Eoeiaio and Modern Greek

EOEI AI O A ND MO DE RN GRE E K

E CO MPA RED W ITH O NE A NO TH R,

A ND W I TH

N I E NT RE E K A C G .

J ME E M A A LY D . S C , .

H A ND D X E DI NBU RG : S U THE RL A N K NO .

L O NDO N : S IMPK IN, MA R S HALL , AND 00 .

D L V M CCC .

B A E J . S . L CK I ,

PRO FE S S O R O F G R E E K I N THE U NI V E RS I TY O F E DINBU RG H.

By your publi c declaration s th at a langu age worthy of th ee n am e s es m a en on was ca e two ea s e Gr k urviv , y tt ti ll d y r ago to the dialects spoken and written by the m odern Greeks the s ec m en of the en an e o ca ess w c ou p i s Ath i p ri di l pr , with hi h y

ns e e m s n es con nce m e n u es a ar a w r d y ﬁr t i quiri , vi d that, a tiq iti p t, a residence in Ath ens would amply reward the student of Greek ; and en o n m e e e i n the s n of 1 8 53 enthu , wh you f u d th r pri g , your si asm was my en couragem ent to prosecute the investigations

n begu .

ou e e o e as to a ene c I a e e To y , th r f r , b fa tor, gr t fully d dicate the

’ o n a es in w c is e e the es e f llowi g p g , hi h xhibit d r ult of ight m onths o se a n and n on the s o e n e e s e a b rv tio i quiry p t, b i g w ll p r uad d th t, if they elucidate in any m easure the fortunes and prospects even of non- c ass ca ee e ﬁnd an a o n l i l Gr k, th y will ppr ver a d patron i n one who has given a n ew impetus to Greek studies in our n ative c n and in a cula who s a e s ou try, , p rti r, ﬁr t d r d to as um e before the

h es ns l British public t e r po ibi ity of recomm ending Modern G reek

he en on of c ass a s u en to t att ti l ic l t d ts .

I un e m s es to ose of e en e a on of ec ans it y wi h th a whol g r ti Gr i ,

m a on e e that you y l g pr sid over the Greek studi es in our m etro

o n n e s and ea the o d u t p lita U iv r ity, r p gl ry e o your abundant and en s as c a u thu i ti l bo rs .

Y m s o e en e n our o t b di t S rva t,

J A ME S CL Y D E . E d nbur Decem e r 1 8 5 4 i gh, b .

TO THE RE A DE R.

THE following pages contain such an account of Ro maic and Modern Greek as m ay exhibit to the classical student what h om f the ee n a e once ene as really bec e o Gr k la gu g , g rally m s se to b e e and now e e s e s e . uppo d d ad, all g d by o to urviv This account will m aterially assist the inquiries of those who

o en e on e e e m n n the s n a ec s w uld t r a d tail d xa i atio of urvivi g di l t ,

e e e n m e V s n eece s wh th r by r adi g at ho , or by i iti g Gr ; whil t the m erely curious will ﬁ nd in it th at sum mary of infor m ation and examples which they desiderate .

“ A dis quisition has two advan tages in the present c ase over

h of a amm . m t e m c ec s i n m c gr ar Fro ultipli ity dial t Ro ai , and the e s es s e in Mo e n ee o a a div r iti of tyl d r Gr k, b th h ve

ean c a c e and w i s s ea m an o and un Prot h ra t r, hat thu r lly if ld se e i s a t to b e e esen e as s n e an d e n e i n ttl d, p r pr t d i gl d ﬁ it a

m m c es oses the c ns c on of m o e gra ar, whi h pr upp o tru ti d l para

m o a s s on n b n di s . en n ca e uce g Th , i t di qui iti i trod d with greater propriety the critical and historical m atter which the

t m W s for ese eas n s h subj ec de ands . hil t th r o t e form of a

amm has een a o e few mm a c ec a gr ar b v id d, gra ti al p uli rities of

om c or Mo e n ee a e een e ne a ne so R ai d r Gr k h v b l ft u xpl i d,

the a en e ea er who is a rea a o e a e that tt tiv r d , l dy t l r bl Greek sc ol ﬁ nd m sel a e to e use o s in e h ar, will hi f qu liﬁ d p r w rk ither . No question i s raised i n the following pages c oncerning the vi T O TH E D REA ER .

anc en m o e the m o e n ow c ca es of i t d , or d pra ti lly b t, pronouncing

ee ecause us ce has ” Gr k, b j ti been lately done to these subj ects

in s ec a ea ses enn n on in E n l n p i l tr ti , by P i gt g a d, and by Pro

fessor ac e in co an Bl ki S tl d . Neither are s uch questions enter

t ain d as the ow n e foll i g : Of what advantage is a knowledge

of Mo e n e t th d r Gre k o e classical student ? At wh at stage of h ’ scholarship should t e student s attention be called to Modern

Greek ? I s it desirable that our teachers of G reek accustom their pupils to con versation in the m odern dialect ? O f suc h questions som e are answere d by the m ere exhibition of what

Mo e n ee is and o e s mu a f r d r Gr k , th r st w it o solution till British s cholars in general acqul re more accurate an d deﬁnite notions of Mo e n ee n e et ossess r d r Gr k tha th y y p . At p esent such questions c an b e neither i ntelligently entertained nor fairly answered by the great m aj ority interested i n them ; and a warfare of extrem e views i s all th at can result from precipit at i ng their dis c ussi on . A con siderable array of facts regarding Modern Greek has

een set e ore the s u c of a e ea s es ec a b b f Briti h p bli l t y r , p i lly

Mr o e in on on Mr ona son in E n r and by C rp L d , D ld di bu gh,

’ the se veral reviewers of Trikoup es History of the Greek Re

The e en is a con u on of the sam e n n . s vol utio pr t trib ti ki d,

s ec a a an a em is m a e to d is but with thi p uli rity, th t tt pt d

in ui sh i n a se es of a c s the om a c aec from t g , ri p rti ular , R i di l t

To dra s s nc on ee ro e so c a e . w Modern Gr k, p p rly ll d thi di ti ti

m o an as e w se the o of s v n ee i s is i p rt t, oth r i t tality ur ivi g Gr k

the c a ac e s cs of a a and its a roxim a i nvested with h r t ri ti p rt, pp

he anc en aec s un e a e or . e a e a e accor tion to t i t di l t d rr t d x gg r t d, d

f an ua e i s a en a i ng as the vulgar or the polite form o l g g t k s

To a s s nc on o e e is e cee n a . the sta d rd dr w thi di ti ti , h w v r, x d

l f cu for as us ua in suc c ases ns ea of a oun ar i ng y di ﬁ lt ; , l h , i t d b d y

e e e e s s an n e n e o e e or e ween the lin , th r xi t i d ﬁ it b rd r t rrit y b t

f o u a and o e e a u e an d how s s ou dom ains o p p l r p lit lit r t r , thi h ld

‘ m e e ten m a e of b e shared b etween the two m ust be to so x t tt r T THE D O REA ER . vii

A t he same m a e e oes e i s m e o non . t e pi i ti , th t th r d x t a ark d difference between the vulgar and literary dialects i s evident on the m s c s ns ec on o and the a em to ascer o t ur ory i p ti of b th , tt pt

a n s ccess wﬂl be the m o e m e o s e n t i it, if u ful, all r rit riou for b i g f u di ﬁc lt . THE AUTHOR.

RO MAI C AND MO DERN GREEK.

— I E NE RA L RE MA RK S . PART . G

o e en confus n eas is necessa t o e ne the T pr v t io of id , it ry d ﬁ , at o se the sense i n ch ce n es n n s be use in the ut t, whi rtai d ig atio will d sequel . not n to the The e m n c en ee be. e t r , A i t Gr k, will appli d, o ly c m os ons c e ass c all ee n s of a o p iti all d Cl i al, but to Gr k writi g , wh t e e a e c m se the m o e of the c ass ca oca and v r d t , o po d ou d l l i l v bulary m The e m e c n n e se o u ar gra m ar . t r Romaic will b o ﬁ d to tho p p l ec s c ensoe e e se are n wn a e e s e dial t whi h, wh v r th y aro , k o to h v xi t d n e the z an ne em e and c the e of c u d r By ti pir , whi h, or lik whi h , ar s s o en th The e m Mo e n ree e till p k by e uneducated . t r d r G k will b e given to th at language in which the laws of the kingdom eece are en and w c i s ac n e e the ee s of Gr writt , hi h k owl dg d by Gr k

e e e e as e ese n e a i a ec . v rywh r , th ir pr t lit r ry d l t The secon of ese e m s m c i s acce e m e e on the d th t r , Ro ai , pt d, r ly un of esc n ec use s es n as oes a n gro d ; , , ‘ pr riptio b a ugg ti g it d a L ti n is ca c a e to c on e a se m ess on e a n the afﬁ ity, it l ul t d v y a f l i pr i r g rdi g a ec s to c i s a e en the sea em e was di l t whi h it ppli d . Wh t of pir em o e to ns an no e the em e o s e a ne e anc en r v d Co t ti pl , p r r r t i d th ir i t ” e ans a e o e e n o ee B oar/ Mi ; T ad b oom an d us as titl , tr l t d h w v r i t Gr k, / j t , i n e m es th e c o s an s e e n am e to the na n lat r ti , vi t riou Fr k gav th ir tio , co n r and an e of the c n ue e s so the r ous u t y, l guag o q r d Gaul , glo i n ame of om ans asse u on the ace o nces and a ec s o f R p d p r , pr vi , di l t h t e s u a e ee s . s the e m Rom a c has o c ubj g t d Gr k Thu t r i a p liti al,

not . e a o n an o e escr b s e e the at all a lit r ry rigi , d pr p rly d i e n ith r nea e of eo e n or the c ac e of he an ua e b ut t e li g a p pl , har t r t ir l g g , h m er a n s c e i p i l dy a ty by whi h th y were governed . 2 G N AL A K E ER REM R S .

cc n to o on us . the ee s at ve ea e o A ordi g Ap ll i , Gr k , a ry rly p ri d ,

a u o s o e the fam n am es of us s gr t it u ly ad pt d ily ill trious Rom an .

two cen es e o e an um ecam e Né oc T ai /« Fully turi b f r Byz ti b t n, being on a s to m na he was o m al n e to the ani on fes vi it S yr , f r ly i vit d P ic tival c w as a ea ce e a e e e and no c n am on , whi h th t y r l br t d th r ti i g, g the s na es to the n a on a n m e of om an n am es as ig tur i vit ti , u b r R , c s an d a c us he a esse a s a u o hi s Lu ullu F bri i , ddr d h rp reb ke t n an en s m a be n i Phi c n lostratus E s e 1 . Io i fri d , whi h y fou d , pi tl 7 The e n e e e the sam e c o ec on i s a o e b ut v ry xt l tt r of ll ti Sh rt r, e a re m an a m n s e e to his own e for qu lly pithy pri d , d i i t r d broth r, the ass umption of. a Rom an n am e : an d to the prevalence of this Rom an ising spirit am ong the Greeks som e W ould asc ribe the ac c e a e a s en oun ce e an f ility, with whi h th y ft rw rd r d th ir ” oes a es n on E KMVS Q and acce e a of e con tr l d ig ati , pt d th t th ir r rs que o . e an d m o e sa s ac easons o e e cco n for the Oth r r ti f tory r , h w v r, a u t he n c an e . n t as the a m n s a on an d the a m h g Not o ly dy ty, d i i tr ti , r y, i n the E as ere c e om an c c o n to o ca r e t, w all d R , a rdi g p liti l prop i ty but i n the o cen at eas the s a c o nces the , f urth tury l t, A i ti pr vi of em l re were ca e oman a — a n om en c a u e of c m o e n p , ll d R i l t r whi h d r ‘ has eser e a s in o e iz um e a eo a v e e E V . o g gr phy pr d v tig ur p , , R li , f the om ans i n s m ore n a u a i a. c o n r o . o n e w a . , u t y R N th g, th , t r l than that the inhabitants should bear a nam e correspon ding with a of the o e nm en n e w c e ve and the err o th t g v r t u d r hi h th y li d, t it ry e o e But r s f al rcum s ance n c cc . e a o l c s whi h th y upi d , p h p , i t givi g cu en c to the a e a on T o mi / 01 am on the ee s em se ves rr y pp ll ti m g Gr k th l , and for em am on the su1 round n n on- r s an o a on s th , g i g Ch i ti p pul ti , the m ost decisive w as the acknowledgm ent of Christianity by the om an e m e o s i n conse uence of c om an ecam e a s R p r r , q whi h R b y n on m e for s an s the ea of d o a con n e to b e y Chri ti , whil t id i l try ti u d

