelitian ini yang pertama adalah untuk mengidentifikasi cara penulisan King James Version 1611 Holy Bible dan yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui sampai sejauh mana perbedaannya dengan Inggris Modern. Oleh karena itu, ada satu masalah yang didiskusikan yaitu bagaimana cara penulisan Inggris Modern Awal berbeda dengan Inggris Modern. Dalam studi ini saya menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan yang berarti bahwa penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan teori-teori dari berbagai sumber dan data diperoleh dari King James Version 1611 Holy Bible terutama Injil Lukas. Kemudian saya membandingkannya dengan New King James Version Holy Bible untuk mengetahui perbedaannya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ada banyak perbedaan antara King James Version 1611 dan New King James Version. Perbedaannya adalah penambahan huruf 2.4%, penambahan ‘s 1%, perubahan susunan konsonan 0.02%, penghapusan huruf 40.8%, penggandaan huruf 2.7%, perubahan tata bahasa 0.06%, perbedaan kata majemuk 1.7%, perubahan morfem negatif 0.04%, penunggalan huruf 8.6%, adaptasi kata 0.06%, perubahan huruf 42.48%, dan salah tulis 0.1%.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Cable and Baugh (1978: 113-116) said that before the renaissance, England used French as its national language and English became the language of low-class people. However, after the renaissance era, English became popular again because the nobles tried using it to communicate with their people. Different from the Old

English and Middle English, the early version of Modern English is much simpler.

The inflection system is reduced, as well as the gender. However, there is no particular rule about how to spell the words. Every author had his own spelling.

Therefore, we can know who the author of a book is just from the spelling.

Basically, English used to be written as it sounded. However, people spoke different varieties of English. A good example of an early Modern English text is

King James Holy Bible. It was translated from Latin by 54 experts in 1607 and published in 1611. However, now, King James Holy Bible has been revised into

Modern English standard spelling but it still uses some archaic words such as thy, and thou. Actually, early Modern English words are quite the same as today Modern

English. However, as I said before, because there was no standardization of spelling, authors had their own spelling.

The reason why I have chosen this topic as my topic is that if I would like to study English thoroughly, I must study the history of English itself. In addition, to

1 2

find texts of early Modern English is much easier than to find the Old English and the Middle English ones. Different from Old English which is more like German, early Modern English, of course, is more like today Modern English but it is still different. The third reason is that King James Holy Bible is a very good sample text of early Modern English and a very famous book that has many versions. Therefore, if I wish to know about the history of English language, I should choose the Holy

Bible.

The next point is that I agree that there is no standardization of spelling in the early Modern English. However, it does not mean that every author has exactly different spelling.

I limit my study just in the spelling of the Early Modern English. In addition, I also only take King James Bible which was translated at 1611 as my focus of the study. Moreover, I chose the Gospel of Luke in random.

B. Problem Formulation

To guide the progress of this study, one research problems have been formulated as follows:

1. How is the spelling of Early Modern English different from Modern English?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives of this study. The first one is to identify the spelling of the original version of King James Version Holy Bible. The second one is to understand the extent of its difference from Modern English.

D. Benefit of the Study

There are two benefits of this study. The first benefit of this study is that the reader knows more about the Early Modern English spelling. The second one is that the reader can learn more about the history of English language.

E. Definition of Term

These following are the definitions of the technical terms that are used in this study.

1. According to Cable and Baugh (1978: 199), Early Modern English is the English

language used around 1500-1600. It was also known as the Renaissance. It was

used in the end of Middle English to the beginning of Modern English.

2. According to Cable and Baugh (1978: 2-3), Modern English is the variety of

English language that we use today. It is used from the end of 15th century to now.

It is a living language that constantly changing.

3. According to Fromkin and Rodman (2003: 562-563), a spelling system is the

representation of the spoken language. The spelling of most English words today

is based on English as spoken in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth century.

4. In Menyingkap Alkitab (2005: 8), the King James Bible is an English holy bible

published to replace the Geneva Bible. It was also known as the Authorized

Version. The New Testament was translated from the Textus Receptus (Received

Text) edition of the Greek texts while the Old Testament was translated from the

Masoretic Hebrew text and the Apocrypha was translated from the Greek

Septuagint. It was translated by 54 experts in 1607 and published in 1611. It was

named as the King James Bible because King James I was the main supporter of

this holy bible. In 1982, it was revised and known as the New King James

Version.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Early Modern English problem

Baugh and Cable (1978: 201-216) said that different from Middle English

period that had revolutionary changes in grammar but not so great changes in

vocabulary, the early Modern English was a period when English just had slight

changes in grammar but the changes in vocabulary was very extensive. In that

time, the same as the other language in the European countries, English also faced

three problems. The first one is recognition in the field where Latin had been

supreme for centuries. The second one is the establishment of a more uniform

spelling. The last one is the enrichment of the vocabulary so it can fulfill the

demands for wider use.

First, recognition was a very hard problem at that time. Although English had

become the language of popular literature, Latin was still used in all fields of

knowledge. However, finally the demands were met after some scholar said that

they would rather use English than Latin. Translations literally poured from the

press in the course of sixteenth century. Many ancient works in Latin and Greek

were translated into English including many theological writing.

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Second, spelling in the sixteenth century was a real important discussion. The problem is there is no accepted spelling for everyone. In short, it was neither phonetic nor fixed. Although some people saw it as a chaotic, actually the spelling of English was not as bad as that. There were limit to its variety and inconsistency. Every author had his own consistent spelling. Some authors tried to publish their books of spelling but it was not popular. However, finally Richard

Mulcaster and Dr. Johnson could make books of spelling which could be accepted in common society.

The last, since the scholar monopoly Latin language throughout the Middle

Ages, the vernacular was untouched. In the Early Modern English time, when the monopoly was broken, the deficiencies of English was seen at the same time.

English had not enough vocabulary to replace the classical language in expressing thought from many fields. Therefore, translators of foreign books such as Latin,

French, and Italian books, borrowed some words and adapted them into English.

Crystal (2003: 56-57) said in his book the Cambridge Encyclopedia of The

English Language that there is no consensus about when the Early Modern

English period begins. Some people choose for the early date, 1400-1450, just after Chaucer and the beginning of pronunciation shift. The others choose for a late date, around 1500, after the printing revolution. In this period, the spelling was unstable. It is not until nearly a century later that there is a uniformity in the appearance of printed text.

2. Spelling of Early Modern English

Fromkin and Rodman (2003: 562-563) said that writing does not represent the

spoken language perfectly, though it supposes to do that. Therefore, spelling

reform, in fact, is necessary. The irregularities between letters and phonemes is

one of unsolved problem until today. Different spelling for the same sounds,

silent letters, and missing letters also are the reasons that English needs a new

orthographic system, as seen in the table below:

Table 1: The irregularities of the English orthographic system

Same sound, Different sound, Silent letters Missing letters different spelling same spelling /aj/ thought /θ/ listen use /juz/ aye though /ð/ debt fuse /fjuz/ buy Thomas /t/ gnome by know die ate /e/ psychology hi at /æ/ right Thai Father /a/ mnemonic height Many /ε/ science guide talk honest sword bomb clue Wednesday (Fromkin and Rodman, p. 562)

The spelling of most English words today is based on the spoken English in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries because when the printing press was introduced in the fifteenth century, the scholars realized that there was a need for consistent spelling that reflected the pronunciation of words. Before that, spellers in

those times saw that to spell the same word consistently was unnecessary. For example in Shakespeare’s plays, he spelled the first person singular pronoun as I, ay, and aye. However, the scholars changed the spelling of English words based on their etymologies. Therefore, where Latin had a b, they added a b even if it was pronounced such as debt.

Crystal (2003: 66-68) also mentioned that even a generation after Caxton, the

English system remained in a highly inconsistent state although there were clear signs of standardization. This can be seen even within the work of an individual printer or author. Caxton, for example, in a single passage has both booke and boke (book), and axyd and axed (asked). The printers were blamed because many of them were foreigners and they were uncertain of orthographic traditions in English.

Later, Mulcaster published his Elementarie at the end of 16th century. It provided a table listing of recommended spelling for nearly 9000 words. Vowels especially came to be spelled in a more predictable way. There was increased use of double-vowel (as in soon) or a silent –e (as in name) to mark length; and a doubled consonant within a word became a more predictable sign of a preceding short vowel

(sitting) – though there continued to be some uncertainty over what should happen at the end of the word (bed, and glad, but well, and glasse). In the 1630s, the use of u and v was standardized. V was representing a consonant while u was representing a vowel. These symbols were at first interchangeable, and then positionally distinguished (with v used initially and u medially in a word). A similar standardization affected j (earlier a variant form of i) and i.

In 16th century, people began to use a capital letter at the beginning of every sentence, proper name, and important common noun. By the early 17th century, the practice had extended to titles (Sir), forms of address (Mistris) and personified nouns

(Nature). Emphasized words and phrases would also attract a capital.

According to Dent (2003: xxxiii-xxxv) In Early Modern English era, the most common punctuation were the virgule (/), the period (.), and the colon (:). In Caxton, the virgule had the function of modern comma, period, or semi colon; it fell out of use in the 16th century, and was largely replace by the comma.

In the Early Modern English, there was no orthographic distinction between simple plural and either singular possessive or plural possessive. Therefore, the words sisters, sisters’, sister’s were spelled the same, sisters.

In the Early Modern English, sometimes two different words were spelled the same such as tide which can mean either tide or tied. However, some words also interchangeable such as travail which is now spelled as travel and travel that is spelled travail now.

3. The English Alphabet

The following is the description of the development of the English

alphabet according to Crystal (2003: 258-264). The letter-shapes of the modern

alphabet in most cases are part of an alphabetic tradition which is over 3000 years

old. Old English was first written in the runic alphabet, but the arrival of Christian

missionaries brought the rapid introduction of the roman alphabet. The 23 Latin

letters, those are the character a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, x, y, and z. They were applied to the Old English sound system in a systematic way.

After the Norman Conquest, there was a new letter, w. To this alphabet of 24 letters were added, from the Modern English era, v and j, respectively distinguished from u and i, with which they had previously interchangeable. The result is the 26-letter alphabet known today.

The letter i was a consonant in the Semitic alphabet, represented a vowel in Greek, and came into Latin with both vowel and consonant values.

The history of the letter j in English dates only from the medieval period.

Originally a graphic variant of i, it gradually came to replace i whenever that letter represented a consonant, as in major and jewel.

The ancestor of the letter u is to be found in the Semitic alphabet, eventually emerging in Latin as a v used for both consonant and vowel. In Middle

English, both v and u appear variously as consonant and vowel, in some scribal practice v being found initially and u medially. This eventually led to v being reserved for a consonant and u for the vowel, though it was not until the late 17th century that this distinction became standard.

The letter y is a Greek adaptation of a Semitic symbol, representing a high front rounded vowel. In Roman times, it was borrowed to help transcribe Greek loan words into Latin, and given an unrounded value similar to i.

4. Classical Latin Spelling

According to Fromkin and Rodman (2003: 563), the spelling reformers

saw the need for consistent spelling that correctly reflected the pronunciation of

words. However, many scholars, authors, and translators become overzealous.

Because of their reverence for Classical Greek and Latin, they changed the

spelling of English words to conform their etymologies. Therefore, in Early

Modern English many words borrowed from Latin were spelled according to their

Latin spelling. For example is the silent b in the word debt. The word debt comes

from the Latin word debita. Therefore, Early Modern English people spelled it as

debt although the b is silent.

However, classical Latin is different from today Latin. In some old text

that is found in Israel, the Romans considered v and u as one letter as Evans wrote

in his book Fabricating Jesus. For note, the letters inside the square brackets are

the letters that is restored by the archeologist.

Table 2: The examples of Classical Latin Classical Latin Modern Latin Translation [NAVTI]S TIBERIVM Nautis Tiberium Tiberium’s shipmen [PON]TIVS PILATVS Pontius Pilatus Pontius Pilate [PRAEF]ECTVS Praefectus Judea Prefect IVDA[EA]E Iudaeae [PEF]E[CIT] Pefecit Restoration (Evans, p. 199)

5. History of the Holy Bible in English

In Menyingkap Alkitab (2005: 6-8), it is said that because of the Pope’s will,

Jerome, a scientist, translated the Old Testament (in Hebrew) into Latin in 383-

405 A.D. The translation was called Vulgate (means common or usual). Vulgate

became the standard text for more than 1000 years in the Roman Catholic Church.

When it came to England, Vulgate was translated into Old English, that was

called as Bede’s Bible, although it was not the standard text in the Church since

the Church forbade people to translate the Holy Bible into local languages to

avoid misinterpretation.

Then, in 1384 Wycliffe’s Bible was published followed by Tyndale’s New

Testament in 1525. The first English standard bible is the Great Bible. Like its

name, the Bible was in the very big size. Therefore, the Geneva Bible was

published in 1560 for the common people in Britain. In 1568, eight bishops

revised the Great Bible. This revision was called as the Bishop’s Bible. Although

it is not very popular, this Bible was accepted by the people as the substitute of

the Great Bible because of the authority of the Church and the government.

The next version is The King James Bible or Authorized Version. This bible

was used to replace the Geneva Bible. The translation was started in 1607 by 54

experts that were divided into six ‘companies’, each working on a separate section

of the Bible. The preliminary version took four years, and the final revision a

further nine months, and finally in 1611, this Bible was published as Authorized

Version. (Crystal, p. 62) Sometimes this Bible is called as King James Bible

because King James I become the main supporter. This Bible immediately became the Great Britain Holy Bible.

It has been estimated that about 80% of the text of the Authorized Version shows the influence of Tyndale’s New Testament which was published in 1525, revised in 1534, and known as the first English vernacular text to be printed. For example the two passages of Matthew 5:1-10 below is almost identical. However, there was a development of spelling there.

Table 3: The Comparison between Tyndale’s New Testament and Authorized Version in spelling. Tyndale Authorized Version

1 When he sawe the people, he went 1 And seeing the multitudes, he went vp into a mountayne, and when he vp into a mountaine: and when he was set, his disciples came to hym, was set, his disciples came vnto him 2 and he opened hys mouthe, and 2 And he opened his mouth, and taught them sayinge: taught them, saying, 3 Blessed are the povre in sprete: for 3 Blessed are the poore in spirit: for theirs is the kyngdome of heven. theirs is the kingdome of heauen. 4 Blessed are they that morne: for 4 Blessed are they that mourne: for they shalbe conforted they shall be comforted. 5 Blessed are the meke: for they shall 5 Blessed are the meeke: for they inheret the erth. shall inherit the earth. 6 Blessed are they which honger and 6 Blessed are they which doe hunger thurst for rightewesnes: for they and thirst after righteousnesse: for shalbe filled. they shall be filled.

7 Blessed are the mercifull: for they 7 Blessed are the mercifull: for they shall obteyne mercy. shall obtaine mercie. 8 Blessed are the pure in herte: for 8 Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall se God. they shall see God.

9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for 9 Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shalbe called the children of they shall bee called the children of God. God. 10 Blessed are they which suffre 10 Blessed are they which are

persecucion for rightwesnes sake: for persecuted for righteousnesse sake: theirs ys the kyngdome of heuen. for theirs is the kingdome of heauen. (Crystal, p. 59)

In the Modern English, there are New English Bible which was published

in 1970, Good News Bible that was published in 1976, and New International

Version which was published in 1979. In addition, in 1982, the King James

Version was revised and published as New King James Version.

6. The sound system of English

According to Crystal (2003: 236-243) when the alphabet of English was first

devised, its letters were based on the nature of the sounds in the Old English.

However, there are differences between the written language and the spoken

language. In the English alphabet, there are five vowels (A, E, I, O, U). In fact,

there are about 20 vowels in most accents of English. In the table below are the

vowels that are introduced by the British phonetician A. C. Gimson .

Table 4: The list of vowels in English sound system based on A. C. Gimson The vowels in: Gimson

Sea, feet, me, field i: Him, big, village, women ɪ Get, fetch, head, Thames e Sat, hand, ban, plait æ Sun, son, blood, does ʌ Calm, are, father, car ɑ: Dog, lock, swan, cough ɒ All, saw, cord, more ɔ: Put, wolf, good, look ʊ Soon, do, soup, shoe u: Bird, her, turn, learn ɜ:

The, butter, sofa, about ə Ape, waist, they, say eɪ Time, cry, die, high aɪ Boy, toy, noise, voice ɔɪ So, road, toe, know əʊ Out, house, how, found aʊ, ɑʊ Deer, here, fierce, near ɪə Care, air, bare, bear eə Poor, sure, tour, lure ʊə (Crystal, p. 237)

If we look at the table above, there are twelve pure vowel. It is evident that five of them are relatively long and the other seven are relatively short. The contrast between long and short vowel is not just one of length (quantity) but also the different place of articulation (quality). This is why Gimson, in his transcription gives different symbols to these pairs of vowel (/i:/ vs /ɪ/,etc.). Length-wise, the diphthongs are like long vowels, but the first part of the diphthong in English is much longer and louder than the second.

On the other hand, the different between consonants in the English alphabets and sound system is less significant. There are 21 consonant letters in the written alphabet and there are 24 consonant sounds in most English accents. However, because of the erratic history of English spelling, in several cases, one consonant sound is spelled by more than one letter or one consonant letter symbolizes more than one sound. In the table below are the consonants introduced by A. C.

Gimson

Table 5: The list of consonants in the English sound system introduced by A. C. Gimson The consonant in Gimson

Pie, up p By, ebb b Tie, at t Die, odd d Coo, ache k Go, egg g Chew, each tʃ Jaw, edge dʒ Few, off f View, of v Thigh, oath θ They, booth ð So, us s Zoo, ooze z Shoe, ash ʃ Genre, rouge ʒ He h Me, am m No, in n hang ŋ Lie, eel l Row, ear r way w you j

B. Theoretical Framework

The writing system is the representation of the spoken language. To reduce the spoken language into the written one, spelling is needed. The spoken language develops more rapidly than the written one because writing is permanent while speaking is not. Therefore, we need to learn the spelling system of the Early Modern

English in order to know more about the history of English language and its problems to answer my first question, what the spelling of Early Modern English is like as seen in the King James Version 1611.

The writing system and the alphabet have a close relationship with each other.

To learn the spelling of Early Modern English, of course, I must also learn what kind of alphabet which that era had. In addition, it also helps me to answer my first and second question, how it is different from Modern English.

Before the renaissance era, the official language for education and printed books were Latin. Many people were influenced by Latin especially scholars, authors and translators. Therefore, whenever they had to decide the spelling themselves, they used some of Latin spellings. In this respect, learning Classical Latin is useful to answer my first question.

Every result has a cause. So does the differences between the spelling of the

Authorized Version and the New King James Bible. In order to understand it, we must look back to the history of holy bible. Therefore, learning the history of the

Authorized Version is necessary. It is also useful to answer my first question since the data come from the Holy Bible.

The writing system and the sound system is related each other. Therefore, I also need the sound system theory to support my first and second questions’ answer.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

My object of the study is the spelling of Early Modern English. According to

Cable and Baugh (1978: 199) the Early Modern English is the period of the English language between the end of Middle English (the second half of 15th century) to the beginning of Modern English. However, I just take the spelling because at that time the spelling had not standardized yet. I would like to know what the spelling of Early

Modern English period like and how it is different from Modern English spelling.

I obtained the data from King James Version Holy Bible. King James Version

Holy Bible was translated in 1611 by 54 experts that worked in the 6 different groups.

Therefore, King James Version Holy Bible was included in the Early Modern English period. In 1982, it was revised and published as the New King James Version and is still used until now. It is a very famous Holy Bible which has become the source of translation of the other Holy Bible in many languages. I retrieved King James Version

Holy Bible from that was published by Rick Meyer in January

2000.

B. Method of the Study

My research is a desk research. I took my primary data from King James

Version 1611 Holy Bible. Then, I searched the theory from many sources. I looked for

18 19

the differences of the spelling of King James Version 1611 by comparing it with the

New King James Version.

C. Research Procedure

1. Gathering the data

I took the primary data, King James Version 1611 and also some other Holy

Bibles such as Latin Vulgate Bible, and New King James Version. I needed those

Bibles to help my analysis.

Firstly, I read the King James Version 1611, and then if I found a word in the

Bible which had different spelling from Modern English standard spelling, I

looked for that word in the other Bibles that I had mention before.

2. Gathering the theories

The first step to gather the theories was thinking what theories that I needed.

After that, I went to the library or searched in the internet the theories that I had

thought about. After I got the theories, I filtered them. I took the fit ones with my

analysis and kept the others in order to make me easier if one of the unfit theories

actually was a theory that I needed in my analysis.

After that, I put them in a list to help my analysis later.

3. Analysis

In the first step of my analysis, I checked my list of differences that I made

when I was gathering the data. After that, based on the theory of Early Modern

English Problem, Spelling of Early Modern English, the English Alphabet,

Classical Latin Spelling, the History of the Holy Bible in English, the Sound

System of English, I made my analysis to describe the differences between the

Early Modern English and the Modern English to answer my first problem how the spelling of the Early Modern English is different from the spelling of Modern

English. The last step was identifying the pattern of the spelling of the Early

Modern English to answer my second problem what the spelling of Early Modern

English is like as seen in King James Version 1611 Holy Bible.

4. Conclusion

After I had done with the analysis, I made the conclusion of my analysis.

5. Writing the thesis

After all of those steps above had been done, I started to write my thesis in form of paragraphs and tables.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

According Menyingkap Alkitab (2005: 8), the Authorized Version Holy Bible or well known as the King James Version was translated in 1607 by 54 experts who were grouped into six sections. Each section translated some bibles. It was published in 1611 to replace the Geneva Bible. The King James Version was translated from

Septuagint. However, it was influenced by Tyndale’s New Testament. The King

James Version is a great text of the Early Modern English. Due to the time of the translation, of course, there are differences between the English of the King James

Version and today’s English because the spelling at that time was unstable. Fromkin and Rodman said that every author had his own spelling. Not only that, but sometimes an author wrote a word differently such as Shakespeare who wrote the first singular pronoun as I, ay, and aye (2003: 563). There are so many differences in spelling that the Church had to revise it in order to be able to be read by people nowadays. This revision is called as the New King James Version. What I analyzed here were the differences of the Early Modern English spelling from the Modern

English one based on the King James Version especially the Gospel of Luke. I have two problems. They are how the spelling of Early Modern English is different from

Modern English and what the spelling of Early Modern English is like as seen in

King James Version Holy Bible.

21 22

After I collected the data, I found that there are many differences between the

King James Version 1611 and the New King James Version. The differences are the letter addition 2.4%, the apostrophe ‘s addition 1%, the change of consonant orders

0.02%, letter deletion 40.8%, doubled letters 2.7%, grammar shifts 0.06%, compound differences 1.7%, negative morpheme shifts 0.04%, singled letters 8.6%, word adaptation 0.06%, the letter shifts 42.48%, and misspellings 0.1%.

To explain the differences between the Early Modern English and Modern

English, I used the italic letter. For example a to explain the letter a.

A. The Letter Addition

The letter addition means a letter which did not exist in the King James

Version 1611 but existed in the New King James Version. There are many kinds

of letter addition that build the differences list of the King James Version 1611

and the New King James Version although the total of the letter addition is just

2.5%. They are the addition of the character a, b, c, d, e, g, h, i, m, p, t, u. The

most common of the letter addition is the addition of the e. Now, I will discuss it

from the a.

1. The addition of a

The addition of a usually used in the Latin name of people such as in table 1:

Table 1: The addition of a before e in the Latin names of people No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. Alpheus Alphaeus 2. Cesar Caesar 3. Zaccheus Zacchaeus

In the table above, a is added before e although the pronunciation is the same.

However, the addition of a not only in the Latin names of people but also the Latin names of places such as Iudea in the King James Version 1611 which is spelled as

Judaea in the New King James Version. The same as the one for people, a is added before e.

The character a is also added after o in some Latin based verbs such as in the table 2:

Table 2: The addition of a after o in Latin based verbs No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. approceth approacheth 2. fometh foameth 3. reproch reproach

The addition of a after e is also used in some foreign origin verbs including

Latin as such as in the table 3:

Table 3: The addition of the character a after the character e in foreign origin verbs including Latin No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. clensed cleansed 2. vnleuened unleavened

In the table 3, both of them undergo the addition of a after e. However, not only the verbs but also the noun such as years in the New King James Version was spelled as yeres in the King James Version 1611.

The last kind of the addition of a is the addition in the initial position. Look at the table 4:

Table 4: The addition of the character a in the initial position No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. Rose arose 2. Ware aware

The characteristic of this kind of addition of a is that actually without a is added the verbs already have meaning and add a change its meaning from doing something without the outsider influence into doing something because of the outsider influence for example the sentence you rose from a chair means you got up from a chair by yourself while the sentence the problem arose means there was something that make the problem .

2. The addition of b

The b which is added here is the silent b. According to Fromkin and Rodman

(2003:563), the reason why the silent b is added in the spelling is because the scholars made the standard spelling based on the etymology. Before that, the spelling of those words with the silent b based on their pronunciation. Look at the table below:

Table 5: The addition of the silent b No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. climed climbed 2. crummes crumbs 3. detters debtors

In the table above, the King James Version 1611 did not use the silent b because there is no b in the pronunciation of those words while the New King James Version uses b to conform with their etymologies.

3. The addition of c

The same as point number 2, the c which is added here is the silent c. It is usually added before k such as in the table below:

Table 6: The addition of c No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. striken stricken 2. stroke struck

In the table above, striken is spelled as stricken in the New King James Version and stroke is spelled as struck in the New King James Version. How o is replaced by u will be explained in the letter shifts o to u.

4. The addition of d

There was just one word that underwent the addition of d in the Gospel of

Luke. That is kinred. In the New King James Version, it is spelled as kindred.

5. The addition of e

There are many kinds of addition of e. However, the most common one is the addition before r. For example in the table 7:

Table 7: The addition of e before r No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. entreth entereth 2. cumbred cumbered 3. ministred ministered

In the table 7 above, in King James version 1611, before r there is not any e, but then in the New King James Version, e is added there. The reason is that the translators of

King James Version 1611 did not see any need to write e since it was a weak e and

pronounced as [ə]. Therefore, they omitted the e. However, after the spelling is standardized, people choose to spell the weak e to conform the infinitive of those words. Because of that, in the New King James Version enter + eth is spelled as entereth instead of entreth.

With the same reason as the one before r, the addition of e before n occurred.

Therefore, in the New King James Version straiten + -ed is spelled as straitened instead of straitned as in King James Version 1611.

The third form of the addition of e is the one after n. A little bit different with the previous forms, the reason why in the King James Version 1611 it has been omitted is because there is no need to keep the e since it does not change the pronunciation. However, in the Modern English, to conform it with the stem, the word line + -age is spelled as lineage although line in the lineage is pronounced differently from the word line.

The last form of the addition of e is the one after w in the word ought in the

King James Version 1611 that become owed in the New King James Version. Those two words seems very different but since in the Early Modern English people did not standardize the spelling of a word, it was normal that the spelling was pronunciation- based. However, when English was standardized, the ou became ow since there was a need of a consonant in a more than one letter word, gh was deleted since it was silent, e was added since there is no word that consisted 2 letters and ended in w, and t was changed into d since it was a regular verb.

6. The addition of h

The letter h is usually added after t in the ordinal number. Look at table 8 :

Table 8: The addition of h in the ordinal number No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. eight eighth 2. sixt Sixth

Although in the first example it is written as eight, the cardinal number, actually from the grammar it is an ordinal number. The eight here actually has the same form with second example sixt. However, because eight is ended with t, the ordinal and the cardinal form are the same. The original verse is like this:

And it came to passe that on the eight day they came to circumcise the childe, and they called him Zacharias, after the name of his father. (King James Version 1611, Luke 1:59)

In the word day there is not in the plural form because eight is an ordinal number instead of cardinal number. If it is a cardinal number, it will be the eight days instead of the eight day.

7. The addition of i

There was just one word that underwent the addition of i in the Gospel of

Luke. That is surfetting. In the New King James Version, it is spelled as surfeiting.

8. The addition of m

In the Gospel of Luke there was just one word which underwent the addition of m. It was fro. In the New King James Version, it is spelled as from. Actually fro and from has the same meaning. However, nowadays, people rarely use fro except in

the phrase like to and fro which has the meaning to and from as stated in the Noah

Webster’s 1828 Dictionary.

Fro, adv. [In some languages it is a prefix, having the force of a negative.] From; away; back or backward; as in the phrase, to and fro, that is, to and from, forward or toward and backward, hither and thither.

9. The addition of p

There was just a word in the Gospel of Luke that underwent the addition of p.

That was receit. Now, in the New King James Version, it is spelled as receipt. The p there is the silent p. The reason why the scholars gave the addition of p in receit was because the Latin word of receit is receptus. Therefore, although the p there is the silent one, it is added to conform the etymology because the scholars who standardized the English language tended to conform the etymology rather than the pronunciation.

10. The addition of t

There were two version of how to spell midst in the King James Version 1611.

Those were middes and mids. However, the one which was more popular was mids.

However, t is added after s for both of them.

11. The addition of u

Usually, u is added after a vowel. Look at the table 10:

Table 10: The addition of u after a vowel No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. lanch launch 2. yong young

In the first example above, u is added after a and in the second example u is added after o. However, there is an exception. For the word ghest-chamber, the addition of u is after h instead of the vowel. In the New King James Version, it is spelled as guestchamber.

B. The apostrophe ‘s addition

According to Dent (2003: xxxiii-xxxv), in Early Modern English there were no orthographic distinction between simple plural, singular possessive or plural possessive. It is because there had not been any apostrophe ‘s addition yet. Therefore, sisters, sister’s, and sisters’ were spelled the same, sisters. Look at the table below:

Table 11: The apostrophe ‘s addition No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. centurions centurion’s 2. Dauids David’s

In table 11, the genitive s is spelled without the apostrophe. It is because in the Early

Modern English apostrophe was not commonly used.

C. Change of Consonant Orders

Some of Early Modern English words had different letter order from the

Modern English one. In the Gospel of Luke, I found one of them that is cattle which was spelled as cattell in King James Version 1611. It is because the translators of

King James Version 1611 Holy Bible tended to conform the pronunciation.

D. Letter Deletion

Letter deletion means a letter which existed in the King James Version 1611 but did not exist anymore in the New King James Version. The letter deletion has the second greatest portion of the difference of spelling between the King James Version

1611 and the New King James Version. That is 40.8%. It also has the most common difference of spelling, that is the deletion of e. There are many kinds of the letter deletion. Those are the deletion of a, c, e, h, i, o, s, st, u.

1. The deletion of a

The deletion of a which I found in the Gospel of Luke is the deletion of a after the vowels. The most common vowel is e. Look at table 12:

Table 12: The deletion of a after e No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. prease press 2. shepheards shepherds

In the first example, a is deleted because the scholars conformed press with its etymology pressus while the second example, there is no hint why they dropped a.

The second kind of the deletion of a is the deletion of a after o. It is a unique case since the King James Version 1611 spelled cloake which is almost the same with

Modern English spelling while the New King James Version spelled it cloke which has been already extinct although in the 19th century, cloke was the standard one.

2. The deletion of c

There was just one word which underwent the deletion of c. That is bancke which in the New King James Version is spelled as bank. The c there was deleted because it was silent c. Therefore, there is no need to keep it.

3. The deletion of e

The deletion of e is the most common cause of difference of spelling between the King James Version 1611 and the New King James Version. It has 39.6%.

Traditionally, e comes from the Semitic alphabet. Unlike u and i which have 2 variants, e does not have such variant. In constructing the words, e often has no function and just being the silent e. According to Cable and Baugh (1978: 212),

Mulcaster in his book Elementarie used e for words ending in ss. Otherwise, a final e is used to indicate a preceding long vowel, and at the end of words ending in the sound v or z.

The same as Mulcaster’s Elementarie, the translators of King James Version

1611 used for words ending in ss. Look at the table below:

Table 13: The deletion of e after -ss No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. blesse bless 2. passe pass

In the table 13, the word bless is spelled as blesse in the King James Version 1611 and the word pass is spelled as passe. Beside ss, the silent e also ends the words

ending in other consonant. For example the words ending in the sound [m] with the spelling mb. Look at the table 14:

Table 14: The deletion of e after -mb No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. hony combe honeycomb 2. wombe womb

In the table 14, the word honeycomb, which is pronounced as [’hʌnikəʊm] was spelled as hony combe in the King James Version 1611 and in the second example, the word womb, which is pronounced as [wu:m] was spelled as wombe in the King

James Version 1611.

The other silent e is in the end of the words ending with nd. Look at table 15:

Table 15: The deletion of e after -nd No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. hande hand 2. kinde kind

In the examples above, hand and kind were spelled as hande and kinde in the King

James Version 1611. The other example is the word mind which is spelled as minde in King James Version 1611 (Luk 1:29).

The silent e also occurs in the words ending with f as seen in table 16:

Table 16: The deletion of e after -f No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. deafe deaf 2. himselfe himself

The underlined words, deaf and himself were spelled as deafe and himselfe. The same as mbe which is pronounced as [m] or nde which is pronounced as [nd], fe is always pronounced as [f].

There is still the other consonants which is followed by the silent e. They are k, l, m, n, p, r, and t. Look at the examples below:

Table 17: The deletion of e after k, l, m, n, p, r, t No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. drinke drink 2. soule soul 3. kingdome kingdom 4. sonne son 5. keepe keep 6. feare fear 7. hoste host

In the Early Modern English era, people tended to use the silent e in the final position after the letter k, as in my first example in table 17. The word drink was spelled as drinke in the King James Version 1611. In the King James Version 1611, not only the word drink which was spelled with the silent e, but also the word back which was spelled as backe and speak which was spelled as speake. However, nowadays many of the silent e were eliminated, just a few remain the same. Now, in

Modern English, people use the silent e to indicate the preceding diphtongs. For example the word make, and bake or spoke and yoke.

As in my second example in the table 17, the silent e was also used in the final position after l such as soule (soul). However, not all of l was followed by the silent e.

The words which contained double l (ll) were not followed by the silent e. See the following table:

Table 18: The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the spelling of the words ended by -ll King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. And the childe grew, and waxed 1. And the child grew, and waxed strong strong in spirit, and was in the deserts, in spirit, and was in the deserts till the till the day of his shewing vnto Israel. day of his shewing unto Israel. (Luk (Luk 1:80) 1:80) 2. Then said hee also to him that bade 2. Then said he also to him that bade him, When thou makest a dinner or a him, When thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not thy friends, nor thy supper, call not thy friends, nor thy brethren, neither thy kinsemen, nor thy brethren, neither thy kinsmen, nor thy rich neighbours, lest they also bid thee rich neighbours; lest they also bid thee againe, and a recompence be made thee. again, and a recompence be made thee. (Luk 14:12) (Luk 14:12)

In table 18, both of till and call have the same spelling in the King James Version

1611 and the New King James Version. It is because both of them are ended by double l. The other examples are will and shall which have the same spelling both in the King James Version 1611 and the New King James Version.