E K PS c onnected with M G. Ac cordingly the Greeks w ere called R oum l n the ea n of the 30th c a e of the K o an as n eed h di g h pt r r , i d n ur s they m e to this d ay by the Arabs a d T k . nce en the ee s acce e the es na on and Si , th , Gr k pt d d ig ti the coun r es occu e em rec e ve a co n a e a e a on t i pi d by th i d g t pp ll ti , most n aturally th eir spoken language was c alled It borrowed as little from the language o f the Rom an s as did Fr ench from the language of the Franks : b ut even h ad it not adm itted s n e a n o the o e n es na on c had a se a i gl L ti w rd, f r ig d ig ti , whi h p s d A K 3 G ENER L REMAR S .

n the eo e and e e not the ess e upo p pl th ir t rritory, would l hav so n u reached al their la g age . The e m M e n ee i s o e as e n s c t r od r Gr k ad pt d, b i g both hi tori ally I n e o a son s the ee s ca and desc e co ec . riptiv ly rr t th ir p pul r g , Gr k ll

/ em se es v a s r m/ no) and E m i 2 g. l the be th lv riou ly p , m Til n n n ofthe es en cen the s of ese was the cu en n a gi i g pr t tury, ﬁr t th rr t tional es na on e e w e e as s is am on the ne ca e in d ig ti v ry h r , it till g u du t d eec e ens a e the e ona era the ee s re Gr l v d ; but, at r voluti ry , Gr k c a e e anc en t es of o the era e on of e ter ll d th ir i t ti l gl ry, lib t d porti th ir ritor eass m e n e en ence its nc en n am e 75 y r u d, with i d p d , a i t , " the n a an s e e c a e 51 E m et and e cu a e lan i h bit t w r ll d m , th ir ltiv t d 7 N ee- EK W Mod e n ee Nor is s e m e a e i . e. . gu g 3 M M, , r Gr k thi t r , lik ' the one a ea sc sse a s or c a m sn om e e n to b e lr dy di u d, hi t i l i r, r quiri g e t m The an e in ues e a n e eca se ca c a o s e . xpl i d, b u l ul t d i l ad l guag q on is all its n m e s es s ree i n es ec its oc ti that a ugg t , G k, r p t of v a b ular and c c ence s m e e en e en in i ts s n a but di s y a id , to o xt t v y t x, tingui shed from the ancien t by its reﬂecting exactly those id eas a nd mo es ou c cons n the comm on s oc of d of th ght whi h, tituti g t k m o e n c sa on en ass m a e all m o ern n a es so d r ivili ti , t d to i il t d la gu g , a ase answe s se and o o i n em m o e th t phr r to phra , w rd to w rd, th r exactly than is foun d to be the c ase in translating from an ancient n o a m o e rn a i t d di lec t . ns an no e m n and o n o ess an at e ns At Co t ti pl , S yr a, C rfu, l th Ath , ne s a e s a m anacs sc o oo s l n s o all e a o uc w p p r , l , h ol b k , h rt, lit r ry pr d ons not e ce n the m os e emer as an s n en e ti , x pti g t ph al, h d bill , i t d d for ene a c c a n are no w i inted ln M e n ee as g r l ir ul tio , p od r Gr k, s n i s e o m di ti gu h d from R aic . If only m free Greece and i n the Ionian islands this cultivated dialect i s heard in the senate and ~ at the b ar is e e e e ea om the if on , it v rywh r h rd fr pulpit ; ly in ens is the e c e of o esso a ns c n i s the m e m Ath it v hi l pr f ri l i tru tio , it diu ’ of the sc hoolm aster s humbler tuition wherever a Greek com mu nit e s s y xi t . ‘ A s for the e m l o uxoi the n h t r p , which through Lati as passed n the an a es of E u o e was n e e a n ve s a a m i to l gu g r p , it v r u i r lly d it ted n ona es na on amon the anc en ee s and es its ati l d ig ti g i t Gr k , ow acceptance by those of later tim es to i ts currency among all

e E u o eans and to the osc on n e w c th d esi oth r r p , pr ripti u d r hi h e g na n E a ss w as a the ee s the m e es in con tio l id by Gr k of iddl ag , se ence O f its s es n the a e an es o qu ugg ti g idol try of th ir c t rs . Now 4 G N L K E ERA REMAR S .

" the e e n BM W ; has een es e and a that proud r app llatio b r tor d, th t the Ciceronian diminutive groeculi is suggested to every scholar ‘ I ocm oi s a er e m has fa en n o n ersa s by p , thi l tt t r ll i t u iv l di repute . The di stinction between Rom aic and Modern Greek requires to be ns s e on as is n ot eco n se r s sc o a s i n i i t d , it r g i d by B iti h h l r ene a and i s s s em a ca i no e a few ee s a e g r l, y t ti lly g r d by Gr k , or r th r, to s eak n m own no e e o ne . s s n u s e p withi y k wl dg , by Thi di ti g i h d M f n ua is . S o oc es o esso of ree i n am r e i divid l ph l , pr r G k C b idg

U . . n e s an d au o of a om a c ramm a u s e ( S U iv r ity, th r R i G r, p bli h d i n 1 842 a m os a ua e au a to the E n l s s en of , t v l bl xili ry g i h tud t l 1 o hi s r a e s r M . m a c o e so c a e . I n e c t wo R i , pr p r y ll d p f o thi k, o c es sa s of om a1c or as i s of en ca e Mo ern S pho l y R , , it t ll d, d ” ee s confoun n the two m a e be Gr k, thu di g It y with propri ty sa to e r the s ame e a on to the ee a i s the an ua e id b a r l ti Gr k, th t , l g g ” of the anc en ree s a the a an ea s to the a n The i t G k , th t It li b r L ti . testim ony of a Greek concerning the living language of his coun trym en will n ot be considered as n eces s arily conclusive by any one ac ua n r r an n the o ow n q i ted with G eek litera y partiz ship . I f ll i g pages n o attem pt is m ade to con ceal either the internal dissolu on of anc en ee or its m e o e n e em en s as ti i t Gr k, ad ixtur with f r ig l t , ese a ea in the o m a c a ec s o e e n ear in th pp r R i di l t ; but h w v r ly, ‘ f o m ac e a to em the u m en o M. oc es a a r g rd th , j dg t S ph l y ppro h i r n m the in e a Mo e n ree s a a s a e . truth, r g rd to d r G k, it gl i g i t k A s his amm a e n en in E n s has o a l gr r, b i g writt gli h, pr b b y ﬂuenced the O n on s of r s sc o ars s ow two pi i B iti h h l , I hall borr e am es om hi s own es om a one om a c o er x pl fr Chr t thy, of R i , pr p ly d an t er f e n e see o Mo e . so c a e see . n h o ll d ( p a , d r Gr k ( p and the ea e us e an o o n of u n om r d r will th hav pp rtu ity j dgi g, fr r M o oc es has c n o n e his ow n s ec m ens e e o not . p i , wh th r S ph l o f u d d n s a ffe thi g th t di r. The ffe ence e ween m a c an d Mo e n ee canno be di r b t Ro i d r , Gr k t better represente d i n brief than by that which exists betw een E n s ere a e h ases in the on e broad S cotc h and good gli h . Th r p r ’ ’ n no n to the o e e the fam ous ne ow o laur c all the u k w th r, lik j g , whi h

1 ’ Preﬁxed to Ducange s Lexicon of Mediaeval Greek i s a succinct R om aic

ram m ar the b as s resum e of m os su se uen ones . s onour i s g , i , I p , t b q t Thi h

’ 4 f he reface to his or e d e Minoid a M nas see . 4 o t ascribed by M . s y ( p p Thé i ” ramma r e d e la an u rec ue to a nother om a c ramm ar ub ? la. G i e, t l g e G q ) R i g , p i inus i h a ar s in 1 a m ss onar om as Par s . l s ed t P i 709, by i i y, Th 5 G E NE RA L REMARK S .

d his oas e no e e c c to o e . an E ngli sh of G e rg IV , b t d k wl dg of S ot h f o s o e e na e to e a n the unca on and us n o , b ot, w r u bl xpl i tr ti f io w rd a ec s and e a en in the incid ent toall m erely c olloquial di l t , pr v l t nn one are e ec e the o e the on e i s s e n o , r j t d by th r ubdivid d i t i u v es un e the nn of oca n en ces the m erable arieti , d r tyra y l l i ﬂu o nc l sm and a es not ac c n to o ther trium ph s o ver pr vi ia i , v ri , ordi g

r a e but acco n to the e ca on of him uses the bi thpl c , rdi g du ti who “ la oe it : the one has no literature except proverbs and popu r p try ; the other i s the vehicle of all kn o wledge to an entire people to the u a ec an d j ust as in Scotland the educ ated rec ur v lg r dial t,

h e o f n e w en sco s n w the e a e for t e sak i t lligibility, h di ur i g ith illit r t , an d in c e a n c c ms ances e en w en sco s n one , rt i ir u t , v h di ur i g with an o e to o the a ea anc e a fec a n or for the sa e th r, av id pp r of f t tio , k of o c e m a or com c e essi ons so in eece e e f r ibl , fa ili r, i al xpr Gr , wh r n d the a ro n Romaic is still the l anguage of the n ursery a pl yg u d, and e e o m the of eac n and the ecenc of wh r , fr rarity pr hi g r y sc o s the eo e in ene a are not et am se ho l , p pl g r l y f iliari d with o e n ee as are the m e c asses in c an M d r Gr k, hu bl r l S otl d with oo E n s e e is a a e a m e m a c in the con g d gli h, th r l rg d ixtur of Ro i versational s tyle even of the e ducate d classes . Although the Ionian islands h ave b een a British depen en e nea or ea s an d Mo e n ee has m e s c d y for rly f ty y r , d r Gr k ad u h o ress e en e e e e the m a c a ec s so e cee n pr g v th r , wh r Ro i di l t i x di gly ' c o u at in 1 8 52 su n e a an i n the a m n s a rr pt, th it ppla t d It li d i i tr on ove n m en and s ce has not ece e so m c ti of g r t ju ti , it r iv d u h n n e public notice in the United K ingdom as on the C o ti nt . n ce 1 28 i has een c a i n s n e the S i 8 t t b publi ly t ught Pari , u d r patronage of Governm en t ; an d in Germ any i t has becom e still m ore exten sively kn own through the c onn ection betw een the (i f ens n o M n court Ath a d those f Bavaria an d Oldenburg . a y earne e m ans s ea en and one em oss l d G r p k it ﬂu tly, of th , R , for m e o es so i n the n e s of ens has e n c e its rly pr f r U iv r ity Ath , ri h d

‘ e a wr e a o on c aeo o . I n s co n o e e lit r tur by k Ar h l gy thi u try, h w v r, Modern Greek is still generally held to be a m ere euphuism for Rom aic ; n or i s a bare representation of gramm atic al form s ad e

a e em o e s m ess on . The s r se n ee w c qu t to r v thi i pr i u pri , i d d, ith whi h a British scholar m arks the coincidence between the gram m atic al a a ms of M e n ee as en for e m e Mr o e p r dig od r Gr k, giv , xa pl , by C rp , and ose the nc en t c is necessa m n e u th of a i t At i , rily i gl d with do bt, L 0 G E NERA REM A RK S .

an d succee e es ons c no m e e amm a can so e d d by qu ti , whi h r gr r lv , regarding the tim e and m ode of the apparent lingual resurrection. It is n ot preten ded that the age of Pericles has returned to eece nor an s c o a om na e oo sense or s un Gr will y h l r, wh tiv g d o d os has ese ve f om e an b e e e s r se or phil ophy pr r d r p d try, ith r u pri d d ispleased that Modern G reek should bear the unequivocal

s am of the n ne een cen r to c e on s . enc t p i t th tu y, whi h it b l g Fr h ’ has changed in spite of the Academ y s dictionary : when certain p at riotic Germ ans combi ned against the Gallicism s which had

’ c re n o the vater lci nd i s che S r ac/ w was o n a the pt i t p , it f u d th t