Next, in table 17, the silent e was also used after the word ending with m. The word kingdom was spelled as kingdome in the King James Version 1611. In the

Modern English era, the same as the silent e after k, the silent e after m was also deleted. Just a few remain the same. Usually the silent e which remains the same was in the words which will change if their silent e were taken. For example, the word came [keɪm], if we take the silent e, it probably will pronounce as [kæm]. Therefore, the silent e is needed to maintain the pronunciation.

The occurrence of the silent e after n is almost the same as the occurrence of the silent e after the other letters. As in the table 17, the word son was spelled as sonne in the King James Version 1611. Its occurrence is random. However, usually it does not occur after the letter en, an, ion, in function words, and some proper name such as a person name. However, proper name like Jordan was spelled as Iordane, and Samaritan was spelled as Samaritane. Look at the table below:

Table 19: The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the spelling of the words ended in n King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. And they had no childe, because that 1. And they had no child, because that Elizabeth was barren, and they both Elisabeth was barren, and they both were now well striken in yeeres. (Luk were now well stricken in years. (Luk 1:7) 1:7) 2. And when they found not his bodie, 2. And when they found not his body, they came, saying, that they had also they came, saying, that they had also seene a vision of Angels, which saide seen a vision of angels, which said that that he was aliue. (Luk 24:23) he was alive. (Luk 24:23) 3. And Iesus answering, said vnto them, 3. And Jesus answering said unto them, They that are whole need not a They that are whole need not a physician: but they that are sicke. (Luk physician; but they that are sick. (Luk 5:31) 5:31) 4. And it came to passe that when 4. And it came to pass, that, when Elizabeth heard the salutation of Marie, Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her wombe, and the babe leaped in her womb; and Elizabeth was filled with the holy Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost. (Luk 1:41) Ghost: (Luk 1:41) 5. And many lepers were in Israel in the 5. And many lepers were in Israel in the time of Elizeus the Prophet: and none of time of Eliseus the prophet; and none of them was cleansed, sauing Naaman the them was cleansed, saving Naaman the Syrian. (Luk 4:27) Syrian. (Luk 4:27)

In my first example in table 19, barren and striken which are ended with en were spelled without the silent e. In the second example the word vision was also spelled

without the silent e in the King James Version 1611. In my third example, the word physician as well as man and woman are spelled the same both in the King James

Version 1611 and the New King James Version. In the fourth example, the function word in was spelled without the silent e because they usually did not add the silent e for the function words. The proper name such as Naaman (person’s name) and Syrian

(nationality) were also spelled without the silent e in the King James Version 1611 although there are exceptions such as Iordane (Jordan) and Samaritane (Samaritan).

The next consonant followed by the silent e is p. Usually the silent e follows p if there is a long vowel like the diphthongs and the sound [i:], such as my example in table 17, the word keep was spelled as keepe in the King James Version 1611. While the short sounds usually are not followed by the silent e except help and sup which were spelled as helpe and suppe in the King James Version 1611. Look at table 20:

Table 20: The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the spelling of the word ending with p No. Phonetic Transcription King James Version New King James

1611 Version

1. /həʊp/ hope hope 2. /wi:p/ weepe weep 3. /ʃɪp/ ship ship 4. /kʌp/ cup cup 5. /help/ helpe help 6. /sʌp/ suppe sup

In the table above, my first example proves that p preceded by the diphthong is followed by the silent e. This silent e is not eliminated in the Modern English because

it distinguishes between hop [hɒp] and hope [həʊp]. In the second example there is weepe (weep) which is pronounced as [wi:p]. Both of the first and the second examples are the long or tense sound. Therefore, they were followed by the silent e in the King James Version 1611. In the other hand, the third and the fourth examples are pronounced with the short or lax vowel. They are ship [ʃɪp] and cup [kʌp]. Both of them were not followed by the silent e in the King James Version 1611. However, in my fifth and sixth examples the short vowel were followed by the silent e. The reason is unclear why the short vowel such as help [help] and sup [sʌp] followed by the silent e in the King James Version 1611.

The next consonant which was usually followed by the silent e is r. As in the table 17 example number 6, fear was spelled as feare in the King James Version

1611. The occurrence of r followed by e is determined by the vowel preceding r. The r followed by the silent e usually is preceded by [ɪə], [eə], [ɔ:] except the word for since a function word was not followed by the silent e, [ə] which is spelled as u, and

[ɑ:]. Look at the table below:

Table 21: The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the spelling of the words ending with r No Phonetic Transcription King James Version New King James

1611 Version

1. /dɪə(r)/ deare dear 2. /beə(r)/ bare bare 3. /fɔ:(r)/ foure four 4. /’stætʃə(r)/ stature stature 5. /fɑ:(r)/ farre far

In the table above, the word dear [dɪə(r)] was spelled as deare in the King James

Version 1611. Usually [ɪə] was spelled as ea in the Early Modern English although some words had different spelling like the word year which was spelled as yeere in the Early Modern English. In the second example, the word bare remains the same in the Modern English era. The silent e here is for distinguishing bare [beə(r)] from bar

[bɑ:(r)]. The third example talks about the sound [ɔ:]. Except the word four which was spelled as foure in the King James Version 1611, the others have the same spelling for both Early Modern English and Modern English such as bore and more.

The next is the word stature. It has the same spelling for both the King James Version

1611 and the New King James Version. However, not all r preceded by [ə] followed by the silent e. The one which followed by the silent e is the [ə] which is spelled as u.

If other than that, it will not be followed by the silent e such as in the table 22:

Table 22: The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the spelling of the words ending in r which is preceded by the sound /ə/ King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. And Iesus increased in wisedom and 1. And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in fauour with God and stature, and in favour with God and man. (Luk 2:52) man. (Luk 2:52) 2. And this rumour of him went foorth 2. And this rumour of him went forth throughout all Iudea, and throughout all throughout all Judaea, and throughout the region round about. (Luk 7:17) all the region round about. (Luk 7:17)

From the table 22, we can see that in the King James Version 1611, favour [’feɪvə(r)] and rumour [’rumə(r)] were spelled without the silent e although they had sound [ə] before r.

The last example in the table 21 is far [fɑ:(r)] which was spelled as farre in the King James Version 1611. The characteristic of this type is the r which was doubled. The other word which used this type is afar which was spelled as afarre in the King James Version 1611.

The last consonant that we talked about in table 17 was t. The words ending with t usually will be followed by the silent e if their vowels are long vowels including diphthongs. As in the table 21 host was spelled as hoste in the King James

Version 1611 because it is pronounced as [həʊst]. On the other hand, if the vowels are short vowels they usually will not be followed by the silent e just as this table 23:

Table 23:The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the words ending with t which have the short vowels No. Phonetic Transcription King James Version New King James

1611 Version

1. /pʊt/ put put 2. /set/ set set

As in the table above, put [pʊt] and set [set] are not followed by the silent e. It is because they have short vowels. However, although usually it is distinguished by the length of the vowel, there are exceptions. The words which have affricative sounds before t are not followed by the silent e except host and haste which were spelled as hoste and haste in the King James Version 1611 because they have diphthong vowels.

However, as I said before, most of the words which have the affricative sounds (f and

s) were not followed by the silent e in the King James Version 1611. Look at the table below:

Table 24: The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the words ended in t which contain the affricative sounds King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. And he stood ouer her, and rebuked 1. And he stood over her, and rebuked the feuer, & it left her. And immediatly the fever; and it left her: and immediately she arose, & ministred vnto them. (Luk she arose and ministered unto them. 4:39) (Luk 4:39) 2. There was in the dayes of Herode the 2. There was in the days of Herod, the king of Iudea, a certaine Priest, named king of Judaea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia, and Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and and her name was Elizabeth. (Luk 1:5) her name was Elisabeth. (Luk 1:5)

In the table above, the second example, priest is not followed by the silent e although it has long vowel [i:]. However, the first example is ambiguous. It is unclear that it was not followed by the silent e because of its affricative sounds or its short vowel or even both of them. Unfortunately, in the King James Version 1611 there were just two words contain f which were ended with t. They are lift and left. Both of them have the short vowels. Therefore, I lacked of proofs to prove my analysis.

The deletion of e does not always occurred in the final position. In the Early

Modern English, sometimes it could be in the middle position. There is a possibility that the pronunciation of the words contain the silent e in the middle position in Early

Modern English is different from the Modern English. Look at the examples below:

Table 25: The deletion of e in the middle position No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. wisedome wisdom 2. thankes thanks

As in the tables above, the first example is wisdom which was spelled as wisedome in the King James Version 1611. The same as the first, there was also the silent e in the middle of the word thankes (thanks). In Modern English the silent e in both of the words are eliminated. In the second example, the silent e in thank is deleted in

Modern English because there is no differences if we use the silent e or not.

Therefore, if then the suffix –s is added, it becomes thanks. However, the first example is not as simple as that because wise + -dom = wisedom instead of wisdom, the same as in the King James Version 1611. So, why does wisedom become wisdom in Modern English? The answer is that there is a vowel shift when the suffix –dom is added. When wise [waɪz] is added by –dom, it becomes wisdom [’wɪzdəm]. The reason why the silent e is eliminated in the Modern English is to avoid people to read wisdom as [waɪzdəm] instead of the right pronunciation [’wɪzdəm].

4. The deletion of h

There were just two words that underwent the deletion of h in the Gospel of

Luke. Those are ghest-chamber which is spelled as guestchamber in New King James

Version and Isahac which is spelled as Isaac in New King James Version. However, there is no exact rule in doing the deletion of h.

5. The deletion of i

There was just one word that underwent the deletion of i. That is marueiled which is spelled as marvelled in New King James Version.

6. The deletion of o

There were three words that underwent the deletion of o in the Gospel of

Luke. However, they has the same root, through. The King James Version 1611 spelled it as thorow. Actually thorow here is spelled as thorough in Modern English.

In the Early Modern English, thorough had similar meaning with through that was from side to side although that meaning was not used anymore.

7. The deletion of s

There was just one word that underwent the deletion of s That is towards which is spelled as toward in New King James Version. Actually, towards and toward are used in the Modern English but the reason why toward was chosen is unclear.

8. The deletion of st

There was just one word that underwent the deletion of st That is amongst which is spelled as among in New King James Version. Actually, amongst and among are used in the Modern English. However, among is more popular than amongst.

9. The deletion of u

The u which was deleted is the u after the vowels. There are two vowels preceding this u. One was a and the other was o. Look at the examples below:

Table 26: The deletion of u No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. commaunded commanded 2. creditour creditor

In table 26, commanded was spelled as commaunded in King James Version 1611.

The u came after a while in the second example, creditor was spelled as creditour.

The u came after o.

E. The Doubled Letters

There are many letters which is doubled in the New King James Version. The most common consonant is l while the most common vowel is e.

1. The doubled consonants

The consonants which are doubled in the New King James version are c, d, f, l, m, n, r, s, t. As I said before, the most common one is l. Usually, the one which is doubled is the final l although there is also the middle l . Look at the table below:

Table 27: The doubled l in the final position No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. fel fell 2. shal shall

In the table above, the final l are doubled for both of the examples. The function of the double l is to indicate the allophone [ł]. While the final l is the most common one, in the other hand, I found just two doubled middle l words in the Gospel of Luke.

Look at the examples of table 28:

Table 28: The doubled l in the middle position No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. halowed hallowed 2. milstone millstone

Look at the example number 2 first. The l is in the end of the syllable though it is in the middle of a word. Therefore, l is doubled to indicate the allophone [ł]. However, the first example is different. The double l is not indicating the allophone ł because it is followed by vowel. The l there is doubled to give hint on how to read that word.

Hallowed is read as [hæl] – [ləʊd] instead of [hæl] – [əʊd] although the [l] is just written once, [‘hæləʊd]. Therefore, the l is doubled.

Although a doubled l is common, the other consonants have just one or two words as examples. Even some of the consonants do not have a pattern. Look at the table below:

Table 29: The other doubled consonants No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. Zacheus Zacchaeus 2. swadling swaddling 3. afrighted affrighted 4. Emaus Emmaus 5. maner manner 6. cary carry 7. darknes darkness 8. litle little

There are just two words that contains doubled d, that is swaddling which is spelled as swaddling in the New King James Version and troden which is spelled as trodden in the New King James Version. Less than d, f only has a word in the Gospel of Luke,

that is afrighted which is spelled as affrighted in the New King James Version. The same as f, the consonant c, m, and t only have a word each such as in the table 29 examples number 1, 4, 8.

On the other hand, n is quite common. It has 3 words in the Gospel of Luke.

The doubled n here is to indicate how to read the syllables. It has the same function as the doubled l in the word hallowed. Therefore, manner is read as [mæn] – [nə(r)] rather than [mæn] – [ə(r)] although the [n] is just one in the phonetics transcription

[‘mænə(r)].

The next consonant is s. The doubled s was commonly found in the final position although there is a word which has doubled s in the middle position. In the final position, it is in the end of the morpheme –ness such as in the table 29 example number 7. In the King James Version 1611, darkness was spelled as darknes and craftiness was spelled as craftines. In the middle position there is just one word that was found in the Gospel of Luke that is prease which is spelled as press in the New

King James Version. The reason why the s there is doubled because after the final e is deleted, s is in the final position and since the a is also deleted, s is preceded by e and the English words usually doubled the final s which is preceded by e.

The last is r. The doubled r also indicates how to read the syllables and showed that the following vowel is lax. Therefore, carry is read as [kær] – [rI] instead of [kæ] – [rI].

2. The doubled vowel

As I said before, the most common vowel to be doubled is e. Although there are other vowel such as a, and o. The doubled e is usually the e which is pronounced as [i:]. Therefore, it is to distinguish the long and tense [i:] from the short and lax [I].

Look at the example below:

Table 30: The doubled e No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. pharise pharisee 2. bene been

The e in both of the examples are pronounced as [i:]. It is to distinguish the e which is pronounced as [i:] and the single e which is pronounced as [i] like in be.

However, for a, and o, there is just an example for each. Those are Nasson which is spelled as Naasson in the New King James Version and bride groom which was spelled as bridegrome in the King James Version 1611.

F. Grammar Shift

There are just three words found in the Gospel of Luke. Those are hands, lift, and thy which are spelled as hand, lifted, and thine in the New King James Version.

The change of hands to hand is the change of plural to singular noun. The change of lift to lifted is the change of present verb into past verb while the change of thy into thine is the change of a possessive pronoun with into an independent possessive pronoun.

G. The Compound Differences

There are three kinds of compounds differences that are found in the Gospel of Luke. Those are the hyphenated to joint compound, joint to spaced compound, and spaced to joint compound. Those differences contribute 1.7% in all of the spelling differences.

1. From hyphenated to joint compound

Hyphenated compound is a compound which use a hyphen to separate two words while joint compound is a compound which two different words join together.

In Modern English, the hyphen is rarely used to separate two words. In New King

James Version, all of the hyphenated compounds are changed into joint compounds.

Look at the table below:

Table 31: The hyphenated to joint compound No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. bride-chamber bridechamber 2. day-spring dayspring 3. eye-witnesses eyewitnesses 4. ghest-chamber guestchamber 5. life-time lifetime

In table 31, example 1 and 4 have the same second word of the compound that is chamber. It seems that for the translators the compound words of chamber had to be preceded by a hyphen. Unfortunately, there are just two words of chamber which is found in the Gospel of Luke. On the other hand, I just found one of each compound word of spring, witnesses, and time in the Gospel of Luke.

2. From joint to spaced compound

The spaced compound is a compound separated by a space. Joint to spaced compound means that in the King James Version 1611, the compound was a joint compound but in the New King James Version it is a spaced compound. Look at the table below:

Table 32: The joint to spaced compound No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. bridegrome bride groom 2. shalbe shall be

In table 32, bride groom and shall be were spelled as a word in the King James

Version 1611. However, there is no exact rule in what words must be spelled as a joint compound or not.

3. From spaced to joint compound

In contradiction with the point number two, spaced to joint compound means that in the King James Version 1611, the compound was a spaced compound but in the New King James Version it is a joint compound. Look at the table 33:

Table 33: The spaced to joint compound No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. foure fold fourfold 2. her selfe herself

As in the example above, fourfold and herself were a spaced compound in the King

James Version 1611. It is because in Early Modern English, they were considered as two independent words. However, because they often appear together, in Modern

English they are considered as a single word just like the word to morrow and to night in the Shakespearean era which are now spelled as tomorrow and tonight.

H. Negative Morpheme Shift

A negative morpheme shift means that a word has changed its negative morpheme form into another negative morpheme form. I found just a word that match this description. It is the word impossible which was spelled as vnpossible in the King

James Version 1611. The negative morpheme un- change into im-.

I. The Singled Letters

The singled letter contributes 8.6% of all spelling differences between the

King James Version 1611 and the New King James Version. There are two kinds of the singled letter. They are the singled consonant and the singled vowel.

1. The singled consonants

There are many consonants which were double in the King James Version

1611 but in the New King James Version they are single. The main reason is after the silent e in the King James Version 1611 was deleted, there was no need to keep the letter double. Look at the table below:

Table 34: The singled consonant due to the deletion of the silent e No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. bagges bags 2. henne hen

In the table above, because of the deletion of e, the double g and n become single.