’ fa m os e K ar la and d eli ciO se B ur s che c ould not be expelled ; an d whoever c ompares the present features of any living language w h se ore ee or o c en r es a o ea n ho w it tho it b thr f ur tu i g , will l r wide are the lim its within which a language m ay vary without he os n i ts en . ee ns ea of e n n e c e n to t l i g id tity Gr k, i t d b i g a x ptio ene a e is i ts m os s na e am e for n o e an u e g r l rul , t ig l x pl ; oth r l g ag possesse d originally so great wealth of gramm atic al form s an d s n c c a a an em en s n or has an o e suffe e 2 000 ea s y ta ti l rr g t , y th r r d y r ec n e and et s r e : in o e o s the u ne ra e of d li , y u viv d th r w rd , v l bl o n s e e m o e nu m e o s and the er o tim e d urin c p i t w r r r u , p i d of , , g whi h the o e ra a on en on has een on e in th e c ase of w rk of d g d ti w t , b l g r n f n o I s an ua e es e G reek th a o a y ther . n regard to uch a l g g p ci all i s e os e o s set u a ram m a ca eca o e to y, it pr p t r u to p g ti l d l gu , c n o n ma at an m e be a e and f om c whi h thi g y y ti dd d, r whi h n m a at an m e be a n wa is c onc e e a a n othi g y y ti t ke a y . It d d th t ea c an e has asse u on e n a a oe e for the gr t h g p d p Gre k y, th t wh v r,

' u ose of so ec sm n n s hould a l the c s an a to p rp l i hu ti g, pp y Atti t d rd Mo e n ee m c om m a s au e c ou n ot ﬁ nd d r Gr k, ight it l ght r, but ld

s or so a un an i s the am e b ut suc a one i s n e to es p t, b d t g h i vit d t t hi s s s em of n a un fo m ou ou all a es a y t li gu l i r ity thr gh t g , by pply

ing it to the earliest as w ell as to the lates t specim ens of Greek . H en be s een a n om e m se u e to as a e e will th t ki g H r hi lf r d ly t k, ft r the e am e of e o s fam o s am m a an of the 1 5 x pl Th od ru , a u gr ri th cen t who enr c e his c a e on so ec sm s n ear ury, i h d h pt r l i with ly e am es ﬁ ve-s s of c he un in the a and thirty x pl , ixth whi h fo d Ili d Odyss ey ! When several things really different have long been included nd e one n m e the m e e s is ften s s and u r a , i pli d div r ity o lo t ight of, the c mm n es na n n e e e a a l e c m an o o d ig tio i t rpr t d p rti l y, a h putting A 7 G ENERAL REM RK S .

n for e am e the a he n s es he e . m p rt k ow b t for t whol How a y, x pl , e n o s an sm esc r e mere e own s ec re interpr ti g Pr te t ti , d ib ly th ir t, p in th n r m un in the nam e and the sumin g unity e thi g f o ity , that The s m e ten a en s whole resembles their own little part . a of h pp w the ase A nci nt Gr eek the e s a ec s c ith phr e , div r ity ofdi l t , whi h it

om r nd s but o s - n ot s es e n o o en an d the c p ehe d e ugg t, b i g f rg tt ,

i c s e e n wn an the e s e n c ca Att , a b tt r k o th oth r , b i g pra ti lly put for n m s e ca se e en om c Ancient Greek in ge eral . Fro thi v ry u v R ai i s o en s ose f e m nc en ee in c s ft upp d to di f r fro A i t Gr k, parti ular

i ts a ec s . where i t really agrees with on e or other of , di l t How m an fo r e m e e n n a the o e n i s y, xa pl , l ar i g th t r ugh br athi g n e in the m o e n on nc a n the ee s cr glected d r pr u i tio of Gr k , y out a a ns t the s on of the anc en o e n how e the g i poliati i t, f rg tti g littl u ea n was se i n E 0110 and the o e an c en ro gh br thi g u d , that th r i t a ec s os n the amm a s et the e am e of e n en c di l t , by l i g dig , x pl d li qu y in s ec n I How m an ea n one en an sc oo thi dir tio y, h ri g Ath i h lboy ” s ay to another on som e extraordinarily productive holiday E xec f s/2 72756061 ; 3 61 5615 o u s na e the m en a e p 76 ; , w ld ig lis la t bl con us on of the cc usa e the a e o e n a the f i a tiv with d tiv , f rg tti g th t sam e e s e n ce m o e in the E c ! How m an i n c n e s xi t d o r oli y, o v r i n w m e n ee s are scan a se s e c ns n g ith od r Gr k , d li d at ﬁr t by th ir o ta t us e of mi /a m in the sense of w e n ot ec ec n ne of x , r oll ti g that li om e a I 1 H r (Ili d V . 8 7

’ e - Z ia 05 r e ) i r V xxi e x 02 . o v d vd e . /1. a ce [a pa 7 75 Xa i g y p g

The belt of mail which braziers m ad e.

But although neither Rom aic n or Modern Greek could derive an s ec a s a ons m the non - c a ec s of an y p i l illu tr ti fro Atti di l t tiquity, s u s a ea the ea e a es of the an c en di a I ho ld till pp l to r d r, with t bl i t ec s e o e him and o se n how m c e f e m one l t b f r , b rvi g u h th y di f r fro no e in accen on and r an d c nse en in a th r tuati orthog aphy, o qu tly on un c a on i n m m a ca o m s and e en i n e vocabu pr i ti , gra ti l f r , v th ir laries e e a n ro and s i c s m b e n ot ec , wh th r ar w churli h cr ti i p uliarly of ace 1n es ec out pl r p t to Greek . Be em em e e so the nc ent ec s ffe e not it r b r d, al , that a i dial t di r d n om one an e om em se es d ffe en e oc s o ly fr oth r, but fr th lv at i r t p h , as the student knows to his cost in passing from the writers of on e e os of n a e o e . s an e em n e e o e i s m a e g to th a th r No tr g d a d, th r f r , d M e n ee en c m s be ec n se as ec by od r Gr k, wh it lai to r og i d a dial t or 8 ROMAI C .

an e I ts n ns m odiﬁcation of the Greek l guag . V ocabulary co tai few wo s c a e n ot c ass c a en e and m os of em rd whi h h v a l i p r tag , t th are en ne ee o i n o m an d s n ca on s the g ui ly Gr k, b th f r ig iﬁ ti whil t n o e t es c its oc a a has m e as s the a roxi v l i whi h v bul ry ad itt d, al o pp m a on of its s c e to a of m o e n an ua es i n enera ti tru tur th t d r l g g g l,

’ e on a is n ot the et n en on of a few ea ne m en prov ly th t it p i v ti l r d , b ut the en u ne ess on of c an es i n the an a e c g i expr i h g l gu g , whi h w n r h have al ays ru pa allel with t e fortun es of the n ation . s nc t ene a n o on of how Mo e n ee a o e can A di ti g r l ti d r Gr k r s , fe s i s a om m s en n en b e given in w word . It c pro i e b etwe A ci t Greek and Rom aic brought about by the n ecessity of comm uni c a n to eo e no n e n e s an n the o m er m ti g a p pl , lo g r u d r t di g f r , a

and variety of k nowledge which the latter c ould n ot convey . Hen ce it preserve d as m uch of Rom aic as w as require d by telli ibilit and a m e as m uc nc en ee as was g y, d itt d h of A i t Gr k the sam e m x1 n Th e a ce c onsistent with pri e e ge cy . e v ry rtiﬁ which was employed i n E nglan d to facilitate the amalgam ation ofAnglo - Saxon with Norm an French i s employe d now in Greece ; thousan ds of an cient w ords and phrases passing into the popular oca u ar e n co e w e om a c s n on m es a er v b l y by b i g upl d ith th ir R i y y , ft “ ” the e ac e of the o en - uo e as semble and m eet to ether x t typ ft q t d g ,

in the E n s a e oo . m a be a e a the e emen s gli h pr y r b k It y dd d th t, l t t o b e use in Mo e n ee e n co na e ossesse f om f d d r Gr k b i g g t , it p d r the beginning a hom ogen eity which never could result from the

m al am a on of n o - a n an d o m an en c and ha a g ti A gl S xo N r Fr h, t t , f om the n n e s u e o of the one e em en o e the o er r i ﬁ it p ri rity l t v r th , i t ece es as e c n is f se f om om a c and a ances r d , du atio di fu d, r R i , dv

tow ards the ancient m odel .

— M . PART II . RO AIC

TH E variety of d ialects i ncluded under the term Rom aic i s ‘ ve ea . Ducan e in 9 of the e ace his e c n of ry gr t g , pr f to L xi o Me ae a ee m en ons a m eon ab asilas n um e e di v l Gr k, ti th t Sy C b r d en in his m e lloison ho n e the enc se . V i w accom a v ty ti , p i d Fr h am ass o to Con stantiriO le in 1 785 an d a e wa s s e b ad r p , ft r rd vi it d Moun s and the ee s an s en m e a e se en - two t Atho Gr k i l d , u r t d v ty , i on n to n m t , e a s of C emens e an n s acco i i ati p rh p , l Al x dri u , rdi g ‘

1 0 MA RO IC .

se e as s e s an a o e e so its a n ua rv that, it di r gard qu tity lt g th r, cce t n is n ot am en a e to the nc en canons I n m n tio bl a i t . a y c ases the m isaccentuation arises from a tendency to preserve the place of the accen t un change d throughout all the inflections of a w ord s om a c has ad va r os Gai l/W ow ns ea of 90611037 00 an m thu , R i , , i t d , d pp /m ’ for the em n ne of am t og n s ea of e m/I ac n h f i i cr / , i t d gr m cordi g to t e ’ an o of c ass c accen a on or ow ogl accord in to c ass c al gy l i tu ti , cp a g l i fl sa But n o r u can b e en for w e . e eas om a c sa s u g le giv ; , h r R i y ’é ’é 6 c vd wvro c vd wvrov and 5 2 71 0 d sk ou n h p g, p , 7 7 5 yy , preservi g t e pl ace of the ccen in the en e no s an n the c an e of uan a t g itiv , twith t di g h g q tity i n the na s a e in the n m n a e a m a es ci t/ 9 537 0: and fi l yll bl , o i tiv plur l it k 9 ’ oc ékw m o n o w the accen ou the as s a e re yy , vi g f r ard t, th gh l t yll bl The ac e of th en is e ue m ains short . pl e ac c t fr q ntly affected by the s n zes s tw o owe - soun s om a c e n a c u ar y i i of v l d , R i b i g p rti l ly ' ’ wr foc a ccl aim ém o ws o n of s c on ac on . s i n b n d he f d thi tr ti Thu q , , a ( ' oo the we s we are ronoun ced in one s a e e a in t k), vo l p yll bl , lik y ’ ’ ard so a sm ocd e ecomes a r s a e and is onounce y , th t b t i yll bl , pr d ' 371 70668 w s in the o e two o s 1 e n as a con sonant , hil t, th r w rd , b i g truly as i s in ar d the ccen n ecessar a s on the na 06 and the y y , a t ily f ll fi l ,

un e and r n em /54 7 06151 62. h u words are prono c d w itte g , T e ro gh

n i s e en re ace as 5c “ - for d i ect : an d breathi g fr qu tly pl d by 7 , 7 m r

s . e n e uen nser e in the m e of o s to re thi 7 , b i g fr q tly i t d iddl w rd , p en the a us e e two ow e s m ee as in 96061 60 M a i / w v t hi t wh r v l t, 7 , a , the om a c or s of z a im M a i a» is s e a e which are R i f m , , ju tly r g rd d h oli amm as representing t e ZE c dig a . What an abridgm ent of the ancien t gramm atical form s has taken place i n Rom aic will appear from the following review 1 The eri ttos llabic no ns of n c en ee a e all but . p y u A i t Gr k h v i n e he acc usa ve ea e and a e wa s . s t disapp r d ; th t thr y Fir t, ti plural of m asculine p erittosyllabi cs has b een m ade the nom ina e o a n ew n o n in th e s t ec en s on so a ns ea 6 tiv f u ﬁr d l i ; th t, i t d of

’ ’é m 6 o vd a 6 f é ovr a 6 Ca mxsd cew o é wv o Co m a om a c as . lp, y p s, R i h p g, y p g, g

econ in e a to fem n ne erittos llabi c s e acc sa e S dly, r g rd i i p y th ir u tiv s n a en en n in 06 has een a o e as the n om n a i gul r, wh di g , b d pt d i f new noun a s in the s ec e ns n so a n s ea tive o a l o ﬁr t d l io th t, i t d ' f m 7 r é v ci om c has um /36a 73 ar g et 7) o a, 7 m, ? A mma ni y mp, R ai n y , M r

Ou wr é a . and m s e en of all i n e y p Thirdly, o t fr qu tly , r gard to erittos llabi cs of a e e en e m n es in for o m e p y wh t v r g d r, di i utiv , f r d 1 1 ROMAI C .

“ fro m the oo e s an e e m es oc ess w c r t, hav uppl t d th ir pri itiv , a pr hi h , s s a is i n s r acco ance w c ass c an lo the be ide th t it t ict rd ith l i a gy, following list will sufﬁ ciently explain

’ m cu b om a c h as Fro y g, R i I G O bidl ov 3¢ , g , ’ sk ug é é k uog 3 51 101 a / or fgyx , yx , 7 96 , Bo ( )

’ ’ dd oc dovo d addy/ ow d a y, n g, ( )

si S I OQ i / or X p, X P , z p ( ) m a wodb m eo / or g, g, w( ) ' ’ Odovr o 36vﬂ ov g, ( )

’ ' 1 a o a xo t a r og % O d TI O V aa , M MM ( ) Many nouns in a s of the ﬁrst declension h ave a p erittosyllabic ' 1 a as « a at e-m a s erm an u a s e wi s 0 ra as / g e an d plur l, k r ﬁ h , pl r l t p e d m , a t n nce a e the m o e n s the n n ouns being pro ou d lik by d r but o ly , ' c m n a erittos llabic en e s n a are a e w n e ers i n lai i g p y g itiv i gul r, f ut a as ar t t a s o a ce c m a e Gr o d rf ov Gw d r ov and a c ass , / , l whi h k u , m , l of a s n n own to A n c 1ent ee as verb l u k Gr k,

t ea / l w a x x/ a r o r n . m d a , 7 p l a g w iti g

i Olﬂ / l L O V sew n . P l / , i g

ee n . X A CZNI/ l/A O V a h ead/ 171. 057 0; w pi g

” owe e ne e m se ea ese erittos llablic en t es H v r, I v r y lf h rd th p y g i iv m the m u s of the eo e and se e a n a e ee s a e fro o th p pl , v r l tiv Gr k h v 2 now m en A s for e fe m ade to m e the sam e ack ledg t . a v ry w ’ em n nes i n 1 as W O N Q mm d l s e om a c en e oe f i i s, , 7 , x r , th ir R i g itiv d s n ot e rom the n om na e e ce n eed w en the na 5 diff r f i tiv , x pt, i d , h ﬁ l v se f I n th e i s dropped in the n om inati e it l . of Q I 3 Z am eli us wol f i s m et h for i W ow s so a s no n m p , n wit , th t thi u ight

I For the reason of ese arent eses enc os n the as s a es see 1 th p h l i g l t yll bl , p . 3 . 2 Man né uns are in fact und ec ned the eo e i n ustra on of w y li by p pl , ill ti hich a n W en the steam r I m ay b e llowed an a ecd ote . h e i n which I returned from reece was os e Me ara a we ed uca ed ree rem ar d f m G Opp it g , ll t G k ke or y infor m a on t a a w ell i s s ca ed c é a b the Me araeans and not w é 3: ov ti h t till ll pe g y g , n7 ( ) h as elsewhere upon which I asked how t e Megaraeans formed the genitive

a of é . fter som e es a on he answered a he was sur i ce e A h it ti , th t e they d d not a ém os and su osed e used ar / « 3 as d o th mm s y ce , pp th y m g , e co on people else i u e v r M a w ere . I t s s as owe e a the e raeans d s en h j t lik ly, h , th t g i p se with the en ve t a i s w a se ara e d es nence for the en ve a o e er g iti , h t , ith p t i g iti lt g th . 3 om e names of aces ad m ed n o our eo ra hi es 'as r o Na ol S pl itt i t g g p T ip li, p i, ' are rea om a c nom na ves of s nd f m T cwol r Neé woxl lly R i i ti thi ki ro e s, s or R omaic - accusa ves for as w b e after ward s rem ar ed the na v of T a om N eatm a .» ti , , ill k , ﬁ l e , i s not pronounced in R omaic . l 2 A ROM I C .

be en as the s ec ens on 7 MM “ s mil es 1 and 71 e n writt of fir t d l i , 3 , i , b i g f ono nce e ac e . But en in the sam e c o ec on o pr u d x tly alik th , ll ti o a son s occ s 7 3 for t 3 e e the n om n ati e in p pul r g , ur 37 3; i 7 73 wh r i v , ' s ea of o n its own as in the c ase of 7r07wg assum es a t d dr ppi g s, , th t of the en e c ea s m e to em ar a n o s an n g itiv whi h l d r k th t, twith t di g a ene a en enc to e u a i n i ts c en s on s Rom a c b g r l t d y r g l rity de l i , i , y the en ess an om a es n a m nu e e am n a on se s dl li that appear o i t x i ti , t l i a l am m a e an ce . oa n d s r n fac owe e s gr r at d fi A br d a t iki g t, h v r, c ontai ned in the statem ent th at the p eritt osyllabic n ouns of n c en e v o m a c A i t Gr ek ha e all b ut disappeare d from R i . For the m eans s n e has een ef ec e ece by which thi ch a g b f t d, pr n de ts of considerable or even high antiquity c an b e adduced . The use of m n es in o m n ot i n sense is c a ac e s c of di i utiv f r , , h r t ri ti all o u a a ec s ness the ous e wifie urn e oa e etc . p p l r di l t , wit h i , , b i , b ti , , f s o e o e an of o S cotti h poetry ; and scholars m ay bec om e . m r t l r t e e a en ce in ma c b cons e n how e a oun in th ir pr v l Ro i , y id ri g th y b d ’ the an c en com e es ar cu a i n the E t r vn of s o anes . i t di , p ti l rly p i Ari t ph ’ en a a n S uid as es not on é é er b ut 39a an d Hes chius Th g i , giv ly p m, y n ot on f é l m i cases a n ew n o n a ly W imp, but M p n both which mi tive i n the first declension seem s to have been form ed from the c cusa e s n u a f bi I n in e 7 1 of a tiv i g l r of a eminine perittosylla c . l ’ the om e c m a as e n n . 4 in M H ri Hy to Venus (No tthi ditio , e s c L ip i ,

“ ” ' ’ A pm 04 W a pdah é g 7 5 doa l r poxoi dwv o mé pnr o:

' W O MZBW canno be om w b vr oxb ut om or d s or oxa dog P t fr p g, p g, b fr w , p ' a i s the ac cusa e 71 has een ass m e as a new th t , tiv plural of p b u d nom na e sin u ar i tiv g l . a in the m os t nc en ee erittos llabi cs e s e som e Th t, A i t Gr k, p y xi t d mes n e the isos llabic o m a so a ea s o m the followm ti u d r y f r l , pp r fr g examples ' ' ' E o é ov . 469 for g w i wr og p g, g , I g g, g

- n e . 28 8 9d o3 vo ut 2. 0 mg, XIII } g

I 42 - - . X 3 ad r u og a r d ov O d S S V . p a e u u og g g , y ’ g g y g p g

9 m é k ov X X . 346 é k w é xwm g 7 g, y y g, y

n u a r eno om a c c n a ns som e anom a es of a e Si g l ly ugh, R i o t i li lik ’l u e s d og B axo é o 2 05 for c wv d cé xwv é nat r , a gx , g g, y g g, 90 3 , gx , g , y n , a x n . 1 ROMAI C . 3

m the ss of the a e and the non- n nc a on 2 . Fro lo d tiv , pro u i ti of the na v in the ac c sa ve ma c n ns e ce t n ose i n fi l u ti , Ro i ou , x p i g th a ou a e e E n s s s an es on one di s nc on s, , h v , lik gli h ub t tiv , ly ti ti of n m c ase i either nu ber . To avoid the hum mi ng soun d of the fi nal V, Rom aic som etim es ass m es a e an 5 b ut o ene c ar in the c se of ne e s u ft r it , ft r, parti ul ly a ut r , l o f r OM V l x b e sa n . o nd e ec s a o e e . a for r j t it lt g th r, yi g, g , fi S , M g ' m O V The n ns ance s of s c m ss on in c ass c G ee are M g . o ly i t u h o i i , l i r k, n s e the a c e and som e n ouns for cco n to fur i h d by rti l pro ; , a rdi g ’ l an the n eu e s vb 3 c wr b 7 057 0 £7625 0 e l -M m us n alogy, t r , , , , , t origi ally ‘ 1 r w d OV ~ ave een f ar 31 a br bv ed r a é nsi vov . a e e hi ll h b , , , , , Th t, how v r, W c

w as e ce ona in nc en ee i s c a ac e s c om a c x pti l A i t Gr k, h r t ri ti of R i , Hence the tran sform ation which dim inutives in t ov h ave under

id: or o ne or etc . see . 11 e n ronounce an d g , ( ), b ( ) , ( p ) b i g p d ’ 1 iBz my W w en 46 o etc . s w as con c e n o as i s ritt 3 , g Fir t tra t d i t , it s ono n ce in s and as i s oun en in i nscri till pr u d Cypru , it f d writt p 1 ti ons of the 2d an d 3d cen turies ; and then the fi n al v w as n o he e len m on un a n dropped accordi g t t pr va t Ro aic pr ci tio . V r s of the a c sa e s n a in i sos The final , characte i tic c u tiv i gul r yl labi cs n een o e a case em a ne un s n s a e , havi g b dr pp d, th t r i d di ti gui h bl i n om a c n n c a on f om the a e and s c c um s n ce R i pro u i ti r d tiv thi ir ta , as also th e id entity of these c ases i n the o lic plural of the first ec ens on c o m om a c h as ese e m a a co n d l i , whi h f r R i pr rv d, y p rtly ac u t om on for the loss of the dati ve . S e c sider th at Rom aic has pre se e the d a e in s c ases as dat m w bg m im e b ut rv d tiv u h phr an , g , th ese rem ains of the dative are in Rom aic mere ad verbial expres

8 10118 .

, The e en e n e of c ns e a n i t is e n dativ , th , b i g l ft out o id r tio , vide t,

e en om the nc en ec ens ns n eu e s e n one v fr a i t d l io , that t r hav o ly distinction of case in either n umber ; an d as respects other om a c n ns e ce n a a s ose in og ou the s m e w R i ou , x pti g lw y th , , a ill appear to b e the c ase from the following paradigm s

n e e - a r t - 9 é ovr - a Si g . d p a 5 y g g 4 3 73; a m A u)

1 ’ i S ee Nos . 5 06 04 of Boekh s co ect on w ere EA sueé w and i A rf , 7 ll i , h e W ri/ o w

occur ns ead of i l sudt t oh and l l n é 7 wm i t p , ¢ y 1 4 ROMAI C .