The consonants which usually undergo this pattern are d, g, m, n, p, r.

The other purpose is to indicate how to read the syllables of the word such as in the table below:

Table 35: The singled consonant to indicate how to read the syllables No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. comming coming 2. detters debtors

The examples above are singled in order to avoid the people to read it in a wrong way. Coming has two morphemes, come + ing and debtors has three morphemes, debt + -or + -s, the correct way to pronounce them are [kʌm] + [iŋ] instead of [kʌm]

+ [miŋ] and [det] + [ərz] instead of [det] + [tərz]. The consonants which usually undergo this pattern are m, n, and t.

The most common singled consonant is the final l. Most of them are ended by the morpheme {–ful}. Look at the table below:

Table 36: The singled l in the words ended by the morpheme –ful No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. carefull careful 2. sinfull sinful

In the table above, both of the examples are ended in {–ful}. In King James Version

1611, {–ful} was spelled as {–full} because the morpheme {–ful} was derived from the word full.

There are some other words ended in l but not the morpheme {–ful}.

However, there is no pattern of which one should be singled and which one should not. Look at the table below:

Table 37: The singled l in the words which are not ended by –ful No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. continuall continual 2. councell council 3. cattell cattle

A singled l is usually preceded by the vowel such as the example number 1 and 2.

However, cattell is an exception because in the King James Version 1611 it was preceded by the vowel e but in the New King James Version it is preceded by the consonant t.

2. Singled vowel

The singled vowels that I found in the Gospel of Luke are o, and e. The most common vowel is o which is pronounced as [u:]. Look at the table below:

Table 38: The singled o which is pronounced as /u:/ No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. remooue remove 2. shooes shoes

In the table above, the singled o is pronounced as [u:] and they were spelled as oo in the King James Version 1611.

However, there is also singled o which is not pronounced as /u:/.

Unfortunately, I just can found two words in the Gospel of Luke. They are forth and

henceforth that is derived from forth. In King James Version 1611, they were spelled as foorth and hencefoorth.

A singled e that I found in the Gospel of Luke is pronounced as [i:]. Look at the table below:

Table 39: The singled e which is pronounced as /i:/ No. Phonetic King James Version 1611 New King James Version Transcription 1. [ʃi:] shee she 2. [ji:] yee ye

The two examples above are all that I found in the Gospel of Luke. For the translators the double e was to indicate the long and tense vowel. It is the same with the double o in the table 38.

J. Word Adaptation

Word adaptation means that the word was derived from another language. In the Gospel of Luke, I just could find an example of word adaptation that is accounted which was spelled as accompted in the King James Version 1611. Accompted was derived from French word compte which means to count or to number.

K. Letter Change

Letter shift consists the biggest portion of the spelling differences between the

King James Version 1611 and the New King James Version. That is 42.48%. The

letter shift means that one letter changes into another letter. However, sometimes there is not one letter but two letters that change into the other two letters.

1. a to e

There are just two words which I found in the Gospel of Luke that underwent the letter shift a to e. Look at the table below:

Table 40: The letter shift a to e No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. faine feign 2. vaile veil

In the examples above, both of them underwent the letter shift a to e and the a was an a followed by i for both of them.

2. e to a

On the contrary with the point number 1, the point number two is the letter shift from e to a. Look at the table below:

Table 41: The letter shift e to a No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. begger beggar 2. vineger vinegar 3. then than

In the examples 1 and 2, the e which changes into a is pronounced as [ə], preceded by g and followed by r. However, different from examples number 1 and 2, in the example number 3, the e is also pronounced as [ə] but it is not preceded by g and followed by r.

3. e to am

I just found only a word in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift e to am. It was Siloe which is now spelled as Siloam. Siloe is an old name of Siloam.

In the Bishop’s Bible, Siloam was spelled as Siloe. However, in the King James

Version 1611, sometimes it was spelled as Siloe but sometimes it was spelled as

Siloam.

4. ee to ea

I just found only three words in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift ee to ea. Actually they were just two words because years is the plural form of year. Look at the table below:

Table 42: The letter shift ee to ea No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. neere near 2. yeere year

In the table above, ee is always followed by r and it is pronounced as [ɪə].

5. e to i

The e which changes into i is usually followed by l. Look at the table below:

Table 43: The letter shift e to i No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. councell council 2. verely verily 3. vertue virtue

In the table above, the e in the examples number 1 and 2 was followed by l and in the

New King James Version it is spelled as i but the e in the example number 3 was

followed by r. However, because there is just one word that contain the e followed by r, so I cannot analyze further whether the pattern is the e followed by a liquid sound or not.

6. e to o

There are just three words that I found in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift e to o. Look at table 44:

Table 44: The letter shift e to o No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. beckened beckoned 2. counseller counsellor 3. detters debtors

The examples number 2 and 3 above have a similarity. Both of them have the morpheme {–er}. In the New King James Version it is spelled as {–or} which is the allomorph of {–er}. Since counsellor and debtors contain the letter e, {–er} changes into {–or}. However, the example number 1 is ambiguous. The reason why it was spelled as beckened in the King James Version 1611 was to conform the pronounciation but the reason why the e changes into o is not clear whether because it has e as in the counsellor and debtors case {–or} to conform the etymology as the scholars usually did.

7. ea to ie

There is just a word that I found in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift ea to ie. It is pierce which in the King James Version 1611 was spelled as pearce. It was normal since in the Early Modern English the spelling was not

standardized yet. Therefore, pierce could be spelled as pearce since ea can be pronounced as [ɪə] such as in the word hear.

8. ee to ie

The most common ee which underwent the letter shift ee to ie is the ee which is pronounced as [i:]. However, bier is an exception since it was spelled as beere in the King James Version 1611 but the ee was not pronounced as [i:]. Look at the table below:

Table 45: The letter shift ee which is pronounced as /i:/ to ie No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. beleeue believe 2. theefe thief

In the table above, both of the examples have ee which are pronounced as [i:] and change into ie in the New King James Version. It was normal in the Early Modern

English when the spelling had not standardized yet since ee could also be pronounced as [i:] as in the word seen.

9. ght to d

I found just one word in the Gospel of Luke. It was ought which is in the New

King James Version is spelled as owed. As I said in the addition of e, gh was deleted since it was silent and t was changed into d since it was a regular verb.

10. hi to j

In King James Version 1611, Jerusalem was spelled as Hierusalem. It is because Hierusalem is the old name of Jerusalem. In the Bishop’s Bible 1568,

Jerusalem was also spelled as Hierusalem. The name Hierusalem itself actually was taken from the Latin version of Jerusalem. It is not clear why hi in Hierusalem is changed into j.

11. i to e

In contradiction with the point number 5, e to i, this one is the change from i to e. There are just two words that I found in the Gospel of Luke. Look at the table below:

Table 46: The letter shift i to e No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. indued endued 2. inough enough

Both of the examples above were the pronunciation-based spelling. The e was pronounced as [ɪ]. Therefore, in the King James Version 1611 it was simply spelled as i instead of e. However, the example number 1 is ambiguous since the Latin root of indued is induo, so it can also be an etymology-based spelling.

12. i to j

I was a consonant in the Semitic alphabet, represented a vowel in Greek.

According to Crystal (2003: 260), it came into Latin with both vowel and consonant values. In medieval period, j appeared as a graphic variant of this letter. J gradually came to replace i as a consonant. In King James Version 1611, it looks like that the translator still used the Latin i to write what we call now j. Look at the examples below:

Table 47: The Letter shift i to j No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. Ioseph Joseph 2. reioyced rejoiced

In the examples above, it can be seen that in the first example the consonant i is in the proper name Ioseph and in the second, it is in the ordinary word reioyced.

The translators of this bible derived the rule of the usage of the letter i from Latin.

According to Fromkin and Rodman (2003: 563) many scholar at the Early Modern

English era refer to classical Greek and Latin. These scholars changed the spelling of

English words to conform their etymologies. In spite of its previous translation, the translators took the rule from Latin. Moreover, according to Menyingkap Alkitab

(2005: 6) the Latin Vulgate bible had been the standard text of bible in Europe including England for more than a thousand years. Therefore, when the translators translated this bible, they used some Latin rule. Look at the comparison in the table 4:

Table 48: The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and Latin Vulgate Biblein the usage of letter i. King James Version 1611 Latin Vulgate

1. And hee shall reigne ouer the house 1. et regnabit in domo Iacob in aeternum of Iacob for euer, and of his kingdome et regni eius non erit finis (Luk 1:33) there shall be no end. (Luk 1:33) 2. And hee shall goe before him in the 2. et ipse praecedet ante illum in spiritu spirit and power of Elias, to turne the et virtute Heliae ut convertat corda hearts of the fathers to the children, and patrum in filios et incredibiles ad the disobedient to the wisedome of the prudentiam iustorum parare Domino iust, to make ready a people prepared plebem perfectam (Luk 1:17) for the Lord. (Luk 1:17)

In the comparison above, it can be seen obviously that the translators of the King

James Version 1611 took the usage of the consonant i from Latin. It was not only in

the proper name and the words derived from Latin such as iust (just), but also the other words that use the consonant i.

13. i to y

There are just two words that I found in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift i to y. They are layeth and physicians which in the King James Version

1611 were spelled as laieth and phisitions.

14. ie to y

I have mentioned before that in Latin, i has both vowel (i) and consonant (y) values. According to Crystal (2003: 264) in Middle English i was replaced by y to avoid confusion in reading because of the similarity of i, m, n that is called as minim confusion. In the King James Version 1611, there are some words that should contain i but they are replaced by y in the Modern English. Look at the example below:

Table 49: The letter shift ie to y No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. citie city 2. magnifie magnify

From the examples above, i was followed by the silent e. In the King James Version

1611, the i which is not followed by the silent e remains the same in the New King

James Version. Such as in the table below:

Table 50: The comparison between The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the usage of i which is not followed by the silent e King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. Iohn answered, saying vnto them all, I 1. John answered, saying unto them all, indeede baptize you with water, but one I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier then I commeth, the latchet of mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shooes I am not worthy to whose shoes I am not worthy to vnloose, he shall baptize you with the unloose: he shall baptize you with the holy Ghost, and with fire. (Luk 3:16) Holy Ghost and with fire: (Luk 3:16) 2. Whose fanne is in his hand, and he 2. Whose fan is in his hand, and he will will thorowly purge his floore, and will throughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner, but the gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaffe he will burne with fire chaff he will burn with fire vnquencheable. (Luk 3:17) unquenchable. (Luk 3:17)

In my first example, the i is in the initial position while in the second example, the i is in the middle position. Based on the position, only the i in the final position which changed into y. In addition, usually i which is followed by silent e is the one that in the final position. However, there are some words that contain i and the silent e in the middle position such as below:

Table 51: The comparison between The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version of ie in the middle position King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. There was in the dayes of Herode the 1. There was in the days of Herod, the king of Iudea, a certaine Priest, named king of Judaea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the course of Abia, and his Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. her name was Elisabeth. (Luk 1:5) (Luk 1:5) 2. That hee would grant vnto vs, that wee 2. That he would grant unto us, that we beeing deliuered out of the hands of our being delivered out of the hand of our enemies, might serue him without feare, enemies might serve him without fear, (Luk 1:74) (Luk 1:74)

From my examples in the table 51, it can be seen clearly that the spelling of the words contain i followed by the silent e in the middle position does not change in the

Modern English. However, as written in the table 5, the i followed by the silent e in the final position change into y. There are two groups of the i followed by the silent e in the final position which change into y in the Modern English based on the pronunciation of the i itself. Actually, there is no certainty about how to pronounce the words in the Early Modern English although the differences are not very big.

However, with the comparison of the pronunciation of Modern English, I found two groups of it. The first one is the ones which pronoun as [i] as in the table below:

Table 52: The letter shift ie which is pronounced as [i] No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. certaintie certainty 2. Marie Mary

In my first example, the underlined word certaintie become certainty [’sз:tnti] in

Modern English. The same as the first example, the second example, the proper name

Marie become Mary [mæri] in the Modern English. However, although all of the words that end with i followed by the silent e which pronounce as [i] become y in the

Modern English, not all of the word ended with [i] spelled as ie. For example:

Table 53: The comparison between The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the usage of y King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. And Iesus being full of the holy 1. And Jesus being full of the Holy Ghost, returned from Iordane, and was Ghost returned from Jordan, and was led led by the spirit into the wildernesse, by the Spirit into the wilderness, (Luk (Luk 4:1) 4:1) 2. And whosoeuer will not receiue you, 2. And whosoever will not receive you, when ye goe out of that city, shake off when ye go out of that city, shake off the the very dust from your feete, for a very dust from your feet for a testimony testimonie against them. (Luk 9:5) against them. (Luk 9:5)

In the table 53, the underlined word holy [’həuli] is spelled as holy in the Early

Modern English and also the second example very [’veri] has the same spelling both in Early Modern English and Modern English. The appearance of this case is random except the [i] which is preceded by bilabial sound because there is no word in the

Gospel of Luke that is ended by [i] which is preceded by bilabial sound. Look at the following example:

Table 54: The comparison of The King James Version and The New King James Version in the appearance of sound /i/ in the end of the words No Phonetic Transcription King James Version New King James 1611 Version 1. /’mз:si/ And he cried, and said, And he cried and said, Father Abraham, haue Father Abraham, have mercy on mee, and mercy on me, and send send Lazarus, that he Lazarus, that he may may dip the tip of his dip the tip of his finger finger in water, and in water, and cool my coole my tongue, for I tongue; for I am am tormented in this tormented in this flame. (Luk 16:24) flame. (Luk 16:24) 2. /’redi/ And sent messengers And sent messengers before his face, and before his face: and they went and entred they went, and entered

into a village of the into a village of the Samaritanes to make Samaritans, to make ready for him. (Luk ready for him. (Luk 9:52) 9:52) 3. /’glædli/ And it came to passe, And it came to pass, that when Iesus was that, when Jesus was returned, the people returned, the people gladly receiued him: gladly received him: for they were all for they were all waiting for him. waiting for him. (Luk 8:40) (Luk 8:40) 4. /’meni/ Wherefore, I say vnto Wherefore I say unto thee, her sinnes, which thee, Her sins, which are many, are forgiuen, are many, are forgiven; for she loued much: for she loved much: but to whom litle is but to whom little is forgiuen, the same forgiven, the same loueth litle. loveth little. (Luk 7:47) (Luk 7:47) 5. /’hΛŋgri/ Hee hath filled the He hath filled the hungry with good hungry with good things, and the rich hee things; and the rich he hath sent emptie away. hath sent empty away. (Luk 1:53) (Luk 1:53) 6. /’ma Iti/ And when he had spent And when he had spent all, there arose a all, there arose a mighty famine in that mighty famine in that land, and he beganne to land; and he began to be in want. (Luk 15:14) be in want. (Luk 15:14) 7 /’wз:ði/ Bring forth therfore Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of fruits worthy of repentance, and begin repentance, and begin not to say within your not to say within selues, We haue yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: Abraham to our father: For I say vnto you, that for I say unto you, That God is able of these God is able of these stones to raise vp stones to raise up children vnto children unto Abraham. Abraham. (Luk 3:8) (Luk 3:8)

In the table 54, in my first example is mercy which has alveolar sound [s]. In the second, the word ready has the alveolar sound [d]. My third example, gladly also has the alveolar sound [l]. The fourth, many has the alveolar sound [n]. The fifth example, the word hungry has the palatal sound [r]. In the sixth example, there is mighty which has the alveolar sound [t]. In my last example, there is worthy which has interdental sound [ð].

The second group of the letter y is the group which is pronounced as the diphthong [aI]. According to Cable and Baugh (1978: 212) Mulcaster in his book

Elementarie said that he wrote the light pronounced [i] as ie such as daie, maie, trewlie, safetie which now are spelled as day, may, truly, safety. However, when the letter i sounded “loud and sharp” it is spelled as y such as in deny, cry, defy. In contradiction with Mulcaster, the translators of King James Version 1611 used ie to spell the words which has the diphthong /aI/. Look at the table below:

Table 55: The letter shift ie which is pronounced as /aI/ to y No King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. denie deny 2. crie cry

The first example, the word deny which is pronounced as [dI’naI] was spelled as denie in the King James Version 1611. The same as the first example, the second word cry which is pronounced as [kraI] was also spelled as crie in the King James Version

1611. However, there is exception in the occurrence of the final position ie which represent the diphthong [aI]. It did not occur in the diphthong [aI] which is preceded

by a bilabial sound [m], [b], or [p]. For the bilabial sounds, the translators used y instead of ie such as in the table below:

Table 56: The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the occurrence of y which is pronounced as [aI] which is preceded by a bilabial sound No Phonetic Transcription King James Version New King James 1611 Version 1. /maI/ And Zacharias said And Zacharias said vnto the Angel, unto the angel, Whereby shall I know Whereby shall I know this? For I am an old this? for I am an old man, and my wife well man, and my wife well striken in yeeres. (Luk stricken in years. (Luk 1:18) 1:18) 2. /baI/ Now Herode the Now Herode the Tetrarch heard of all Tetrarch heard of all that was done by him: that was done by him: and hee was perplexed, and hee was perplexed, because that it was said because that it was said of some, that Iohn was of some, that Iohn was risen from the dead: risen from the dead: (Luk 9:7) (Luk 9:7) 3. /ɒkjupaI/ And hee called his ten And he called his ten seruants, and deliuered servants, and delivered them ten pounds, and them ten pounds, and said vnto them, Occupy said unto them, Occupy till I come. (Luk 19:13) till I come. (Luk 19:13)

In the table above, the word my in the first example remains the same in the

New King James Version. The translators did not write it mie because the diphthong

[aI] is preceded by the bilabial sound [m]. In the second example, the same as the first, the word by was not written as bie because it is preceded by the bilabial sound

[b] and so does the third example. It is written as occupy instead of occupie because of the same reason, the bilabial sound [p].