{pe ep- a yépew - a

wi do ws

-d 5wv

a t ; wi do ug

a zg - c28a 1 g

m en on of the i s m e eca se is an n in All ti dual o itt d, b u it w ti g i as a s l n th om c as t w e E cho a ec . R ai , l o di l t The en e s m c n ns are not far m e n 3 . g d r of Ro ai ou fro b i g e n o one e a n n esu 1s owm to the m erg d i t pr v ili g euter. This r lt g n as on of m nut es in for c e s an e i sos lla i v i di i iv , whi h hav uppl t d y the bi c as well as perittosyllabi c m asc ulines and femi nin es . Of b e f i n an d of the o m e let a e e am es m a o n . 1 1 l tt r x pl y u d p , , f r r, ese s uf ce na ci C1 ov om xd a ﬁo r u / or o m r u bg wn é 51 ov th ﬁ , g ( ) fr g g, g( ) fr g , 7 ( ) ' from v an d ne ax ov om m l f om e m es e en t ou the mye, c d )fr m i S ti v wi h t

’ o m of a m nu e the n e e e m n a on is assume as f r di i tiv , ut r t r i ti d ; Couub v ns ea f Cow/6 () i t d o 5. d 4 . The a ec es i n Rom al c affec o in ec en s on an dj tiv t, b th d l i

com arl son a ea e e u a an in nc en ree . s p , gr t r r g l rity th a i t G k Thu , ’ ins ea of é a g a / d i 06 oma c has s ock o i / GM t d M y , M y n, M7 , R i M y a M a , ' a n suc a ec es as o ow t og gvdo og w c i n Ag i , h dj tiv t p / , g , hi h Ancient Greek d o n ot distinguish the fem inine from the m as c u ne ass m e in om a c the o e em n ne e m n a on o é w n li , u R i pr p r f i i t r i ti gp a , This 71 1s the Rom aic term in ation for the fem inine even

0 w t b i n d 04 17 051 of a ec i es i n o t and ; ure . us n s ea of g dj t v p s p Th , i t d / p M e , 1 9 , and wa l es/ 6 wal l a / ck m a es m bg m m O g, , it k a p , a ph, a p O), 1 and trach ea/ 6 r ock et/ t 7 067x0616 V . I n c om a sons o m a c has g, i, () p ri , R i “ / M r s n} h t e o Mi a e seos in stead of {A i a ; w i r s is m ore comm on than ’ ‘ m u m ; and for xezpwv it has xelré r spog which Hom er him self s in a om a c a so f e uen o m s he es 1 3 . t u Ili d XX . 5 R i l r q tly f r c m a a e reﬁxin vﬁ é ov to the os ve and cons an o p r tiv by p g p iti , it t tly ses the ar c e the bom arative ns ea of the su er a ve u ti l with p i t d p l ti , n nd n esem n in ese es ec s a a a e c . r bli 2g3 both th r p t It li Fr h The on o n s so a f ea e e u a l n om 5 . pr u al f ect gr t r r g l rity R aic than f our o a w i n nc en t ee . s ns e o g om a c A i Gr k Thu , i t ad , n, R i

1 A s a farther example of the Rom aic predilection for regularity in d eelen s ons m a b e m ent oned t a ose fem n ne nouns in a w c in c ass i , it y i h t th i i hi h l ic ree ma e the en t ve i n reserve the vowe of the nom na ve rou G k k g i i m , p l i ti th gh o ut the o ue cases : us oma c has ara “ «14 50 05 not 7 5 36 . bliq th R i g , 12 2 5, ; 2m ROMA IC . 1 5

7 057 0 7 06W 7 057 0 and s m a in the n m n e r . has 9, ) , , i il rly o i ativ plu al But the m ost singular instance is in the secon d personal pro n o n Ga s ai s e n the m c s s es 1540531 u , , d , b i g Ro ai ub titut for 1 3

fi /« 62 m s 627 665 ? The a of 615 was c n? x ? W h ence these for 2, 4 du l a G l ” 5 d e om er Il . 398 ses an o us . 7 1 H ( . X ) u e d for M H r dot (III ) e é a or b d is e e o e o a e a 6979 and c g f a e. It th r f r highly pr b bl th t ,

“ w m 6 021 il c the an c en s m a e se ith the digam a 5 2 , m e, whi h i t ulti t ly u d the u a of the e s na on n are m o e an c en for pl r l third p r o l pr ou , r i t, as e are a so m o e e u a u s of a) at n s a th y l r r g l r pl ral , , tha n g, th nom a o sn ess c e a s a a e o n The e very a l u of whi h b tr y l t r rigi .

en a of all n n s a ec es and onoun s i n o; and g itive plur l ou , dj tiv , pr W co nc es i n o m a c on nc a on the accus e S n , i id R i pr u i ti with ativ i gu lar and is ro a on s ac co n m uc se om e use t an , , p b bly thi u t, h ld r d h the n e s n u a w c co nc es w n o er as I n e c e . g itiv i g l r, hi h i id ith oth acco nce w s en era o se at on e eas om a c has rda ith thi g l b rv i , wh r R i 605 f h en es s n a of a} has n o or t e g itiv i gul r , it special form for t e en ves an d em o s the ac cusa ve ns ea I n h ir g iti plural, pl y ti i t d . 7 00 fo 7 5311 m a fem e m anne 9 i s use r s c . . and n e er w en lik r d , ut , h

7 3 ” e esen s the on o n of the e son . us our ha nd s r pr t pr u third p r Th , , our hand s their hand s w o b e e resse in m a c T ot na y , , uld xp d Ro i , Xe ‘ ‘ a r oc é l a d a r ce 6 r ou M g, x p g, 70 m g , s l an d 6. I nd eclin abilit the n a u a e u m a y, t r l r t ulti te term of

d m n s n and c n fo n i n ramm ca n ec ons has en i i i hi g o u d g g ati l i ﬂ ti , b e ac ua eac e om a c i n some ns an c es n t lly r h d by R i i t . A cien t Greek

had the n ec na e 5971106 for w c om a c uses 7 6252 reﬁxin i d li bl , hi h R i , p g 527 W the c e as the anc en s e e to . B ut es es s arti l i t pr ﬁx d it , b id thi , — — om a c has mi di e e mar t som e and m s or vro§ - who R i v ry ; ; , ,

c a all n ec n a e . A t ou s e a ve fir m?) i s d is whi h, th t, i d li bl , l h gh thi r l ti tin ui shed i ts ac cen ua on rom the a ve arrow — e e et g by t ti f d rb wh r , y

“ i s o a e e rom s a e us as the it pr b bly d riv d f thi l tt r, j t E nglish rela

e who i s e e om the G e m an zoo— e e use s tiv d riv d fr r wh r , d till by the

a in som e ar s of G e m an the o e e a e w lch r vulg r p t r y for pr p r r l tiv e e . The s m e a e has efa en the esen ar c e th a f t b ll pr t p ti ipl , e only c e a c e ese e in om a c all i ts anc en a tiv p rti ipl pr rv d R i , i t inﬂections 1 e n e esen e the ccusa e ra m ascu n e b i g r pr t d by a tiv plu l li . The

1 The read er n h d a will otice t e accor nce of this fact with the alleged d is a earance of all erittos llabics from om a c and pp p y R i , with the m od e of their d sa earance as d es r ed in The f c . 1 0 s ate o th i pp ib p . t e passive participles i n oma c i s ano er on rmat n t ou h R i th c ﬁ io . Al h gh t e aorist tense has been pre 1 G RO MA I G .

n e a n r ) is a m os in the s m e s e for om a c has 7 1 i t rrog tio l t a tat , R i — ‘ ’ ’ — ’ ai m W a o c oc 7 1 vtw m l s om en and er) ocvd d vro: — h t l k ; y j what w ; p m en n ffe en . But for s an n en e n s what , i di r tly thi a ci t pr cede t i ’ ' alleged i n the 7 64 r“ ? for f ol vi va of Aristophanes ( E lp77vn Qém 7 . es ec to e s the c on a ion in has e n os With r p t v rb , jug t W b e l t, ' ’ f 7 29 l cc bi vw d of M e n used or , for n and so on in e c ases . b i g m g g / , oth r M n e s eser e the m e sense n ne the u u e an d a y v rb pr v iddl , but o f t r a s s m e the on ens es ec l a a o ce the en e ori t iddl , ly t p u i r to th t v i ; tir optative an d inﬁnitive m oods have been lost of the imperative only the s econ d persons rem ain ; the subjunctive i s fre quently c n oun e the n c e an d in the en e a n the o f d d with i di ativ ; , g r l rui of nc en e the n enses sa e are the esen m e fec a i t v rb, o ly t v d pr t, i p r t, nd aor s e and as a c s e . i t, a tiv p iv The a oss of the o a e and n n e an d the e en tot l l pt tiv i ﬁ itiv , fr qu t use the n c e for the s nc ve in om a c are e a s of i di ativ ubju ti R i , p rh p partly owing to the obliteration of wh atever differen ce once

e s e e ween st 7 an d at i n on n c on . e e oo s xi t d b t , 7, pr u iati Who v r l k through the paradigm of rem embering that i t of the indi c e and n n ve 7 of the su un c ve an d o: of the o a e ativ i ﬁ iti , 7 bj ti , pt tiv , nea 2000 e s a o cam e to be so un e a e the ee s rly y ar g , d d lik by Gr k , all of em as ee in s ee and n o ces ho w o en the co es ondi n th , ti ft rr p g parts in these four m oods thus pronoun ced sound alike to the ear the on e of an e a e eo e e i ts d ue e , ly guid illit r t p pl , will giv w ight s u om a on n s m an e am es of at to thi s ggestion . R ic c tai y x pl wh strange m etam orphoses the ear permits when unguided by a T us u os n v of the a c e in W ir n o e e e e s . s k wl dg of l tt r h , pp i g rti l " " M o w to b e on to the o e n ame the eo e n ow c a I d as e l g pr p r , p pl ll e , ’ ’ ’ " N65 Nm oc zoc I %oc ioo l o I c The so s e sa for and for e. m al o th y y p p , N g s am e c u on a ea s in s m e com m n no n s as var Lo; for orr pti pp r o o u , / (firm s an d vom oxbpl g a o se o e for 51x0x6rf 0 g exam es w c , ( h u h ld r) ( ) , pl , hi h ’ ” avb o 7 50 04 0 1 ocee n on a m f 1 . . rec all Ho er s l / g or 7 1 ; ( II Pr di g u n a the n a N of the con a s os on i . su os tr ry pp iti , . e , pp i g th t i iti l o e n am e ea e on e to the a c e e e the eo e pr p r r lly b l g d rti l pr ﬁx d, p pl ’ ‘ ” - a é vrocm o A I C4 E ma ” d o d N . have m ade E , an d x ; out of N i ; an s A similar illustration i s afforded by the whole class of Rom aic verbs

ed in the ndi at ve and u unc ve moods et the aor s ar c e as serv i c i s bj ti , y i t p ti ipl , erittos llabic has been os w ereas a ou the erfec nd cat ve ass ve p y , l t h , lth gh p t i i i p i

‘ h s b een os its ar c e bein isos llabi c rema ns a l t, p ti ipl , g y , i ,

1 8 A I ROM C .

re uen t se and cor es n to the en c c e a and ar f q ly u d, r po d Fr h l , , ea respectively After all these deductions the reader will perhaps b e surprised to ﬁ nd the Greek typ e so very rec ognisable i n th e following ’ om a c o e s a en om M. S o oc es es om a R i pr v rb , t k fr ph l Chr t thy, 1 6 p . 5 . l K ocM ell/a l wi w 1 . ) y e h n 1 . urs is a onn e e p ( e ) O b i brid , ’ ' a v s t/ : rf g ovo i a o ocGr . on she s u M , a p ly q ints . 2 ’ K i n / ow £ é w o e 2. a a ep a g x 2 . Better a wise enemy than s ' wa d 5 O U M M r a C P Q s g. a foolish frien d ‘ ’ 0 1 wal l a) m ccﬁoxv oci b l T 3 . oo m an c a t ins o n 3 . e p y p a f u der “ ’ / f m f our r o aa ocCl . he S g p t hip .

1 The present ind icative of the Romaic substantive verb is formed as in the mar n on the t f m caw ex e t i n h gi , ype o a , c p t e third person singular of

num r a 27m : o d n both be s . Th t sh ul b e b oth si gular and plural is no 57m ; greater blemish i n Romaic th an was i n ancient Greek the id entity of

se th e ”. the ﬁrst p erson singular and third p erson plural in the imperfect active ’ ’ En ds r s 27 m : i ver h em i n } h of ve b in w . This s y like t e Doric for or t e ’ ' ’ "’ Em u on c i w w c s ood f Eww w d fevsm In he om ound s em a or ot an . t c I i , hi h t b h p ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ f — — ﬁ — cit som e i e em ere are who and Mor e som e m es ew Br e there , , th , ti , ' are mes w en 3w i s used in the s m e su s an ve sense as also i s b (ti ) h , i pl b t ti , it y od o us v w ere s eak n m e of E rec eus h sa Her . of the e t e s t ( iii h , p i g t pl h h , y ; 2 ’ 2» 7 4 37 min 7 5 m 240 1 05 0 7 05 Ew I n rd of r ; . Rom aic the last wo this ph ase would ‘ m u b e written E . But it was not always so written in PtochO prod ronl os it ’ ’ ‘’ ‘’ ‘ ”’ urs und er the forms eu é vs é m é v af rward s was wr t en em and the occ , , , te it i t , ’ ’ m form e is s reserved on the s ores of the ac S ea and in som e s and s . till p h Bl k , i l ' The on remnan of the c ass c i “) i s in the r t s i t whi c the m tar ly t l i n , by h ili y

uard in reece add resses the asser- b after n fa and to w c m us g G p y ight ll , hi h t b e answered n oel-55 °

2 " E va and s for m and i s r a m re he r m t ve f rm of th ; st , p ob bly o like t p i i i o e d na un how e se can the o ue cases b e ac un ed for and the at n car i l it l bliq co t , L i a nus i s the Roma c nd e n e art c e and as in the He en st c d a ec It i i ﬁ it i l , ll i i i l t,

d . 1 xix 1 6. i s often equivalent to the in eﬁnite m S ee Mat . viii . 9 . 3 ‘ The classical read er will be shocked to ﬁnd m ens construed with the nomi

”

na ve ns ead of the accusa ve accord n to c ass c usa e after com ara ves . ti , i t ti , i g l i g , p ti e ess r s o e uses m s w c om a c could not b e ex ec ed to ee d is Neverth l A i t tl e , hi h R i p t k p ’ W a ac it h ward n from nstead of . I n his rea se on an s oo . c . 2 o s ti ct e , i T ti Pl t , b k ii , t ’ ’ ' ' he ase m cw sué’ev n ot ) x v mi rt e ov o é Cmeew J dat w 7 3 J ua n 1 7 0 s . . f i s t r the end o it, ph , e e u ; 36 ’ tr a d 7« s me t? i s no d oub m 5 to w c "m l” 7 ; corres ond s in ce 5 Thi e t e , hi h . p 5 n ree . oma c has a so “ 0 w c i s er a s a m s ronunc a on Mod er G k R i l 6 , hi h p h p i p i ti i m s s nce m an sa m n e for m i n » and so on . of e , i y y , 4 ’ o i auv for w vt w m a om a c contrac ion not more v o en an the anc en n y y , R i t i l t th i t ” ” ’ i a m i h t t v of and ossess n the same recom one of m into m y n t e op a i e p i g I 1 9 ROMA C .

' ’ ’ l 1, 0 (St ait on : 31a dé v e el 4 The e has n o s 4 . . ; 7 x , d vil goat , ’ vr m tortill as xa ) r e } e ot e he so c eese . p ( ). yet ld h 2 ‘ ’ s 1 n a o evou eof th n e E 9 5 . I n the o s 5 . pw a h u e ha g d ’ ’ e p/ vi ocva é on m en n a e . x p pyg. d t tio rop ” ’ h o / av 6 a i o v h e of A 08 u 6. n oo t e e 6. y x p g , Do t l k at t th ' f 1 r oe d6vw oc ar 7 5 Cl e/7 7 . a s g h i 7g gift hor e .

K ei t h 3 5: E ia has s his 7 . X 7 . very l r al o

m e) M‘ y d r u oﬁ r ev . n ss M p p wit e . " 0 7 mm liar / noel s w) oe e has een n 8 . ; ( g) ? a 8 . Wh v r b bur t ' f EO TOV vad e: z oo) r b x hov. w the hot o s the c o . Z , e p ith , bl w ld too ‘ Hi ra v dared dsv 7 06 21 7 ) h 9 . 9 . h a n ee ou m n t e 7 7 5, W t d y i d, if " ’ ’ a ewe/ ci gar av xa fsr o u pie you don t eat should be burnt ? "

. E va r exb 7 91 ia r et 1 oo ows s one 10 g p g 5570 (n ) 0. A f l thr a t ’ 6 8 w ll a ns er 6 r d ar / ai d 7 Exa m n o the e and b un i w m e i t w ll, a

m end ation a name of d m n s n the s b an sound s w c in ree , th t, ly, i i i hi g i il t , hi h G k, as i n E n s are ra er a und an oma c uses t s erm na on am for gli h, th b t . R i hi t i ti , , mm f h un w arn nd a ve o t e subj ctive as well as for of the i ic ti . 1 ’ not i s a runca on of ouBEy w c even c ass c wr ers som e mes , t ti , hi h l i it ti " used ad verb a ns ead of at om 503211 e the E n s no n in the rase i lly i t , lik gli h thi g ph ”

no n oat . In the ex rac s ven at . 43 44 w b e found fre thi g l h t t gi pp , , ill ’ Bev quently used for . 2 ’ 8 4 for i v S u s o ur d n ee e . 2 0 , , cc s in the lower Al exan ria Greek . L k i ; xi . 7 . 3 Romaic uniformly neglects the red uplication in the perfect participle p as

’ - ww w «faa im ” m E v r on now m he at n ho tiu . e e s , , fro t L i sp i y k that Latin word s were no strangers to the Alexand rian dialect : witness the ' ' ' ”E en s 75 00 0 7 40 3494 o er/ 302 1 0 9 q fr xo w €l 7u ov f h N w es amen t etc . o t e e . v , , 6 , s, ¢e y , T t 5 in s and the fo ow n roverb i s for s w c or o ra h is thi ll i g p , a , hi h th g p y ob served in rov. 2 Con r h ra d r d in 1 2 . ar to t e enera c ce esc e . 3 p t y g l p ti ib p , R om aic word s sometime assume a ﬁnal E xamples will b e found b elow in the ex rac from Ptocho rod rom os rofessor oss eard in C rus 7 0 0 7 09 t t p . P R h yp \ ’ I “ w a n ” ns ead of r« oan an. S ee his rave s in the ree s ands vol. i v. , i t t l G k I l , 2 1 0 p . . q 6 This truncation of i t ; before the arti cle has given rise to a whole class of m o a c ro er names . rofessor v l 41 f his rave s m n o oss o . . 1 o e n R i p p P R ( i p . T l ) ti s ' ‘ ’ ' a monaster in er os ca ed t e 2 w av B m ecause S teer. V r eeszn . . o a y S iph ll , , n , b f nei our n foun a n and vol. 4 a a n in mor os ca ed ta ghb i g t i ; ( ii . p . 3 ) pl i A g ll S ’ ‘ Hor 2 w) X u w o t. e. from ere av n form er een a v a e u on it y , , e o), th h i g ly b ill g p . To t s ronunc a on Cons an no e owes its ur s nam e for the ur s hi p i ti t ti pl T ki h ; T k , ’ - ear n a «ii SE a ou d und o em embolee fre uen i e. s w so S te t . t h i g Q), , it l th , q ly in the mou s of the ree s w reference to Cons an no e m a ned t at th G k ith t ti pl , i gi h 20 ’ RO MA I G .

t ’ ’ l dw t w di v T v s C t O U l/ ’ mp y n yo Z dred wise m en (ICIl t take it M um). o ut

ou M o k 1 1 . O vr e.m de W o 1 1 e ( m) " . Wh re you hear of many ' A da xs ctova Cal re a Cotor a s c e es c e e p , d ( Z) h rri , arry th r a sm all

?) ma a no d . a m p b sket . ’ 2 r A 0 da oz ak e /O M a . 13 oc s r 1 TW O 1 2 y p h s 2 . donkeys quarrelled

’ ’

e ce v al va . m a s an e a n g m x p tr g b r . 4 " Mé r oc an“ m oi a t r s Meas u 1 3 . e ten and c p , p , r , ut (75671 7 2) 5 (a i / 8 Mxov vbv e/ aura 1 4 1 4 . ee a o in r . r d pe M , F d w lf winte , ‘ voc at r d xa k oxcﬁsf z. he eat ou in m m M y, p will y su er .

a mh l to be the nam e and ca ed as t e d o s l S t oz l. I n m uc the sam e , ll it, h y ti l, h wa Bou a nv e av n as ed th e n at ves of a the nam e of t e r s and y g i ill , h i g k i T hiti h i i l , ” and ear n em sa (l a t if e it is a t im i ed the w o e an t h i g th y, T hi i, T hi i, ag n h l

swer to b e the nam e and ca ed O a e e . , ll it t h it 1 Km i s a favourite R om aic termination for verbs : thus i t has and 021 21 4336. - - for v eto m and em ote m b u even the anc en s h ad (r i e as we as r vi e w t i t ec t ll e . 2 m en on a h ca ed drag and enaeus boo vii r s o e s . A i t tl ti fi s ll ; Ath ( k p . ’ ' ' 0230 11 s ea n of sa s Zros 5v m l é ovm w e; . The Cretans now ca a fish p ki g it, y , 7 ll , ' h a ea é a a a - fi h i m a n t e sam e . e. ss s f r w c ave ee t . s ere o e hi h y h b , y g d e m, , It th ro a a was an nc ent vu ar nam e for dims and ence the oma c p b ble th t a i lg , h R i

aida o g/ e g. 3 b orrow n erm nat ons from the anc1ent rs aor s om a c d st n By i g t i i ﬁ t i t, R i i i ui sh erson n u r fr m th rd ers on r f i s m g es the ﬁrst p S i g la o e thi p plu al o t i p erfects .

For exam e E é k om v i s the t rd erson ura of the m erfec of a aé vw pl , h hi p pl l i p t p , m i l e e nse n nﬂec d a in he m r n The om a c ao r s i s E the te bei g i te s t a gi . R i i t

i é l ov d in h am e wa n t e se in rov 2 1 ns ad of es nﬂec e t e s : e ce . e a i t y h h , p , i t

e Tl/ea ger. This mod e of d istinguishing the ﬁr st person singular from i u oek dva sv the rd erson ura i s m ent oned E ustathius on the autho l ﬂ— thi p pl l i by , E a atvsa s r t of Heraclid es a av n r v in a s e a ed C c a . e 1 75 9 h i y , h i g p il ili i At p g ‘ i i l om v of hi s Comm entar on Homer E us athi a K a i 5. E M Z ov m y , t us s ys : m Z

' ’ ’ i " i ' ‘ f - 7 s; i v l xm e . om oé a A o r sg we 9 rea l ar a s 1 951 7 5 7 d a en d» i t 6 05 ” d k a q , p 5 f ce s 6 76 gb ' t : - w s ow o u gl a fia l e/ ow e; zea l t m / a m e} 32 «r eaffirm » wande rs m a 21 a v A ri / ow es ew e , g a e c , ; a , ’ aé oum 7t h . K oraes asserts a 51 » t a s é m fia v, E w é l w m and he e y th t , e m , w , t lik , occur iii the e tua n S p gi t .

1 - ' Mes at as from s v ai w ns ead of er to) o i n A uvré wou s rov. 2 2 as from e , M g i t h e ; p , -t A ug a o a “ ns ead of A ue é t m . s i s the Dor fe m i t f Thi ic pre rence of a so conspicuous ‘ ' f in oma c . I n th e s and of K a mnos a c a e of S t r A zac R i i l ly , h p l I ene i s called y i 1 4” and 3r7 s i s ronounced 306 4 05 . In e m anner m n 6 : m p 2 lik , a y Rom aic participles

fo m d a if fr m r i w a r é v are r e s o a p esent n e ; thus n h s os and Bsxé pcevo; are us ed

2 44 5 11 0 Be é a for 9 44 ; and x y sv g. 5 s a / s i h ao for é é x/ ov s t e r . m er . a format on of w e l i p g I , i hich there are ex ’ in Homer as ofa e in am es d s xx . 48 1 . pl , O ys .

q 1, 1 1 ’ I O m J r « : e est er nu x z c eo v w e our s 33. rea l r u y e ” , g M RO AIC . 2 1

" ’ 1 O r a v A a M Dv A ccl ai m oz 1 5 . W en the . c ow s c aw 5 . ( ) h r ,

1 « h n xopoi xo: (5 9157 011 1 r ot t e ightingales ﬂee away.

’ ’ cendowa .