15. m to n

There is just one word that was found in the Gospel of Luke. It is Naim which is now spelled as Nain. Naim is the older version of Nain since the older version of

Holy Bible such as Bishop’s Bible and Latin Vulgate Bible used it.

16. o to a

There are just two words that I found in the Gospel of Luke. They are phisitions and physition which are spelled as physicians and physician. It is normal since in the Early Modern English the language had not been standardized yet, so the translators spelled physician with o instead of a because o also can be pronounced as

[ə].

17. o to u

There is just a word that I found in the Gospel of Luke. It is stroke which in the New King James Version is spelled as struck. Actually struck and stroke have the same meaning. Struck is the past participle form of strike while stroke was derived from strook which was obsolete. However, stroke is still used with a slight different meaning from strike.

18. ou to oo

There are just two words which were found in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift ou to oo. They are room and rooms which were spelled as roume and roumes in the King James Version.

19. ow to oo

I found just one word in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift ow to oo. It is stooping which in the King James Version 1611 was spelled as stowping.

20. s to c

The letter shift s to c was usually used to frequent determiner word. Look at the table below:

Table 57: The letter shift s to c No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. thrise thrice 2. twise twice

In the table above, the frequent determiner words such as thrice and twice were spelled with s. It is because in the Early Modern English era, the language had not been standardized yet. Therefore, the translators used the pronunciation-based spelling.

21. t to c

I just found two words in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift t to c. They are physician and physicians which were spelled as physition and phisitions in the King James Version 1611. It is because in the Early Modern English era, the language had not been standardized yet. Therefore, the translators used t instead of c since t also can be pronounced as [ʃ] as in motion.

22. u to f

Since there is no apostrophe s in Early Modern English era, the possessive singular had the same form with the plural noun. Therefore, wife’s was spelled as wiues in the King James Version 1611. The reason why it was not spelled as v will be explained in the point number 23.

23. u to v

The first differences is u. The ancestor of u is to be found in the Semitic alphabet and in Latin alphabet, it emerged as a v used for both consonant and vowel.

According to Evans (2007:199), in Caesarea there were some scripts in classical Latin which used v instead of u. In Modern English, we consider u and v as two different letters. U is for the vowel and v is for the consonant. However, according to Crystal

(2003: 263), in the Early Modern English, the letters u and v are interchangeable. It means that, unlike today’s English, u and v were variables of the letter u which covered both the consonant and the vowel. In the Early Modern English era, the

English people differentiate the using of u and v based on the position. They used v in initial position, while u was used in middle and final position. Look at the examples below:

Table 58: The comparison between King James Version 1611 and New King James Version in the position of the spelling of the letter u and v. King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. Euen as they deliuered them vnto vs, 1. Even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eye- which from the beginning were witnesses, & ministers of the word: eyewitnesses, and ministers of the word; (Luk 1:2) (Luk 1:2)

2. Forasmuch as many haue taken in 2. Forasmuch as many have taken in hande to set foorth in order a declaration hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely of those things which are most surely beleeued among vs, (Luk 1:1) believed among us, (Luk 1:1) 3. That thou mightest know the 3. That thou mightest know the certainty certainetie of those things wherein thou of those things, wherein thou hast been hast bene instructed. (Luk 1:4) instructed. (Luk 1:4)

My first example is the example of the Early Modern English letter u in the initial position. It can be seen clearly that the King James Version 1611 tended to use v instead of u in the initial position. Different from the first example, the second and the third use u instead of v. Because of that, when the King James Version was revised, there were some words that changed and there were some that did not change. For example:

Table 59: The comparison between King James Version 1611 and New King James Version in the words that contain u and v which changed and did not change in the Modern English No Position Change King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1 Initial Yes And there appeared vnto And there appeared unto him an Angel of the him an angel of the Lord, standing on the Lord standing on the right side of the Altar of right side of the altar of incense. (Luk 1:11) incense. (Luk 1:11) 2 Initial No It seemed good to me It seemed good to me also, hauing had perfect also, having had perfect vnderstanding of things understanding of all from the very first, to things from the very write vnto thee in order, first, to write unto thee most excellent in order, most excellent Theophilus, (Luk 1:3) Theophilus, (Luk 1:3) 3 Middle Yes And thou shalt haue ioy And thou shalt have joy and gladnesse, and and gladness; and many many shall reioyce at shall rejoice at his birth. his birth: (Luk 1:14) (Luk 1:14) 4 Middle No There was in the dayes There was in the days of

of Herode the king of Herod, the king of Iudea, a certaine Priest, Judaea, a certain priest named Zacharias, of the named Zacharias, of the course of Abia, and his course of Abia: and his wife was of the wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. her name was Elisabeth. (Luk 1:5) (Luk 1:5) 5 Final No And behold, thou shalt And, behold, thou shalt be dumbe, and not able be dumb, and not able to speake, vntill the day to speak, until the day that these things shall that these things shall be bee performed, because performed, because thou thou beleeuest not my believest not my words, words, which shall bee which shall be fulfilled fulfilled in their season. in their season. (Luk 1:20) (Luk 1:20) The examples in the table 2 prove that the Early Modern English people did not differentiate u and v based on the values (consonant and vowel) but based on the position. The underlined word of the first example is the initial vowel while the second one is the initial consonant. Therefore, in the New King James Version, vnto and very were revised into unto and very although in Early Modern English they have the same initial letter.

The same as v, u in the third and fourth example undergo the same change. In the third example, u symbolizes a consonant while in the fourth it symbolizes a vowel. Therefore, in the New King James Version, haue and daughter were revised into have and daughter although in Early Modern English they were the same letter.

However, in the final position there are no consonant since in English usually the letter v in final position is followed by the silent letter e. Therefore, the revision can not be seen because the spelling looks the same between the King James Version

1611 and New King James Version but if we look at the history of alphabet, it can be seen that the English people at that time tended to use u instead of v in final position.

However, although v was used in the initial position, there are exceptions. In the Gospel of Luke, I found some words that started from u such as uerely, and uine which are spelled as verily and vine in the New King James Version.

24. u to w

There are just two words that I found in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift u to w. They are fowls and owed which in the King James Version 1611 were spelled as foules and ought. Since in Early Modern English era the language had not been standardized yet, the spelling was based on the pronunciation. Therefore, the translators used u instead of w.

25. v to u

As I said before in the point number 23, in Early Modern English, the distinction between v and u was not based on whether it was a consonant or a vowel but based on the position. V is for the initial position regardless the value while u is for the middle and final position. Therefore, in King James Version 1611 there were many words which were spelled as v although it had a vowel value and were changed into u in the New King James Version. Look at the table below:

Table 60: The letter shift v to u No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. vnder under 2. vp up

In the table 60, both of the examples began with v although they both had vowel values. Therefore, since in Modern English the distinction between u and v is based on the value, vnder and vp change into under and up.

26. w to gh

There are three words from the same root that I found in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift w to gh. They are thorow, thorowly, and thorowout which are spelled as through, thoroughly, and throughout in the New King James

Version. Since in Early Modern English era, the language had not been standardized yet, the translators used w instead of gh because w also can be pronounced the same as gh such as bow and bough are pronounced the same.

27. w to u

There are just two words that I found in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift w to u. Look at the table below:

Table 61: The letter shift w to u No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. perswaded persuaded 2. powring pouring

In the table 61 above, persuaded was spelled as perswaded in the King James Version

1611. It is because at that time the language had not been standardized yet, so the spelling was pronunciation-based. Therefore, since there is sound [w] in the word persuaded, the translators used w instead of u. However, the second example is a

little bit different from the first one. Since w can not be in the middle of a syllable, in

Modern English, it is changed into u.

28. y to e

I found just a word in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift y to e. It is enough which in the King James Version 1611 was spelled as ynough. Since at the time when King James Version 1611 was made the language had not been standardized yet, the translators used y instead of e because y sometimes can be pronounced as [i] such as in daily.

29. y to i

In contradiction with Mulcaster’s Elementarie, which spelled the light pronounced [i] with ie, as wrote before, the light pronounced [i], in this case ai, was spelled as ay in the King James Version 1611 instead of ie. It can be seen in the table below:

Table 62: The letter shift y in the diphthong ay to i No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. layd laid 2. mayden maiden

In the table 62, we can see that in the first example the word laid is written as layd in the King James Version 1611 and the same as the first, the word maiden is written as mayden. It is because both of them, laid and maiden, have the letters ai in them.

However, not all of ai was spelled as ay. The translators just spelled ai which followed by d and th such as in the examples below:

Table 63: The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the spelling of the letters ai followed by d No Phonetic Transcription King James Version New King James

1611 Version

1. /leId/ layde laid 2. /meId/ mayd maid 3. /sed/ sayde said

In the table above, ay in the word layde is followed by d. The same as laid, the word maid which is spelled as mayd in the King James Version 1611 is the combination of ay with the letter d and so does the third example. However, there is no similarity in the sound system point of view. Although most of the aid combination has diphthong

[eI], as seen in third example, there is exception such as the word said which does not contain the diphthong [eI]. Therefore, the translators did not make the rule of this spelling based on the sound as in Mulcaster’s case but based on the spelling itself.

However, for ai which is not followed by d is spelled as ai in the King James

Version 1611. Look at table 64:

Table 64: The comparison of The King James Version 1611 and The New King James Version in the spelling of ai which is not followed by d King James Version 1611 New King James Version

1. And if ye lend to them of whom ye 1. And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receiue, What thanke haue ye? hope to receive, what thank have ye? for for sinners also lend to sinners, to sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as receiue as much againe. (Luk 6:34) much again. (Luk 6:34) 2. But I haue a baptisme to be baptized 2. But I have a baptism to be baptized with, and how am I straitned till it be with; and how am I straitened till it be accomplished? (Luk 12:50) accomplished! (Luk 12:50)

As we can see in the table above, both of the examples have ai which is not followed by d and in the King James Version 1611, it is spelled as ai instead of ay.

The letter shift y to i also occurred in the diphthong oi which usually was spelled as oy in the King James Version 1611. Look at the table below:

Table 65: The letter shift y in the diphthong oy to i No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. oyle oil 2. voyce voice

In the table above, oil and voice were spelled as oyle and voyce in the King James

Version 1611.

The i which was followed by th also was spelled as y in the King James

Version 1611. Look at the table below:

Table 66: The letter shift y which was followed by th to i No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. sayth saith 2. tythe tithe

In the table 66 above, both of the examples underwent the letter shift y to i and both of them were followed by th.

Some words also underwent the letter shift y to i if the root ended in y and have it added by suffix. Look at table 67:

Table 67: The letter shift y to i in the stem ended with y No. King James Version 1611 New King James Version 1. cryed cried 2. dayly daily

In the table 67 above, the stem of cried is cry and the stem of daily is day. Therefore, in the King James Version 1611, when cry + -ed will be spelled as cryed instead of cried and day + -ly will be spelled as dayly instead of daily.

30. y to th

I just found one word in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift y to th. It is ye which is in the New King James Version spelled as the. According to

Oxford English Dictionary for Advanced Learner, ye is the old fashioned spelling of the.

31. z to s

I just found three words in the Gospel of Luke which underwent the letter shift z to s. They are Elizabeth, Elizabeths which was derived from Elizabeth, and Elizeus.

In the New King James Version they are spelled as Elisabeth, Elisabeth’s and Eliseus.

L. Misspelling

There are five words that are found in the Gospel of Luke that are considered as misspellings. They are when, Eli, went, remission and redemption which is spelled in the King James Version as whe, Esli, wet, remissio and redemptiou. They are considered as misspelling because in King James Version I found just a word for each of them although there were many of the correct spelling one. However, remission is not clear whether it was a misspelling or not because the Latin origin of this word is also remissio.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In the previous chapter, I have discussed about the spelling differences between Early Modern English and Modern English and what the Early Modern

English spelling like as seen in the King James Version 1611. As the King James

Version 1611 published in 1611, it represents the transition time between Middle

English and Modern English that we called as Early Modern English.

From my analysis, in relation with the problem number one, there are many differences between the King James Version 1611 and the New King James Version.

The differences are the letter addition 2.4%, the apostrophe ‘s addition 1%, the change of consonant orders 0.02%, letter deletion 40.8%, doubled letters 2.7%, grammar shifts 0.06%, compound differences 1.7%, negative morpheme shifts

0.04%, singled letters 8.6%, word adaptation 0.06%, the letter shifts 42.48%, and misspellings 0.1%.

From this study, I learn that spelling changes due to various reason such as the need to differentiate among the plural noun, plural possessive, and singular possessive like in the words sisters, sisters’, and sister’s which were spelled as sisters in the Early Modern English era makes the occurrence of apostrophe s addition.

The second lesson that I get from this study is that spelling can either be pronunciation-based or etymology-based. Usually an older language has more

77 78

pronunciation-based words. For example, Early Modern English has more pronunciation-based words rather than Modern English has.

The last lesson that I get from this study is that spelling changes slower than the pronunciation did. It is because spelling is written while pronunciation is spoken.

The written one is more permanent than the spoken one.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of The English Language. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1978.

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. London: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Dent, J.M. The Text of the Everyman Shakespeare. London: Everyman, 1993.

Evans, Craig A. Fabricating Jesus. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi, 2007.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language. Boston: Heinle, 2003.

Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advancde Learner Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Menyingkap Alkitab. Jakarta: Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia, 2005.

Meyers, Rick. The Bishop’s Bible. 7 April 2000. 20 October 2007.

Meyers, Rick. The King James Version 1611. 7 April 2000. 20 October 2007.

Meyers, Rick. The Latin Vulgate. 7 April 2000. 20 October 2007.

Meyers, Rick. The New King James Version. 7 April 2000. 20 October 2007.

APPENDICCES

Table 1: The list of different words between King James Version 1611 and New King James Version No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 1 a farre afar 1 2 aboue above 4 3 accompted accounted 3 4 adde add 1 5 aduantaged advantaged 1 6 aduersarie adversary 1 8 aduersaries adversaries 2 9 aduersary adversary 1 10 adulterie adultery 1 11 afarre afar 4 13 afraide afraid 1 14 afrighted affrighted 1 15 againe again 28 16 agoe ago 1 17 agonie agony 1 18 aire air 3 19 al all 5 20 aliue alive 3 21 allowe allow 1 22 almes alms 2 23 Alpheus Alphaeus 1 24 alwayes always 2 25 amisse amiss 1 26 amongst among 1 27 answere answer 8 28 answeres answers 1 29 apeece apiece 1 30 appeare appear 2 31 approcheth approacheth 1 32 arayed arrayed 2 33 arke ark 1 34 arme arm 1 35 armes arms 1 36 arriued arrived 1 37 aske ask 13 38 asleepe asleep 1 39 asse ass 2

80 81

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 40 assoone as as soon as 4 41 attentiue attentive 1 42 auenge avenge 4 43 authoritie authority 8 44 backe back 4 45 bagges bags 1 46 bancke bank 1 47 baptisme baptism 4 48 barne barn 1 49 barnes barns 1 50 beame beam 3 51 beare bear 8 52 beate beat 1 53 beckened beckoned 2 54 bee be 39 55 beene been 2 56 beere bier 1 57 beganne began 4 58 begge beg 1 59 begger beggar 2 60 beginne begin 1 61 behelde beheld 1 62 behinde behind 2 63 beholde behold 6 64 behoued behoved 1 65 beleeue believe 5 66 beleeued believed 5 67 beleeuest believest 1 68 beloued beloved 3 69 bene been 10 70 Bethanie Bethany 1 71 betraied betrayed 1 72 betweene between 3 73 blamelesse blameless 1 74 blesse bless 1 75 blinde blind 6 76 bodie body 1 77 booke book 4 78 borne born 3 79 bosome bosom 3 80 boxe box 1 81 bride-chamber bridechamber 1 82 bridegrome bride groom 2

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 83 broken hearted brokenhearted 1 84 brothers brother's 2 85 broyled broiled 1 86 burne burn 3 87 bushell bushel 1 88 calfe calf 3 89 calme calm 1 90 candlesticke candlestick 2 91 captaines captains 2 92 captiue captive 1 93 captiues captives 1 94 carefull careful 1 95 caried carried 3 96 cary carry 1 97 cattell cattle 1 98 centurions centurion's 1 99 certaine certain 43 100 certainetie certainty 1 101 Cesar Caesar 5 102 Cesars Caesar's 2 103 chaffe chaff 1 104 chaines chains 1 105 chaunce chance 1 106 cheefe chief 1 107 cheeke cheek 1 108 chiefe chief 18 109 childe child 8 110 childlesse childless 1 111 citie city 30 112 cleane clean 4 113 cleaueth cleaveth 1 114 clensed cleansed 1 115 clensing cleansing 1 116 cleophas cleopas 1 117 climed climbed 1 118 cloake cloke 1 119 cloude cloud 1 120 coates coats 1 121 cocke cock 3 122 commandement commandment 2 123 commandements commandments 1 124 commaunded commanded 1 125 commaundements commandments 1