0 67 2 6 wr w b 1 6. e e the m an 1 6. ( x g), N ith r poor , ' n or his w ur s 2. d r o . o o o w. ord ” had 1 0 7 1 57 9 8u a 1 7 . the old om n 7 . , 96 (7 p ) What w a

’ ’ ‘ o’ 7 17 vod v 7 0 “gl am em. in her m n she s aw in her 6 mg, g i d

’ l eam . Ove pov mg. dr e[ ’ e 1 O oo 576041 wai l/ 7 a oral/ 1 8 . o e e ea ou ar 8 . g , ( m) H w v r gr t y ,

f ai n/av 2 06) R O ear l W a a xd r w a s seem a e less . p M/ p . alw y littl ’l l 1 T oc h o ov r ?) wk wt é vov 1 9 . The a e o se em 9 . y ny / f g ll d h r tr

es en he sees the sa e . dr a w w l el a f sL et . i d y, p / bl wh ddl

' ’ ’ ’ O Ma o w ll o ws o ocx v 20. The w e s in the 20. ; 5 i a Z n olf d light

f a i er s o m . x p o u. t r

" 9 B a tles v vb a é vr é ea ne o n a e 2 1 . e y a g, p I l r d (to g ) k d,

a o t a : é vdv A é vo and am s am e to esse . r / g. a h d ( go) dr d ’ ’ ‘ m n Mr A ve eoo u m xa Ca c v 22 . n the se 22 . } a Do t pity hor a

n r I 1 us his e an . m e; (07 1) apaa cvr a t r oe woda pza bec a e fe t h g

’ - f 2 e on u e the ea 2 T dV w l d r v vbv Er r ofloa v 3 . 3 . x p n a f Th y h o r d p ’ ’ ’ 4 x sm san and he o e ea e fvog da fifio§ d s 7rd}; (37 1 r ow t, th ught th yf r d ’ - 5 oCoi7vq ocv him . gD . ' He i s n 24 . O vroi7 era/ Vets: are t ar t ar. fi rs: 24 . a/ ( ) who hu gry

eam s of eces . psdsr a l . dr pi

1 u a k a/ aw 1rratlonal Th or e i s so ca ed as e n the nob es of the y , . e h s ll b i g l t - d om est ca ed n m I n m anner wee su ds, W n ed is the om a c nam e a a s . e i t i l lik , i g , R i for the co ck . 2 W l n w i vav the red u l ca on from M un / } a erf. art. ass w ou g , y y , p p p , ith t p i ti , KW

om a d v arx R ic eri ative from wy t . 3 a éxa v from a n sella L ti . 1 i f ure ver s i s ex b i n Th ind e. o ted e oma c forma on of the m erf. R i ti . i p p b hi i “ Q c N tw ed/ f ar the t wo word s e a a r and E ppw ﬁ . 5 N 0 single word could better illustrate the variety of gramm atical forms ’ i n om a c an s s nce accord n to M . o oc es rammar R i th thi i , i g S ph l g (p . i ¢a€ - ~ oflvrf o i t m t ave een wr t en in ﬁve d fferen wa s as in the — igh h b i t i t y , o§9 m v m ar n W ou o n to reece an one m a und ers an gi . ith t g i g G y y t d that ' — ’ w:3 vm v ese var ous forms ar rov nc a sm s and a M o th i e p i i li ; th t . S phocles — ' —1 5wr ecv work consequently appears to his countrym en exactly as would w f1w o to an E s m an a ramm ar ex t n a on w the E n ngli h g hibi i g, l g ith glish ’ of the educa ed a co ec on of the d a ec ca ecu ar es from and t , ll ti i l ti l p li iti L s E nd ’ ’ ‘ ' ’ to o n o roa s u The read er w serve a V a obrn oGoUvm v J h G t Ho se . ill Ob th t ép and ¢ are unau men ed i a r fr u n om n w c s ve e e ss o in R ma c . g t , hi h y q t i i o i RO MA I C o

' “ ‘ n ot) w é m m r a 2 5 . ere are o o n 2 5 . g ) u , q m Wh , y g i g H ok ur exvim re b (mi n bad luck ? To the house of the genius :

1 1 5.3 a H 2 6. O W are o 2 6. ; y ur children " ‘ “ r ot W a l d/oi oov O d ov way re é aov e n on c ow ? A s e et ; , g tti g , r th y g

sou / oom on the et ac e . “ pZ , y g bl k r

( 3 1 7 051 5: 77 7 06 6 2 7. The a o i s f 2 7 . cwr 7 ( i p m g, t il r at ault, ‘ z nou dé vovv m e/ and e ea the o d o w co . p ” y p . th y b t k

” ’ a f 2 E m cs ro é h cwrb w 28 . He c a t the eel 8 . x ay ugh by

ob ci v. h a p t e t il . 3 l : 1 He w s es to 2 (ais e 102 r t 29 . w the 9 . ) i h dra ' d am) will r p zn mv at 7 05 m ags serpent out of its h ole with the ’ an) fool s hand .

es es c en o er s e the a ove the K e c and o B id urr t pr v b lik b , l phti p p d lar son s w e e th n f l r n in the a o s en su es the g , h r e wa t o ea ni g uth r r ea e a ai ns e an a a so b e e en e on as a u r d r g t p d try, m y l d p d d f ithf lly e esen n the s he a a o s o m s o en a ec s . t on e r pr ti g p k di l t But l g b rb r u p , w ic o m the es of om a c li teratui e a n een w en h h f r r t R i , h vi g b ritt m en of som e e ca on are all m o e or ess i n the m ac a n c by du ti , , r l , ro i s t e n d a e e ence e e o e c nno be m c rece e . yl , th ir vid , th r f r , a t i pli itly iv d ” In the ole o mena to vol. of his K oraes es a s pr g ii . A m xm , giv li t of su c oe s h r m A . D m e nn n ose of Ptoc o rod o os . h p , b gi i g with th p (

om c as e n the ear es an e ac i s su o ne . fr whi h, b i g li t, xtr t bj i d

1 ' W ai els wai st wa . uc transform a ons are m et w in all o u y , s, g} S h ti ith p p lar d a ec s ramm ar n T rent n s om ed in the ro i l t . G ia s tell us th at the a i e itt 7 p nunciation of as d o the inhab itants of Rhod es and the neighbouring s and s to t i l his d ay . 2 Bé uow Bé oum m v on in p for p . The ZE olic termination e i s a fa ourite e R0 m a c : us nstead of w and m a has oé vw and i th , i Me y , it ( e 3 ‘ H r voe m e e w the su unct ve re resen s the os n n ve . (E cono os ith bj i p t l t i fi iti , i n his wor on the ronunc at on of ree states t a the n n t ve i s s k p i i G k, h t i fi i i till reserved in C rus and on the s ores of the ac S ea and b e ins ances p yp , h Bl k ; t ’ w b C é a u b w cowm t as exam es . s owever m a b e a m ere var e e e i , e x , pl Thi , h , y i ty ’ '' in the ronunc a on of the su unc ves w b C s q w b wwo . all events p i ti bj ti e g é g, e x y At , rant n at in C rus and on the s ores of the ac S ea the n n ve g i g th , yp h Bl k ; i fi iti survives incer ain phrases (as i n these same parts the ancien end ing of the t ‘ t

r sent nd . a oum v v d nd ven the Dor c for e c ct. has een reser e a e p i i ( ) b p , i it is m ost certainly obsolete i n the Rom aic d ialects generally ; nor ‘ v t e an reater em s an the ons an recurrence of voz w ch e r h a e h y y g bl i h th c t t , hi th i mod e of supplying the want of the inﬁnitive necessitates . 2 RO MAIC . 3

A few words regarding the au thor are premised to render his

e ses m e n e and ess u n n e es n . v r or i telligibl , l i t r ti g 2 in the His personal hi story is an exempliﬁcation of prov . 5 f r he w as m n s f ol vr e vfr ns o e above collec tion ; o a o ki h x , who wr t o n amma s o s as n m and eo o an d gr r, hi t ry, philo ophy, tro o y, th l gy, a too i n o e e an ne ee et so oo he o n th t, , t l rabl Byz ti Gr k, y p r that f u d occ s on to n e two a c ca om c em s on e o n his o e a i i dit f r i l R ai po , p v rty,

’ or as he m o e ee n c s his n e and n e on his , r f li gly all it, hu g r, a oth r hard ea m n i h m n I n he s he esc es n ot n e n t e s e . t tr t t o a t ry ﬁr t, d rib o ly his n e the e e en s to c e him and the hu g r, but xp di t whi h it drov , e e s s es ed a he had not een e a a e a s oe r gr t it ugg t th t b br d b k r, h m a e s ee - c e or n ee an n e n a sc o k r, a tr t ri r, , i d d, ythi g rath r tha h lar ; and in the s econ he esc es not on his own t ea m ent d, d rib ly hard r t i n the m on s e also the his s e o s s a n a t ry, but luxury of up ri r , di pl yi g an ac a n ance c o e - o n om enc e w c an ac qu i t with o k ry b ok latur , hi h com s e ourm et m be an d c em s us to pli h d g ight proud of, whi h t pt suspec t that he was n ot him self a m an to rest c ontented like a o s n w t th m s m n ese e s e o and a e . go d Chri tia , i h i pl t f od r i t Both th c m a n s are a esse the 3d mnen s and the n o pl i t ddr d to Co u , followi g co e in on em e s hi s upl t h our of that p ror will how that, with all s c o an d c en ea n n the o o e nne id not se h ol kit h l r i g, po r F r ru r d ri a e his a e in es ec of men a c an s bov g , r p t t l ulture d ta te .

" ’ ’ ' O ur wg r uyxd vezg Ma vovﬁk 0sog sm y swg 7 s ' ‘ ' H a A CocoMsU vroo cc ooc ctvr oc m /r / p p i x e.

s Man e ou chance be a od on ea Thu , u l, y to g rth, ” E mm n e k n of n s e ce n - ﬁ v a u l, i g ki g , x pti g forty e .

’ E a ccvm vré vr'e p i s also the present pronunciation of r ed d a pci xovm

s n m e e n n b ? i n ee and ese e e s Thi u b r b i g writte 1 Gr k, th l tt r

n e e and e e to M a vow l m a i n T t/ ” M l i v rt d pr ﬁx d l k g ro i , the wretch ed an d irreverent enigma i s explain ed .

The o lo n e ac is o m the em on his n e and f l wi g xtr t fr po hu g r, es c es ac ca o d rib a pr ti l j ke . It would appear that the fam ily of Ptocho rod r m p o os were as much disapp ointed as him self at the

u n o uc e ness of his earn n and at en e pr d tiv l i g l gth, th ir disappoint

m en in sse n o n na on on e d a on a n hi s s t hav g pa d i t i dig ti , y t ki g u ual ace at e th o ow n scene o pl tabl , e f ll i g c curred as if by concert am ong the others 24 ROMAIC .

’ ' ’ ‘ ’ E xe7voz 8 é sw d oa v K é ow e d w a ww i ﬁ n , y g a p g

’ ’ ‘ Ma ddy noel - wad oopyoc ZZeoe 7 0630 BlewExam r dqrov ' ' ’ ' ’ ‘ H a woi oct A oor mo sfoecl r é ee rev é o wr ov oeu g, yp / / g p g

’ ’ M v Gké vr r o cwrocm v a dé t 97606: d z) Bi ds ” 57 0° fi pg, M g, ’ m ‘ ’ ‘ A v de wewo oc é ocoe oot oor mé z oo) oc s . fig, y p , w / m , p y ‘ ' ' - ‘ ofu m 5s vr e t Cocoflxsf) owrct vr wv h e o é vwv T p c a , , y y , ° - O xo€ w mfé g é yfver ov yer 57 mg £ 1 ; 7 6act s ' ‘ ai vre s Eouxé d oa v EDu / ov m e or i z e K oo) W ; n , g Q m , ‘ 37 1 re e eeri e / v ve r e0 art/f c g i n,

‘ ‘ oo r o work er/ by 7 mm) oad océ w L é vov. y p n , p / ’ ’ ' ' ’ a f E cb d 03 é if ov xi i 14 8 1101) r e 6154t 7z7xsv ov cmrci xw 7 5 p / , p , ‘ ﬁ u o’ ukk o so’ dw 7 m) 21 re ev voﬁv ou h é w Hpga /m i , g y y ' ’ ’ ‘ 0 1 m £7 0) r ev EM y o w O u 610665 51g A ci puy c/ ci oou ;

’ ‘ 752 w l ccoé x zrf ov 920i? el l cwél wvri o w i y p g p , " ’ ' r u 5 1 s L em v Ha); bvrép My ov gpspe 9 cw w v g / .