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 126 commaundeth commandeth 1 127 commeth cometh 19 128 comming coming 10 129 companie company 1 130 compasse compass 1 131 compell compel 1 132 conceiue conceive 1 133 conceiued conceived 3 134 condemne condemn 3 135 confesse confess 2 136 continuall continual 1 137 conuerted converted 1 138 coole cool 1 139 corne corn 2 140 couenant covenant 1 141 couenanted covenanted 1 142 couer cover 1 143 couered covered 1 144 couereth covereth 1 145 couetous covetous 1 146 couetousnes covetousness 1 147 councell council 1 148 counsell counsel 2 149 counseller counsellor 1 150 countrey country 16 151 craftines craftiness 1 152 creditour creditor 1 153 crie cry 1 154 crosse cross 3 155 crucifie crucify 2 156 crummes crumbs 1 157 cryed cried 2 158 cubite cubit 1 159 cumbred cumbered 1 160 cumbreth cumbereth 1 161 custome custom 5 162 daies day's 1 163 daies days 1 164 darke dark 1 165 darkenesse darkness 4 166 darknes darkness 1 167 darknesse darkness 1 168 Dauid David 12

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 169 Dauids David's 1 170 dauncing dancing 1 171 dayes days 36 172 dayly daily 1 173 day-spring dayspring 1 174 deafe deaf 1 175 deare dear 1 176 deceiued deceived 1 177 deede deed 2 178 deepe deep 3 179 deliuer deliver 3 180 deliuerance deliverance 1 181 deliuered delivered 16 182 deliuering delivering 1 183 denie deny 3 184 denne den 1 185 detters debtors 1 186 deuil devil 8 187 deuill devil 5 188 deuils devils 17 189 deuoure devour 1 190 deuoured devoured 2 191 deuout devout 1 192 digge dig 2 193 discerne discern 2 194 distresse distress 2 195 diuers divers 2 196 diuide divide 2 197 diuided divided 6 198 diuider divider 1 199 diuideth divideth 1 200 diuision division 1 201 doctours doctors 2 202 doe do 59 203 doest dost 3 204 doeth doth 10 205 dogges dogs 1 206 doore door 3 207 doubtfull doubtful 1 208 doue dove 1 209 doung dung 1 210 downe down 60 211 dranke drank 2

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 212 drewe drew 1 213 drie dry 2 214 drinke drink 10 215 driuen driven 1 216 dropsie dropsy 1 217 drunke drunk 2 218 drunkennesse drunkenness 1 219 duety duty 1 220 dumbe dumb 3 221 eare ear 3 222 earely early 2 223 eares ears 6 224 eate eat 22 225 egge egg 1 226 eight eighth 1 227 eighteene eighteen 3 228 eleuen eleven 2 229 Eli Esli 1 230 Elizabeth Elisabeth 8 231 Elizabeths Elisabeth's 1 232 Elizeus Eliseus 1 233 Emaus Emmaus 1 234 emptie empty 3 235 ende end 1 236 enemie enemy 1 237 enmitie enmity 1 238 entred entered 18 239 entreth entereth 1 240 entring entering 2 241 equall equal 1 242 eternall eternal 2 243 euen even 22 244 euening evening 1 245 euer ever 3 246 euerlasting everlasting 2 247 euery every 28 248 euill evil 14 249 euils evils 1 250 eye-witnesses eyewitnesses 1 251 faile fail 3 252 faine feign 1 253 faine fain 1 254 faithfull faithful 5

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 255 faithlesse faithless 1 256 fanne fan 1 257 farewel farewell 1 258 farre far 8 259 Fathers Father's 5 260 fauour favour 2 261 fauoured favoured 1 262 feare fear 20 263 fearefull fearful 1 264 feete feet 9 265 fel fell 2 266 feuer fever 2 267 fiftie fifty 2 268 figge fig 1 269 figtree fig tree 2 270 finde find 3 271 first borne firstborn 1 272 fiue five 11 273 flocke flock 2 274 floore floor 1 275 fometh foameth 1 276 foole fool 1 277 fooles fools 2 278 foorth forth 24 279 footestoole footstool 1 280 forbade forbad 1 281 forewarne forewarn 1 282 forgaue forgave 2 283 forgiue forgive 8 284 forgiuen forgiven 8 285 forsooke forsook 1 286 foules fowls 3 287 foure four 2 288 foure fold fourfold 1 289 fourescore fourscore 2 290 fourtie forty 1 291 foxe fox 1 292 fro from 2 293 fruite fruit 4 294 gaine gain 1 295 Galile Galilee 3 296 Galileans Galilaeans 3 297 gaue gave 18

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 298 gauest gavest 4 299 Genesareth Gennesaret 1 300 ghest-chamber guestchamber 1 301 giftes gifts 1 302 girde gird 1 303 giue give 43 304 giuen given 12 305 giuing giving 1 306 gladnesse gladness 1 307 glorie glory 1 308 Gods God's 2 309 goe go 41 310 gouernor governor 1 311 gouernour governor 2 312 graine grain 2 313 grasse grass 1 314 graues graves 1 315 greeke greek 1 316 grieuous grievous 1 317 growe grow 1 318 gulfe gulf 1 319 haile hail 1 320 haire hair 1 321 haires hairs 3 322 halfe half 2 323 halowed hallowed 1 324 hande hand 1 325 handes hands 5 326 handmaide handmaid 1 327 hands hand 1 328 haruest harvest 3 329 haue have 113 330 hauing having 14 331 heale heal 8 332 heare hear 27 333 heauen heaven 31 334 heauenly heavenly 2 335 heauens heavens 1 336 heauie heavy 1 337 hee he 215 338 heede heed 3 339 heere here 1 340 heire heir 1

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 341 helde held 2 342 helpe help 2 343 hencefoorth henceforth 1 344 henne hen 1 345 her selfe herself 2 346 herbes herbs 1 347 Herode Herod 9 348 Herods Herod's 2 349 hewen hewn 2 350 hidde hid 1 351 Hierusalem Jerusalem 33 352 high wayes highways 1 353 himselfe himself 33 354 hindred hindered 1 355 holde hold 5 356 holinesse holiness 1 357 hony combe honeycomb 1 358 horne horn 1 359 hoste host 2 360 houre hour 13 361 house top housetop 2 362 house tops housetops 1 363 hundred fold hundredfold 1 364 hungred hungered 1 365 huskes husks 1 366 hypocrisie hypocrisy 1 367 Iacob Jacob 4 368 Iairus Jairus 1 369 Iames James 8 370 Ianna Janna 1 371 Iared Jared 1 372 ieopardie jeopardy 1 373 Iericho Jericho 3 374 Iesse Jesse 1 375 Iesus Jesus' 3 376 Iesus Jesus 97 377 Iewes Jews 5 378 immediatly immediately 9 379 importunitie importunity 1 380 indeede indeed 1 381 indued endued 1 382 infirmitie infirmity 2 383 inherite inherit 1

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 384 iniquitie iniquity 1 385 inne inn 2 386 inough enough 1 387 Ioanna Joanna 3 388 Iohn John 31 389 Ionan Jonan 1 390 Ionas Jonas 4 391 Iordane Jordan 2 392 Iorim Jorim 1 393 Iose Jose 1 394 Ioseph Joseph 10 395 Iosephs Joseph's 1 396 iourney journey 4 397 iourneyed journeyed 1 398 iourneying journeying 1 399 ioy joy 10 400 ioyfully joyfully 1 401 ioyned joined 1 402 Isahac Isaac 1 403 it selfe itself 1 404 Iturea Ituraea 1 405 Iuda Juda 4 406 Iudas Judas 5 407 Iudea Judaea 8 408 iudge judge 8 409 iudged judged 2 410 iudgement judgment 3 411 iudges judges 1 412 iudging judging 1 413 iudgment judgment 1 414 Iurie Jewry 1 415 iurisdiction jurisdiction 1 416 iust just 6 417 iustifie justify 2 418 iustified justified 3 419 iustly justly 1 420 keepe keep 4 421 kingdome kingdom 42 422 kingdomes kingdoms 1 423 kings kings' 1 424 kinred kindred 1 425 kinsefolke kinsfolk 1 426 kinsefolkes kinsfolks 1

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 427 kinsemen kinsmen 1 428 kisse kiss 4 429 knewe knew 1 430 knocke knock 2 431 knowen known 10 432 laide laid 1 433 laieth layeth 1 434 lambes lambs 1 435 lanch launch 1 436 lanched launched 1 437 lawe law 5 438 layd laid 8 439 layde laid 3 440 leade lead 2 441 leape leap 1 442 least lest 2 443 leaue leave 3 444 leauen leaven 2 445 leauened leavened 1 446 leprosie leprosy 2 447 Leui Levi 4 448 Leuite Levite 1 449 libertie liberty 1 450 life-time lifetime 1 451 lift lifted 1 452 linage lineage 1 453 linnen linen 3 454 litle little 7 455 liue live 4 456 liued lived 1 457 liues lives 1 458 liuing living 7 459 loaues loaves 3 460 loe lo 9 461 looke look 4 462 Lords Lord's 3 463 loue love 12 464 loueth loveth 2 465 magnifie magnify 1 466 maide maid 1 467 maner manner 9 468 mans man's 5 469 Marie Mary 9

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 470 maried married 1 471 marrie marry 2 472 marueiled marvelled 5 473 mayd maid 1 474 mayden maiden 1 475 meale meal 1 476 meane mean 1 477 meanes means 3 478 meate meat 9 479 mee me 24 480 meete meet 2 481 men seruants menservants 1 482 mens men's 2 483 mercie mercy 3 484 mercifull merciful 3 485 merie merry 1 486 middes midst 2 487 mids midst 4 488 mightie mighty 1 489 milstone millstone 1 490 minde mind 4 491 ministred ministered 2 492 moneth month 2 493 moneths months 3 494 moone moon 1 495 moreouer moreover 1 496 mothers mother's 1 497 mountaine mountain 5 498 mountaines mountains 2 499 mourne mourn 1 500 musicke musick 1 501 my selfe myself 2 502 Naim Nain 1 503 names name's 2 504 Nasson Naasson 1 505 necessitie necessity 1 506 necke neck 2 507 neede need 2 508 needefull needful 1 509 needles needle's 1 510 neere near 6 511 neuer never 5 512 neuerthelesse nevertheless 4

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 513 newe new 4 514 Nineue Nineve 1 515 Nineuites Ninevites 1 516 no thing nothing 1 517 numbred numbered 1 518 obseruation observation 1 519 obtaine obtain 1 520 oile oil 2 521 olde old 4 522 Oliues Olives 4 523 onely only 6 524 opportunitie opportunity 1 525 ouen oven 1 526 ouer over 26 527 ouercharged overcharged 1 528 ouercome overcome 1 529 ouershadow overshadow 1 530 ouershadowed overshadowed 1 531 ought owed 1 532 our selues ourselves 1 533 owne own 22 534 oxe ox 2 535 oyle oil 1 536 oyntment ointment 2 537 paire pair 1 538 palsie palsy 2 539 pappes paps 1 540 passe pass 58 541 passeouer passover 7 542 payd paid 1 543 pearce pierce 1 544 penurie penury 1 545 peny penny 1 546 perceiue perceive 1 547 perceiued perceived 5 548 perceiuest perceivest 1 549 perceiuing perceiving 1 550 performe perform 1 551 perswaded persuaded 2 552 peruerse perverse 1 553 peruerteth perverteth 1 554 peruerting perverting 1 555 pharise pharisee 2

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 556 pharisees pharisee's 2 557 pharises pharisees 7 558 Philips Philip's 1 559 phisitions physicians 1 560 physition physician 1 561 pinacle pinnacle 1 562 plaine plain 1 563 poore poor 9 564 possesse possess 2 565 powring pouring 1 566 prease press 2 567 preasse press 1 568 preasse press 1 569 preassed pressed 2 570 preasseth presseth 1 571 preserue preserve 1 572 preserued preserved 1 573 preuailed prevailed 1 574 Priests Priest's 3 575 priuately privately 2 576 prooue prove 1 577 prophesie prophesy 1 578 prophetesse prophetess 1 579 prouerbe proverb 1 580 prouide provide 1 581 prouided provided 1 582 prouoke provoke 1 583 Psalmes Psalms 2 584 publicane publican 4 585 publicanes publicans 7 586 queene queen 1 587 quickely quickly 1 588 ranne ran 3 589 rauening ravening 1 590 rauens ravens 1 591 reade read 1 592 readie ready 1 593 reape reap 1 594 receit receipt 1 595 receiue receive 18 596 receiued received 9 597 receiuedst receivedst 1 598 receiueth receiveth 4

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 599 recouering recovering 1 600 redemptiou redemption 1 601 reede reed 1 602 reiected rejected 4 603 reigne reign 4 604 reioice rejoice 1 605 reioyce rejoice 6 606 reioyced rejoiced 4 607 reioycing rejoicing 1 608 remaine remain 1 609 remembred remembered 2 610 remissio remission 1 611 remooue remove 1 612 reproch reproach 1 613 reprochest reproachest 1 614 reprooued reproved 1 615 resolued resolved 1 616 returne return 5 617 reueale reveale 1 618 reuealed revealed 5 619 reuerence reverence 1 620 righteousnesse righteousness 1 621 rocke rock 4 622 roofe roof 1 623 roome room 2 624 roote root 1 625 rose arose 1 626 roume room 5 627 roume room 5 628 roumes rooms 2 629 ruine ruin 1 630 Sadduces Sadducees 1 631 saide said 28 632 saluation salvation 5 633 Samaritane Samaritan 2 634 Samaritanes Samaritans 1 635 sate sat 16 636 saue save 13 637 saued saved 7 638 sauing saving 1 639 sauiour saviour 2 640 sauour savour 1 641 sawe saw 6

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 642 sayde said 1 643 sayth saith 1 644 scorne scorn 1 645 seates seats 2 646 seede seed 2 647 seeke seek 9 648 seene seen 13 649 sel sell 1 650 selues selves 1 651 seruant servant 25 652 seruants servants 9 653 serue serve 9 654 serued served 1 655 serueth serveth 2 656 seruing serving 1 657 seuen seven 8 658 seuenty seventy 2 659 shal shall 25 660 shalbe shall be 25 661 shee she 13 662 sheepe sheep 2 663 shepheards shepherds 4 664 shew bread shewbread 1 665 shewe shew 1 666 shooes shoes 3 667 showre shower 1 668 sicke sick 7 669 signe sign 8 670 signes signs 3 671 Siloe Siloam 1 672 siluer silver 1 673 simons simon's 3 674 sinfull sinful 2 675 sinke sink 2 676 sinnes sins 11 677 sixe six 2 678 sixt sixth 3 679 skie sky 1 680 slaine slain 1 681 sleepe sleep 2 682 Sodome Sodom 2 683 solde sold 2 684 some body somebody 1

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 685 sonne son 143 686 sonnes sons 3 687 soone soon 2 688 sorowfull sorrowful 1 689 sorrowfull sorrowful 1 690 souldiers soldiers 3 691 soule soul 6 692 soules souls 1 693 southwind south wind 1 694 sowe sow 1 695 sparrowes sparrows 2 696 speake speak 11 697 speechlesse speechless 1 698 spinne spin 1 699 starres stars 1 700 staues staves 2 701 steale steal 1 702 steepe steep 1 703 stones stone's 1 704 storme storm 1 705 stowping stooping 1 706 straitned straitened 1 707 streame stream 2 708 streetes streets 2 709 striken stricken 2 710 striue strive 1 711 stroke struck 1 712 subiect subject 3 713 sucke suck 2 714 suffred suffered 1 715 sunne sun 3 716 suppe sup 1 717 surfetting surfeiting 1 718 swadling swaddling 2 719 tarie tarry 1 720 tarie tarry 1 721 taried tarried 2 722 tarrie tarry 1 723 teares tears 2 724 tenne ten 1 725 testifie testify 1 726 testimonie testimony 1 727 thanke thank 5

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 728 thankes thanks 2 729 theefe thief 2 730 theeues thieves 3 731 themselues themselves 10 732 then than 24 733 therfore therefore 2 734 thicke thick 1 735 thiefe thief 1 736 thinke think 2 737 thogh though 1 738 thornes thorns 4 739 thorow through 8 740 thorowly throughly 1 741 thorowout throughout 2 742 thrise thrice 2 743 throwen thrown 2 744 thy thine 1 745 thy selfe thyself 9 746 toile toil 1 747 tolde told 5 748 tombes tombs 1 749 tooke took 23 750 towards toward 4 751 towne town 1 752 townes towns 2 753 towre tower 2 754 traitour traitor 1 755 treasurie treasury 1 756 trespasse trespass 2 757 troden trodden 2 758 truely truly 2 759 trueth truth 4 760 turne turn 5 761 turtle doues turtledoves 1 762 twelue twelve 13 763 twentie twenty 1 764 twise twice 1 765 tythe tithe 1 766 uerely verily 2 767 uerily verily 4 768 uine vine 1 769 uineyard vineyard 2 770 vaile veil 1

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 771 verely verily 2 772 vertue virtue 2 773 vessell vessel 1 774 vineger vinegar 1 775 virgine virgin 1 776 virginitie virginity 1 777 virgins virgin's 1 778 vnawares unawares 1 779 vnbeleeuers unbelievers 1 780 vncleane unclean 6 781 vnder under 8 782 vnderstand understand 1 783 vnderstanding understanding 3 784 vnderstood understood 3 785 vndone undone 1 786 vniust unjust 5 787 vnleauened unleavened 1 788 vnleuened unleavened 1 789 vnloose unloose 1 790 vnpossible impossible 2 791 vnprofitable unprofitable 1 792 vnquencheable unquenchable 1 793 vnrighteous unrighteous 1 794 vnrighteousnesse unrighteousness 1 795 vnthankfull unthankful 1 796 vntill until 10 797 vnto unto 398 798 voyce voice 4 799 voyces voices 2 800 vp up 65 801 vpon upon 42 802 vpper upper 1 803 vppermost uppermost 1 804 vrge urge 1 805 vs us 53 806 vsury usury 1 807 vtmost utmost 1 808 waies ways 1 809 waite wait 1 810 walke walk 5 811 ware aware 1 812 warre war 1 813 waues waves 1

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 814 waxe wax 1 815 wayes ways 3 816 weare wear 1 817 wearie weary 1 818 wee we 16 819 weeke week 2 820 weepe weep 6 821 wet went 1 822 whatsoeuer whatsoever 7 823 whe when 1 824 wheresoeuer wheresoever 1 825 whithersoeuer whithersoever 1 826 whome whom 3 827 whomsoeuer whomsoever 3 828 whosoeuer whosoever 21 829 wickednesse wickedness 1 830 widowe widow 1 831 widowes widows 2 832 wil will 7 833 wildernesse wilderness 7 834 winde wind 1 835 wine bibber winebibber 1 836 wisedom wisdom 1 837 wisedome wisdom 6 838 withall withal 1 839 withdrawen withdrawn 1 840 witnesse witness 4 841 wiues wife's 1 842 wo woe 2 843 wolues wolves 1 844 wombe womb 8 845 wondred wondered 3 846 worde word 2 847 wordes words 3 848 workes works 2 849 ye the 2 850 yee ye 82 851 yeere year 4 852 yeeres years 12 853 yeres years 2 854 ynough enough 1 855 yong young 2 856 yonger younger 3

100

No KJV 1611 NKJV Total 857 your selues yourselves 14 858 Zacheus Zacchaeus 3 Different Words 4322

Table 2: The Differences of Spelling in King James Version 1611 and New King James Version Based on Criteria No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria (from KJV 1611 to NKJV) 1 faine feign a to e 2 vaile veil a to e 3 Alpheus Alphaeus addition of a 4 approcheth approacheth addition of a 5 Cesar Caesar addition of a 6 Cesars Caesar's addition of a 7 clensed cleansed addition of a 8 clensing cleansing addition of a 9 fometh foameth addition of a 10 Galileans Galilaeans addition of a 11 Iturea Ituraea addition of a 12 Iudea Judaea addition of a 13 reproch reproach addition of a 14 reprochest reproachest addition of a 15 rose arose addition of a 16 vnleuened unleavened addition of a 17 ware aware addition of a 18 yeres years addition of a 19 Zacheus Zacchaeus addition of a 20 climed climbed addition of b 21 crummes crumbs addition of b 22 detters debtors addition of b 23 striken stricken addition of c 24 stroke struck addition of c 25 kinred kindred addition of d 26 cumbred cumbered addition of e 27 cumbreth cumbereth addition of e 28 entred entered addition of e 29 entreth entereth addition of e 30 entring entering addition of e 31 hindred hindered addition of e 32 hony combe honeycomb addition of e 33 hungred hungered addition of e

101

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 34 linage lineage addition of e 35 ministred ministered addition of e 36 numbred numbered addition of e 37 ought owed addition of e 38 remembred remembered addition of e 39 showre shower addition of e 40 straitned straitened addition of e 41 suffred suffered addition of e 42 therfore therefore addition of e 43 towre tower addition of e 44 wo woe addition of e 45 wondred wondered addition of e 46 faine feign addition of g 47 eight eighth addition of h 48 sixt sixth addition of h 49 surfetting surfeiting addition of i 50 fro from addition of m 51 receit receipt addition of p 52 middes midst addition of t 53 mids midst addition of t 54 ghest-chamber guestchamber addition of u 55 lanch launch addition of u 56 lanched launched addition of u 57 thogh though addition of u 58 thorow through addition of u 59 thorowly throughly addition of u 60 thorowout throughout addition of u 61 yong young addition of u 62 yonger younger addition of u 63 brothers brother's apostrophe s 64 centurions centurion's apostrophe s 65 Cesars Caesar's apostrophe s 66 daies day's apostrophe s 67 Dauids David's apostrophe s 68 Elizabeths Elisabeth's apostrophe s 69 Fathers Father's apostrophe s 70 Gods God's apostrophe s 71 Herods Herod's apostrophe s 72 Iesus Jesus' apostrophe s 73 Iosephs Joseph's apostrophe s 74 kings kings' apostrophe s 75 Lords Lord's apostrophe s 76 mans man's apostrophe s

102

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 77 mens men's apostrophe s 78 mothers mother's apostrophe s 79 names name's apostrophe s 80 needles needle's apostrophe s 81 pharisees pharisee's apostrophe s 82 Philips Philip's apostrophe s 83 Priests Priest's apostrophe s 84 simons simon's apostrophe s 85 stones stone's apostrophe s 86 virgins virgin's apostrophe s 87 wiues wife's apostrophe s 88 cattell cattle change of consonant order 89 cloake cloke deletion of a 90 least lest deletion of a 91 prease press deletion of a 92 preasse press deletion of a 93 preassed pressed deletion of a 94 preasseth presseth deletion of a 95 shepheards shepherds deletion of a 96 bancke bank deletion of c 97 a farre afar deletion of e 98 adde add deletion of e 99 afarre afar deletion of e 100 afraide afraid deletion of e 101 againe again deletion of e 102 agoe ago deletion of e 103 aire air deletion of e 104 allowe allow deletion of e 105 almes alms deletion of e 106 alwayes always deletion of e 107 amisse amiss deletion of e 108 answere answer deletion of e 109 answeres answers deletion of e 110 appeare appear deletion of e 111 arke ark deletion of e 112 arme arm deletion of e 113 armes arms deletion of e 114 aske ask deletion of e 115 asleepe asleep deletion of e 116 asse ass deletion of e 117 assoone as as soon as deletion of e 118 bagges bags deletion of e 119 bancke bank deletion of e

103

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 120 baptisme baptism deletion of e 121 barne barn deletion of e 122 barnes barns deletion of e 123 beame beam deletion of e 124 beare bear deletion of e 125 beate beat deletion of e 126 bee be deletion of e 127 beene been deletion of e 128 beganne began deletion of e 129 begge beg deletion of e 130 beginne begin deletion of e 131 behelde beheld deletion of e 132 behinde behind deletion of e 133 beholde behold deletion of e 134 bene been deletion of e 135 betweene between deletion of e 136 blamelesse blameless deletion of e 137 blesse bless deletion of e 138 blinde blind deletion of e 139 booke book deletion of e 140 borne born deletion of e 141 bosome bosom deletion of e 142 boxe box deletion of e 143 bridegrome bride groom deletion of e 144 burne burn deletion of e 145 calfe calf deletion of e 146 calme calm deletion of e 147 candlesticke candlestick deletion of e 148 captaines captains deletion of e 149 certaine certain deletion of e 150 chaffe chaff deletion of e 151 chaines chains deletion of e 152 cheefe chief deletion of e 153 cheeke cheek deletion of e 154 chiefe chief deletion of e 155 childe child deletion of e 156 childlesse childless deletion of e 157 cleane clean deletion of e 158 cloude cloud deletion of e 159 coates coats deletion of e 160 cocke cock deletion of e 161 commandement commandment deletion of e 162 commandements commandments deletion of e

104

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 163 commaundements commandments deletion of e 164 compasse compass deletion of e 165 condemne condemn deletion of e 166 confesse confess deletion of e 167 coole cool deletion of e 168 corne corn deletion of e 169 countrey country deletion of e 170 crosse cross deletion of e 171 crummes crumbs deletion of e 172 cubite cubit deletion of e 173 custome custom deletion of e 174 darke dark deletion of e 175 darkenesse darkness deletion of e 176 darknesse darkness deletion of e 177 dayes days deletion of e 178 deafe deaf deletion of e 179 deare dear deletion of e 180 deede deed deletion of e 181 deepe deep deletion of e 182 denne den deletion of e 183 deuoure devour deletion of e 184 digge dig deletion of e 185 discerne discern deletion of e 186 distresse distress deletion of e 187 doe do deletion of e 188 doest dost deletion of e 189 doeth doth deletion of e 190 dogges dogs deletion of e 191 doore door deletion of e 192 downe down deletion of e 193 dranke drank deletion of e 194 drewe drew deletion of e 195 drinke drink deletion of e 196 drunke drunk deletion of e 197 drunkennesse drunkenness deletion of e 198 duety duty deletion of e 199 dumbe dumb deletion of e 200 eare ear deletion of e 201 earely early deletion of e 202 eares ears deletion of e 203 eate eat deletion of e 204 egge egg deletion of e 205 eighteene eighteen deletion of e

105

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 206 ende end deletion of e 207 faile fail deletion of e 208 faine fain deletion of e 209 faine feign deletion of e 210 faithlesse faithless deletion of e 211 fanne fan deletion of e 212 farre far deletion of e 213 feare fear deletion of e 214 fearefull fearful deletion of e 215 feete feet deletion of e 216 figge fig deletion of e 217 finde find deletion of e 218 first borne firstborn deletion of e 219 flocke flock deletion of e 220 floore floor deletion of e 221 foole fool deletion of e 222 fooles fools deletion of e 223 footestoole footstool deletion of e 224 forbade forbad deletion of e 225 forewarne forewarn deletion of e 226 forsooke forsook deletion of e 227 foules fowls deletion of e 228 foure four deletion of e 229 foure fold fourfold deletion of e 230 fourescore fourscore deletion of e 231 foxe fox deletion of e 232 fruite fruit deletion of e 233 gaine gain deletion of e 234 giftes gifts deletion of e 235 girde gird deletion of e 236 gladnesse gladness deletion of e 237 goe go deletion of e 238 graine grain deletion of e 239 grasse grass deletion of e 240 greeke greek deletion of e 241 growe grow deletion of e 242 gulfe gulf deletion of e 243 haile hail deletion of e 244 haire hair deletion of e 245 haires hairs deletion of e 246 halfe half deletion of e 247 hande hand deletion of e 248 handes hands deletion of e

106

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 249 handmaide handmaid deletion of e 250 heale heal deletion of e 251 heare hear deletion of e 252 hee he deletion of e 253 heede heed deletion of e 254 heere here deletion of e 255 heire heir deletion of e 256 helde held deletion of e 257 helpe help deletion of e 258 henne hen deletion of e 259 her selfe herself deletion of e 260 herbes herbs deletion of e 261 Herode Herod deletion of e 262 hewen hewn deletion of e 263 hidde hid deletion of e 264 high wayes highways deletion of e 265 himselfe himself deletion of e 266 holde hold deletion of e 267 holinesse holiness deletion of e 268 hony combe honeycomb deletion of e 269 horne horn deletion of e 270 hoste host deletion of e 271 houre hour deletion of e 272 huskes husks deletion of e 273 Iewes Jews deletion of e 274 immediatly immediately deletion of e 275 indeede indeed deletion of e 276 inherite inherit deletion of e 277 inne inn deletion of e 278 Iordane Jordan deletion of e 279 it selfe itself deletion of e 280 iudgement judgment deletion of e 281 keepe keep deletion of e 282 kingdome kingdom deletion of e 283 kingdomes kingdoms deletion of e 284 kinsefolke kinsfolk deletion of e 285 kinsefolkes kinsfolks deletion of e 286 kinsemen kinsmen deletion of e 287 kisse kiss deletion of e 288 knewe knew deletion of e 289 knocke knock deletion of e 290 knowen known deletion of e 291 laide laid deletion of e

107

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 292 lambes lambs deletion of e 293 lawe law deletion of e 294 layde laid deletion of e 295 leade lead deletion of e 296 leape leap deletion of e 297 loe lo deletion of e 298 looke look deletion of e 299 maide maid deletion of e 300 meale meal deletion of e 301 meane mean deletion of e 302 meanes means deletion of e 303 meate meat deletion of e 304 mee me deletion of e 305 meete meet deletion of e 306 middes midst deletion of e 307 minde mind deletion of e 308 moneth month deletion of e 309 moneths months deletion of e 310 moone moon deletion of e 311 mountaine mountain deletion of e 312 mountaines mountains deletion of e 313 mourne mourn deletion of e 314 musicke musick deletion of e 315 my selfe myself deletion of e 316 necke neck deletion of e 317 neede need deletion of e 318 needefull needful deletion of e 319 neere near deletion of e 320 neuerthelesse nevertheless deletion of e 321 newe new deletion of e 322 obtaine obtain deletion of e 323 oile oil deletion of e 324 olde old deletion of e 325 onely only deletion of e 326 owne own deletion of e 327 oxe ox deletion of e 328 oyle oil deletion of e 329 paire pair deletion of e 330 pappes paps deletion of e 331 passe pass deletion of e 332 passeouer passover deletion of e 333 performe perform deletion of e 334 plaine plain deletion of e

108

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 335 poore poor deletion of e 336 possesse possess deletion of e 337 prease press deletion of e 338 preasse press deletion of e 339 preassed pressed deletion of e 340 preasseth presseth deletion of e 341 prophetesse prophetess deletion of e 342 Psalmes Psalms deletion of e 343 publicane publican deletion of e 344 publicanes publicans deletion of e 345 queene queen deletion of e 346 quickely quickly deletion of e 347 ranne ran deletion of e 348 reade read deletion of e 349 reape reap deletion of e 350 reede reed deletion of e 351 reigne reign deletion of e 352 remaine remain deletion of e 353 returne return deletion of e 354 righteousnesse righteousness deletion of e 355 rocke rock deletion of e 356 roofe roof deletion of e 357 roome room deletion of e 358 roote root deletion of e 359 roume room deletion of e 360 roumes rooms deletion of e 361 ruine ruin deletion of e 362 saide said deletion of e 363 Samaritane Samaritan deletion of e 364 Samaritanes Samaritans deletion of e 365 sate sat deletion of e 366 sawe saw deletion of e 367 sayde said deletion of e 368 scorne scorn deletion of e 369 seates seats deletion of e 370 seede seed deletion of e 371 seeke seek deletion of e 372 seene seen deletion of e 373 sheepe sheep deletion of e 374 shewe shew deletion of e 375 showre shower deletion of e 376 sicke sick deletion of e 377 signe sign deletion of e

109

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 378 signes signs deletion of e 379 sinke sink deletion of e 380 sinnes sins deletion of e 381 sixe six deletion of e 382 slaine slain deletion of e 383 sleepe sleep deletion of e 384 Sodome Sodom deletion of e 385 solde sold deletion of e 386 sonne son deletion of e 387 sonnes sons deletion of e 388 soone soon deletion of e 389 soule soul deletion of e 390 soules souls deletion of e 391 sowe sow deletion of e 392 sparrowes sparrows deletion of e 393 speake speak deletion of e 394 speechlesse speechless deletion of e 395 spinne spin deletion of e 396 starres stars deletion of e 397 steale steal deletion of e 398 steepe steep deletion of e 399 storme storm deletion of e 400 streame stream deletion of e 401 streetes streets deletion of e 402 stroke struck deletion of e 403 sucke suck deletion of e 404 sunne sun deletion of e 405 suppe sup deletion of e 406 teares tears deletion of e 407 tenne ten deletion of e 408 thanke thank deletion of e 409 thankes thanks deletion of e 410 theefe thief deletion of e 411 thicke thick deletion of e 412 thiefe thief deletion of e 413 thinke think deletion of e 414 thornes thorns deletion of e 415 throwen thrown deletion of e 416 thy selfe thyself deletion of e 417 toile toil deletion of e 418 tolde told deletion of e 419 tombes tombs deletion of e 420 tooke took deletion of e

110

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 421 towne town deletion of e 422 townes towns deletion of e 423 towre tower deletion of e 424 trespasse trespass deletion of e 425 truely truly deletion of e 426 trueth truth deletion of e 427 turne turn deletion of e 428 vaile veil deletion of e 429 virgine virgin deletion of e 430 vncleane unclean deletion of e 431 vnquencheable unquenchable deletion of e 432 vnrighteousnesse unrighteousness deletion of e 433 waite wait deletion of e 434 walke walk deletion of e 435 warre war deletion of e 436 waxe wax deletion of e 437 wayes ways deletion of e 438 wayes way deletion of e 439 weare wear deletion of e 440 wee we deletion of e 441 weeke week deletion of e 442 weepe weep deletion of e 443 whome whom deletion of e 444 wickednesse wickedness deletion of e 445 widowe widow deletion of e 446 widowes widows deletion of e 447 wildernesse wilderness deletion of e 448 winde wind deletion of e 449 wisedom wisdom deletion of e 450 wisedome wisdom deletion of e 451 withdrawen withdrawn deletion of e 452 witnesse witness deletion of e 453 wombe womb deletion of e 454 worde word deletion of e 455 wordes words deletion of e 456 workes works deletion of e 457 yeere year deletion of e 458 yeeres years deletion of e 459 yeres years deletion of e 460 cleophas cleopas deletion of h 461 ghest-chamber guestchamber deletion of h 462 Isahac Isaac deletion of h 463 marueiled marvelled deletion of i

111

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 464 thorow through deletion of o 465 thorowly throughly deletion of o 466 thorowout throughout deletion of o 467 doung dung deletion of o 468 towards toward deletion of s 469 wayes way deletion of s 470 amongst among deletion of st 471 chaunce chance deletion of u 472 commaunded commanded deletion of u 473 commaundements commandments deletion of u 474 commaundeth commandeth deletion of u 475 creditour creditor deletion of u 476 dauncing dancing deletion of u 477 doctours doctors deletion of u 478 gouernour governor deletion of u 479 souldiers soldiers deletion of u 480 traitour traitor deletion of u 481 afrighted affrighted doubled consonant 482 al all doubled consonant 483 arayed arrayed doubled consonant 484 caried carried doubled consonant 485 cary carry doubled consonant 486 craftines craftiness doubled consonant 487 darknes darkness doubled consonant 488 Emaus Emmaus doubled consonant 489 farewel farewell doubled consonant 490 fel fell doubled consonant 491 halowed hallowed doubled consonant 492 litle little doubled consonant 493 maner manner doubled consonant 494 maried married doubled consonant 495 merie merry doubled consonant 496 milstone millstone doubled consonant 497 peny penny doubled consonant 498 pinacle pinnacle doubled consonant 499 prease press doubled consonant 500 sel sell doubled consonant 501 shal shall doubled consonant 502 shalbe shall be doubled consonant 503 sorowfull sorrowful doubled consonant 504 swadling swaddling doubled consonant 505 tarie tarry doubled consonant 506 taried tarried doubled consonant

112

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 507 troden trodden doubled consonant 508 wil will doubled consonant 509 Zacheus Zacchaeus doubled consonant 510 Genesareth Gennesaret doubled consonant 511 pharise pharisee doubled vowel 512 pharises pharisees doubled vowel 513 bene been doubled vowel 514 bridegrome bride groom doubled vowel 515 Galile Galilee doubled vowel 516 Nasson Naasson doubled vowel 517 Sadduces Sadducees doubled vowel 518 begger beggar e to a 519 then than e to a 520 vineger vinegar e to a 521 Siloe Siloam e to am 522 councell council e to i 523 uerely verily e to i 524 verely verily e to i 525 vertue virtue e to i 526 beckened beckoned e to o 527 counseller counsellor e to o 528 detters debtors e to o 529 pearce pierce ea to ie 530 neere near ee to ea 531 yeere year ee to ea 532 yeeres years ee to ea 533 apeece apiece ee to ie 534 beere bier ee to ie 535 beleeue believe ee to ie 536 beleeued believed ee to ie 537 beleeuest believest ee to ie 538 cheefe chief ee to ie 539 theefe thief ee to ie 540 theeues thieves ee to ie 541 vnbeleeuers unbelievers ee to ie 542 ought owed ght to d 543 hands hand grammar shift 544 lift lifted grammar shift 545 thy thine grammar shift 546 Hierusalem Jerusalem hi to j 547 bride-chamber bridechamber hyphenated to joint compound 548 day-spring dayspring hyphenated to joint compound 549 eye-witnesses eyewitnesses hyphenated to joint compound

113

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 550 ghest-chamber guestchamber hyphenated to joint compound 551 life-time lifetime hyphenated to joint compound 552 indued endued i to e 553 inough enough i to e 554 Iacob Jacob i to j 555 Iairus Jairus i to j 556 Iames James i to j 557 Ianna Janna i to j 558 Iared Jared i to j 559 ieopardie jeopardy i to j 560 Iericho Jericho i to j 561 Iesse Jesse i to j 562 Iesus Jesus i to j 563 Iesus Jesus' i to j 564 Iewes Jews i to j 565 Ioanna Joanna i to j 566 Iohn John i to j 567 Ionan Jonan i to j 568 Ionas Jonas i to j 569 Iordane Jordan i to j 570 Iorim Jorim i to j 571 Iose Jose i to j 572 Ioseph Joseph i to j 573 Iosephs Joseph's i to j 574 iourney journey i to j 575 iourneyed journeyed i to j 576 iourneying journeying i to j 577 ioy joy i to j 578 ioyfully joyfully i to j 579 ioyned joined i to j 580 Iuda Juda i to j 581 Iudas Judas i to j 582 Iudea Judaea i to j 583 iudge judge i to j 584 iudged judged i to j 585 iudgement judgment i to j 586 iudges judges i to j 587 iudging judging i to j 588 iudgment judgment i to j 589 Iurie Jewry i to j 590 iurisdiction jurisdiction i to j 591 iust just i to j 592 iustifie justify i to j

114

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 593 iustified justified i to j 594 iustly justly i to j 595 reiected rejected i to j 596 reioice rejoice i to j 597 reioyce rejoice i to j 598 reioyced rejoiced i to j 599 reioycing rejoicing i to j 600 subiect subject i to j 601 vniust unjust i to j 602 laieth layeth i to y 603 phisitions physicians i to y 604 aduersarie adversary ie to y 605 adulterie adultery ie to y 606 agonie agony ie to y 607 authoritie authority ie to y 608 Bethanie Bethany ie to y 609 betraied betrayed ie to y 610 bodie body ie to y 611 certainetie certainty ie to y 612 citie city ie to y 613 companie company ie to y 614 crie cry ie to y 615 crucifie crucify ie to y 616 daies day's ie to y 617 daies days ie to y 618 denie deny ie to y 619 drie dry ie to y 620 dropsie dropsy ie to y 621 emptie empty ie to y 622 enemie enemy ie to y 623 enmitie enmity ie to y 624 fiftie fifty ie to y 625 fourtie forty ie to y 626 glorie glory ie to y 627 heauie heavy ie to y 628 hypocrisie hypocrisy ie to y 629 ieopardie jeopardy ie to y 630 importunitie importunity ie to y 631 infirmitie infirmity ie to y 632 iniquitie iniquity ie to y 633 Iurie Jewry ie to y 634 iustifie justify ie to y 635 leprosie leprosy ie to y

115

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 636 libertie liberty ie to y 637 magnifie magnify ie to y 638 Marie Mary ie to y 639 marrie marry ie to y 640 mercie mercy ie to y 641 merie merry ie to y 642 mightie mighty ie to y 643 necessitie necessity ie to y 644 opportunitie opportunity ie to y 645 palsie palsy ie to y 646 penurie penury ie to y 647 prophesie prophesy ie to y 648 readie ready ie to y 649 skie sky ie to y 650 tarie tarry ie to y 651 tarrie tarry ie to y 652 testifie testify ie to y 653 testimonie testimony ie to y 654 treasurie treasury ie to y 655 twentie twenty ie to y 656 virginitie virginity ie to y 657 waies ways ie to y 658 wearie weary ie to y 659 assoone as as soon as joint to spaced compound 660 bridegrome bride groom joint to spaced compound 661 figtree fig tree joint to spaced compound 662 shalbe shall be joint to spaced compound 663 southwind south wind joint to spaced compound 664 Naim Nain m to n 665 Eli Esli misspelling 666 remissio remission misspelling 667 whe when misspelling 668 redemptiou redemption misspelling 669 wet went misspelling 670 vnpossible impossible negatif morpheme shift 671 phisitions physicians o to a 672 physition physician o to a 673 stroke struck o to u 674 roume room ou to oo 675 roumes rooms ou to oo 676 stowping stooping ow to oo 677 thrise thrice s to c 678 twise twice s to c

116

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 679 a farre afar singled consonant 680 afarre afar singled consonant 681 bagges bags singled consonant 682 beganne began singled consonant 683 begge beg singled consonant 684 beginne begin singled consonant 685 bushell bushel singled consonant 686 carefull careful singled consonant 687 cattell cattle singled consonant 688 commeth cometh singled consonant 689 comming coming singled consonant 690 compell compel singled consonant 691 continuall continual singled consonant 692 councell council singled consonant 693 counsell counsel singled consonant 694 crummes crumbs singled consonant 695 denne den singled consonant 696 detters debtors singled consonant 697 deuill devil singled consonant 698 digge dig singled consonant 699 dogges dogs singled consonant 700 doubtfull doubtful singled consonant 701 equall equal singled consonant 702 eternall eternal singled consonant 703 euill evil singled consonant 704 faithfull faithful singled consonant 705 fanne fan singled consonant 706 farre far singled consonant 707 fearefull fearful singled consonant 708 figge fig singled consonant 709 henne hen singled consonant 710 hidde hid singled consonant 711 linnen linen singled consonant 712 mercifull merciful singled consonant 713 middes midst singled consonant 714 needefull needful singled consonant 715 pappes paps singled consonant 716 sinfull sinful singled consonant 717 sinnes sins singled consonant 718 sonne son singled consonant 719 sonnes sons singled consonant 720 sorowfull sorrowful singled consonant 721 sorrowfull sorrowful singled consonant

117

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 722 spinne spin singled consonant 723 starres stars singled consonant 724 sunne sun singled consonant 725 suppe sup singled consonant 726 surfetting surfeiting singled consonant 727 tenne ten singled consonant 728 vessell vessel singled consonant 729 vnthankfull unthankful singled consonant 730 vntill until singled consonant 731 warre war singled consonant 732 withall withal singled consonant 733 foorth forth singled vowel 734 hencefoorth henceforth singled vowel 735 prooue prove singled vowel 736 remooue remove singled vowel 737 reprooued reproved singled vowel 738 shee she singled vowel 739 shooes shoes singled vowel 740 yee ye singled vowel 741 a farre afar spaced to joint compound 742 broken hearted brokenhearted spaced to joint compound 743 first borne firstborn spaced to joint compound 744 foure fold fourfold spaced to joint compound 745 her selfe herself spaced to joint compound 746 high wayes highways spaced to joint compound 747 hony combe honeycomb spaced to joint compound 748 house top housetop spaced to joint compound 749 house tops housetops spaced to joint compound 750 hundred fold hundredfold spaced to joint compound 751 it selfe itself spaced to joint compound 752 men seruants menservants spaced to joint compound 753 no thing nothing spaced to joint compound 754 our selues ourselves spaced to joint compound 755 shew bread shewbread spaced to joint compound 756 some body somebody spaced to joint compound 757 thy selfe thyself spaced to joint compound 758 turtle doues turtledoves spaced to joint compound 759 wine bibber winebibber spaced to joint compound 760 your selues yourselves spaced to joint compound 761 phisitions physicians t to c 762 physition physician t to c 763 wiues wife's u to f 764 aboue above u to v

118

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 765 aduantaged advantaged u to v 766 aduersarie adversary u to v 767 aduersaries adversaries u to v 768 aduersary adversary u to v 769 aliue alive u to v 770 arriued arrived u to v 771 attentiue attentive u to v 772 auenge avenge u to v 773 backe back u to v 774 behoued behoved u to v 775 beleeue believe u to v 776 beleeued believed u to v 777 beleeuest believest u to v 778 beloued beloved u to v 779 captiue captive u to v 780 captiues captives u to v 781 cleaueth cleaveth u to v 782 conceiue conceive u to v 783 conceiued conceived u to v 784 conuerted converted u to v 785 couenant covenant u to v 786 couenanted covenanted u to v 787 couer cover u to v 788 couered covered u to v 789 couereth covereth u to v 790 couetous covetous u to v 791 couetousnes covetousness u to v 792 Dauid David u to v 793 Dauids David's u to v 794 deceiued deceived u to v 795 deliuer deliver u to v 796 deliuerance deliverance u to v 797 deliuered delivered u to v 798 deliuering delivering u to v 799 deuil devil u to v 800 deuill devil u to v 801 deuils devils u to v 802 deuoure devour u to v 803 deuoured devoured u to v 804 deuout devout u to v 805 diuers divers u to v 806 diuide divide u to v 807 diuided divided u to v

119

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 808 diuider divider u to v 809 diuideth divideth u to v 810 diuision division u to v 811 doue dove u to v 812 driuen driven u to v 813 eleuen eleven u to v 814 euen even u to v 815 euening evening u to v 816 euer ever u to v 817 euerlasting everlasting u to v 818 euery every u to v 819 euill evil u to v 820 euils evils u to v 821 fauour favour u to v 822 fauoured favoured u to v 823 feuer fever u to v 824 fiue five u to v 825 forgaue forgave u to v 826 forgiue forgive u to v 827 forgiuen forgiven u to v 828 gaue gave u to v 829 gauest gavest u to v 830 giue give u to v 831 giuen given u to v 832 giuing giving u to v 833 gouernor governor u to v 834 gouernour governor u to v 835 graues graves u to v 836 grieuous grievous u to v 837 haruest harvest u to v 838 haue have u to v 839 hauing having u to v 840 heauen heaven u to v 841 heauenly heavenly u to v 842 heauens heavens u to v 843 heauie heavy u to v 844 leaue leave u to v 845 leauen leaven u to v 846 leauened leavened u to v 847 Leui Levi u to v 848 Leuite Levite u to v 849 liue live u to v 850 liued lived u to v

120

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 851 liues lives u to v 852 liuing living u to v 853 loaues loaves u to v 854 loue love u to v 855 loueth loveth u to v 856 marueiled marvelled u to v 857 maruelled marvelled u to v 858 men seruants menservants u to v 859 moreouer moreover u to v 860 neuer never u to v 861 neuerthelesse nevertheless u to v 862 Nineue Nineve u to v 863 Nineuites Ninevites u to v 864 obseruation observation u to v 865 Oliues Olives u to v 866 ouen oven u to v 867 ouer over u to v 868 ouercharged overcharged u to v 869 ouercome overcome u to v 870 ouershadow overshadow u to v 871 ouershadowed overshadowed u to v 872 our selues ourselves u to v 873 passeouer passover u to v 874 perceiue perceive u to v 875 perceiued perceived u to v 876 perceiued perceived u to v 877 perceiuest perceivest u to v 878 perceiuing perceiving u to v 879 peruerse perverse u to v 880 peruerteth perverteth u to v 881 peruerting perverting u to v 882 preserue preserve u to v 883 preserued preserved u to v 884 preuailed prevailed u to v 885 priuately privately u to v 886 prooue prove u to v 887 prouerbe proverb u to v 888 prouide provide u to v 889 prouided provided u to v 890 prouoke provoke u to v 891 rauening ravening u to v 892 rauens ravens u to v 893 receiue receive u to v

121

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 894 receiued received u to v 895 receiuedst receivedst u to v 896 receiueth receiveth u to v 897 recouering recovering u to v 898 remooue remove u to v 899 reprooued reproved u to v 900 resolued resolved u to v 901 reueale reveale u to v 902 reuealed revealed u to v 903 reuerence reverence u to v 904 saluation salvation u to v 905 saue save u to v 906 saued saved u to v 907 sauing saving u to v 908 sauiour saviour u to v 909 sauour savour u to v 910 selues selves u to v 911 seruant servant u to v 912 seruants servants u to v 913 serue serve u to v 914 serued served u to v 915 serueth serveth u to v 916 seruing serving u to v 917 seuen seven u to v 918 seuenty seventy u to v 919 siluer silver u to v 920 staues staves u to v 921 striue strive u to v 922 themselues themselves u to v 923 turtle doues turtledoves u to v 924 twelue twelve u to v 925 uerely verily u to v 926 uerily verily u to v 927 uine vine u to v 928 uineyard vineyard u to v 929 vnbeleeuers unbelievers u to v 930 vnleauened unleavened u to v 931 vnleuened unleavened u to v 932 waues waves u to v 933 whatsoeuer whatsoever u to v 934 wheresoeuer wheresoever u to v 935 whithersoeuer whithersoever u to v 936 whomsoeuer whomsoever u to v

122

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 937 whosoeuer whosoever u to v 938 wolues wolves u to v 939 your selues yourselves u to v 940 foules fowls u to w 941 ought owed u to w 942 vnawares unawares v to u 943 vnbeleeuers unbelievers v to u 944 vncleane unclean v to u 945 vnder under v to u 946 vnderstand understand v to u 947 vnderstanding understanding v to u 948 vnderstood understood v to u 949 vndone undone v to u 950 vniust unjust v to u 951 vnleauened unleavened v to u 952 vnleuened unleavened v to u 953 vnloose unloose v to u 954 vnprofitable unprofitable v to u 955 vnquencheable unquenchable v to u 956 vnrighteous unrighteous v to u 957 vnrighteousnesse unrighteousness v to u 958 vnthankfull unthankful v to u 959 vntill until v to u 960 vnto unto v to u 961 vp up v to u 962 vpon upon v to u 963 vpper upper v to u 964 vppermost uppermost v to u 965 vrge urge v to u 966 vs us v to u 967 vsury usury v to u 968 vtmost utmost v to u 969 thorow through w to gh 970 thorowly throughly w to gh 971 thorowout throughout w to gh 972 perswaded persuaded w to u 973 powring pouring w to u 974 accompted accounted word adaptation 975 ynough enough y to e 976 broyled broiled y to i 977 cryed cried y to i 978 dayly daily y to i 979 ioyned joined y to i

123

No KJV 1611 NKJV Criteria 980 layd laid y to i 981 layde laid y to i 982 mayd maid y to i 983 mayden maiden y to i 984 oyle oil y to i 985 oyntment ointment y to i 986 payd paid y to i 987 reioyce rejoice y to i 988 reioyced rejoiced y to i 989 reioycing rejoicing y to i 990 sayde said y to i 991 sayth saith y to i 992 tythe tithe y to i 993 voyce voice y to i 994 voyces voices y to i 995 ye the y to th 996 Elizabeth Elisabeth z to s 997 Elizabeths Elisabeth's z to s 998 Elizeus Eliseus z to s