‘ r oc 62 K e/ a w Coco/ 7x95 w l o u o wx a r ooc T ocii g , , i d p p ﬁ g, - l € ’ ' ’ ’ f H c u v E I Q sl g no ov i Mow pg , m M XP p l ,

” from o - Meadow ai / 05 5102 9 0 5 K orae s, W se A r o ma w V 0] . 1. . 1 0 V er . 2 . m 2 ; h , p ,

ed can m a e no n of t s rase . A mean n has been the text is copi , k thi g hi ph i g es 2 he rans at on . m a er a s the Dor c 7 35 0 e n often supposed to it in t t l i , p h p i 4 , b i g

3 40 8 us 2 a: is ronounced 5 and E e els 5 4 55 . substituted for : th , 2 p , x p , x p ” - ’ H e means a r es but Haze a the m v a rf ov y ou i s R o om o e . V 3 , ; ; er . p i t, p p

0 1 the rec roca ronouns are so form ed a i s to sa maic for 7 8060 7 1 . All ip l p ; th t y, ersonal ronouns the ar c e n u ed n ca for the genitives of the p p ( ti l bei g s e cliti lly rd erson are a end ed to a n u ar case the pronoun of the thi p ) pp masculine si g l r x 305 0 7 30 w the art c e e ed . of , ith i l p ﬁ of un nown d er va on corres ond s w t the anc en «L 4 . , V er . k i ti p i h i t 57m ; i h J a e e u va en to n t e rev ous ne. , q i l t p i li ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ' e na « O z é n or x é w n . R omal c has a num er of suc com ound s V er . 7 . , v b h p ,

' ‘ f om x é sr oa o m am somew ere m z s som e in reference to numb er é , som e as , h , , p , t To all t ese Ptocho rod romos re xe 5 w i c uan . s in reference to q ti y h p p ﬁ , h h rs to b e 055 i the sense it ears in the nc en ree rase K oraes consid e , n b A i t G k ph , ' ' ‘ ‘ “ « a za voa we f é m u. n us of re uses for and the au or o vﬁe; a; r pm z Apollo i Ty y c th n t ed Hi stor o A lexand er the G r ea t 21 ; e we for the sam e a the p oem e ti l y f , w , ’ o K ra u o S ol of ro a t t o es s s t on ee v . . comparison giving som e p b bili y pp i i . i

’ - ' E i uw ov and u é m v in ne 1 5 are exam es of the ass um ed A q a m a . 1 6 . c , p 7 y a , li , pl

a accord n to w a i s s a ed in no e . 1 9 . ﬁn l v, i g h t t t t p - a A sa ” m ans o et er w t the ad o n n s d es or r s . V r 1 1 . c e e . m p , t g h i h j i i g i ib ‘ am d for the re a ve as i s w win the uotat on from Homer r 1 . use V e . 3 l ti , q i ,

and w in a from Herod o us in note . 1 8 . The ar c e is con p . 7 , ; th t t , p ti l ’ used i n E w7 5x l frog t a famous oma c oem w c stantly so p p h t R i p , hi h ’ some have called The P eep le s Homer .

2 (3 ROMAIC .

But rs set at the ab e our cat ﬁ t I t l , a e m ascr e the d am a e Th t th y ight ib g to it . oon all in the an r a ered a a n S p t y g th g i , A nd see n the cat on the a e , i g high t bl , rew s ones at it sa n : L et b e lled Th t , yi g it ki , ’ n - Si ce it ate our wondrous p owd er d rump piece .

’ The above i s probably a fair spec1m en of the m ediaeval scholar s ff- an e I n se e a a c a s i s s n u s e om o h d Gre k . v r l p rti ul r it di ti g i h d fr h h n t e e a ec . The ea e is not to s se for ex t vulgar di l t r d r uppo , am e ec se the ne a e 60 is c on s n se in the o e pl , b au g tiv ta tly u d ab v ’ ” e ac a 5s ? was n n o n i n the m e Ptocho r d romos xtr t, th t u k w ti of p o ; } for occu s e sew ere in his oem s as d o the m e c mm on it r l h p , all or o e e f n m a m e m es h c a s o Mo e o c . n ee p uli riti d r R i So ti , i d d, e bar b rises e n om n n 6011 M e n c c s . a e . and b yo d od r R ai , o trui g, g , with the cc sa e e eas m c now d s enses em a o a u tiv , wh r Ro ai i p with th lt e e g th r . I n the a e and i n c c sm s of m a c is c m re bov all riti i Ro i , it o pa d ’ with classic Greek ; but it is now tim e to obser ve that this is unfairly com p arm g the worst Greek of t o -d ay with the best of an a n n e e n c ass c o s m the anc en tiquity . H vi g i h rit d o ly l i w rk fro i t ee s we are a t to a e for n e ha Gr k , p t k gra t d t t c ass ca and to ou the s ence am on l i l, d bt exi t g vulgar dialect considerably different from those polished ones th at a e com e o n s ence m a c is ene a cons e e h v d w to u . H Ro i g r lly id r d to b e a co u on the A e an r n c w e e s its e a rr pti of l x d ia A tti , h r a pr v il i n t e i s not c but A eolo—o c es es ul a ec s g yp Atti D ri ; b id , v gar di l t are not n to er e om an o s e an e om wo t d iv fr y p li h d l guag , but fr n n H w s s n h esen o e a other . o ab urd would it b e to repre e t t e pr t ’ Y orkshire as a corruption of Addison s E nglish ! The m Xork s e and e a ec s e s e e o e c s c E n s c s hir oth r di l t xi t d b f r las i gli h, whi h i .

an m ro em en on t em not e co on of . I n i p v t up h , th y a rrupti it

~ " e m ann e a h oma c not recede classic ee lik r, lthoug R i did p Gr k, som e popular dialects must have both preceded and accompanied the c ass ca nes and o m a c so as n e s om n l i l o , R i , far it i h rit fr a tiquity at all n e s not m the o she e c s c we no , i h rit fro p li d dial t whi h k w, ’ b ut from these p opular ones which we d on t know A s a m ore d etailed i nves ti gati on of this point will throw some light on the s o of om c the o w n o se a ons are ffe e hi t ry R ai , foll i g b rv ti o r d E ven m not sa of e an ee tim e although Ho er had id Cr t Gr k, 2 ROMA IC . 7

5 57 70 w l é d m E /« LS it m be sa e assere e o e y M I WA M, ight f ly t d that, b f r

n w as cu a e e e e a e an a y Greek dialect whatever ltiv t d, th r pr v il d s so in e e case m m er1 se a e in the s o en lan a e . i i _ _ _ v ri ty p k gu g It v ry w e e the ac s can b e e am ne an d a w as ec u a so h r f t x i d, th t it p li rly am ong the Greeks m ay b e concluded from their dispersion over u n e com m n ca on and co untries unfavo rable physically to i t r u i ti ,

' o ca es es had e e n ot een an i m \ p liti lly B id , th r b m ense en e t gre not e een m e a s for Spok vari ty, h would hav b at ri l fo w n a ur ritte di lects . L et not be s u s the n a e c e se or it ppo ed that origi l vari ty a d, was even m aterially dim inished by the fusion of provincialism s n o ese en in ac d oes s ocess a ec s . a i t th writt di l t For wh t, f t, thi pr am oun t to ? Nothing less than the formation out of an imm ense

s en a e , of new and m e e ec t one n e e n ee pok v ri ty a or p rf , i t lligibl i d d, on the e to the m asses but n ot se em and su whol , , u d by th , p planting the ancien t ruder form s of speech only in the case of ose ac a en a e in its c a on or mm e a e n e th tu lly g g d ultiv ti , i di t ly u d r e n ue n u r a e e n th ir i fl ce . S ch a e the facts i n reg rd to v ry livi g E o ean n u e and in a nce e m an an d ur p la g ag ; if It ly, Fra , G r y, ea t a n the na e in the s en an u e has Gr t Bri i , origi l vari ty pok l g ag s o the n en ce cen es e e e of the ess the with t od i flu , for turi x rt d, pr , c rc and the sc m c m o e m s the i na e i n hu h, hool, u h r u t or gi l vari ty '‘ the spoken language of the Greeks have survived the formation O f th o s e ec s s nce n o c n rm n n en ce e a to e p li h d dial t , i o fo i g i flu qu l 1 ose m o e n m es en s e th of d r ti th exi t d . To suppose a varietyi n the spoken Greek withi n even the s m all er o of ca no s an n he ac e c a on of t rit ry Atti , twith t di g t tiv parti ip ti the c ens i n u c e i s on acco n to all n o an d itiz p bli lif , ly rdi g a al gy i n a c u ar s i nce the m a r f t he n a ant s e e s a es p rti l , j o ity o i h bit w r l v i n a l intei co urse t the c ens e e co u not e s d i y wi h itiz , th r ld but xi t a l ec in hi c b ad am m m ne a c e vu gar dial t, w h gr a r co bi d with po op , s nco e and o e o n s m e the an ua e of y p , th r p pular briga d , to urd r l g g D m s en s e e . eno on m s e n en e s e ase a o s o th X ph u t hav i t d d om b p t i ,

n ot ce a n o n s h . hi s w e en he e en . . c 2 rt i ly tyl , wh wrot (Ath polit , " " K ocl of E kknveg th e ee s i di c axi m: 7 mi e oth r Gr k ), g M

‘ ’ ’ ' - ' v roov xo u di a ls nos) 6 7 141 057 1 wvr o u A 9 v&2101 dé xex o é s om ctvr w g y 31 9631 xp , n p w m s y

7 53” $ 7 09” v i m i Ca PCd Because the people un derstood the or ons of Demos e nes is en conc e e con ati th , it oft lud d that th y e se m t n n v r d a s yle not much i ferior to that 111 which he hara gued . 2 8 110111 11 1 0 :

” But any one m ay know from the exam ple of Scotland wh at an immense difference m ay exi s t between the language which the ' eo e can n e s an and the an a e c the eo e can p pl u d r t d, l gu g whi h p pl

w e e is s o en s em em e a a ho in feW * h r it p k mu t r b r th t, lt ugh a m on s he was e to m ude rstan d a ll e eard he cou et ” h th abl hg g a , ld y by n o m ea s s ea e a n a s sc o ars com e to u e n p k lik tive . If Briti h h l nd r ’ s an en ee n of s u ou e c n s e t d writt Gr k by di t t dy, th gh th y a t p ak s ou n ot the era e en ans ha e n e s oo the it, why h ld illit t Ath i v u d r t d ee of em os enes ea n f om e ou u in the Gr k D th , by h ri g it r th ir y th p m o s of e e ers e en a ou e r own o e a ect uth th ir b tt , v lth gh th i prp r di l h d een as b ad as om a c ? n ee if the an a e c a b R i I d d, l gu g whi h Aristophanes m akes the Athenian policem en speak l n the Thes ophori aznsse b e accepte d as a specim en of the then vulgar a ec a ea ossesse se e a m am c ac e s cs of di l t , it lr dy p d v r l har t ri ti m a ese anc en Rom ai ci sm s con s s c e in the Ro ic . Th i t i t hi ﬂy

1 s on of the n a V as n e m l ?) for m om an d in om s 1 ﬁ l , (li , h u of the e m na on l av n o I as n e 12 1 0 631 t e c orr ption t r i ti i t , (li ) 7 19

’ ocfdt ov for yp , The history of the Greek d ialects affords a striking example how in efﬁcient is the cul tivated language of a people to absorb in its o nd e en n e es . s c w as a o pop ular vari ti Whil t Atti gl ry, v l g f ac u e at som e e ense of its o na ur and a ter it had q ir d, xp rigi l p ity

ace a an e en c ascen an c in es ec of e a u e the gr , P h ll i d y r p t lit r t r , a ec s c a e on am a e s e e s s o en other di l t , ultiv t d ly by t ur , w r till p k

h d fo m e re a e . a o at th e comm ence where they a r rly p v il d Str b ,

h r s an era s w es oo . ch . 1 2d ar. m en t of t e Ch i ti , thu rit (b k viii , , p ) ’ f he e o onnes n o edov 8 K a i viii} K a n m ihet s 31010 1 O t P l p ia s , x , t , ' ’ ’ ' ' ” 370x01 9 d tah eyo vr a v S od i um 86 dwplgew dwa vr es d t d Trjv 01 111 38 01 1 11 em xp izr et a v

of the o an s a i s to sa . Two cen u es a e a an ( D ri , th t y) t ri l t r, T ti , h a on s a o o s of the s ans cou us a ess the t e Pl t i t p l gi t Chri ti , ld th ddr ' 1 1 Nut! 86 11 a wo e k e 1 1 86 eu Ta ts o th ta t s Greeks (p . 6 ) v ﬁ ﬁn 1 7 p ' ’ ‘ o c ei A w cewv ev a ov a w 7 0 1 a n o s A rr t k . A LO AGL op pmv v. p p y p x 17 n) 9 m ns S

’ '" r e dvx 611. 0 l 7 615 I co

Ro mai c is se a livin evid en ce how o a a ec s e s s ; it lf gx p pul r di l t p r i t for as h as een sa its e i s A eolo—o c a e an i c , b id, typ D ri r th r th Att n d u ul seem e an c to ca om c A eolo- o c a , tho gh it wo d p d ti ll R ai D ri , as C s o ou os has one 11] the e- a e of his am m a i s hri t p l d titl p g gr r, it ce a n a m o e a o the A eolo- o c e e rt i ly r ppr priate name . Why D ri l ment R oM A I C .

‘ should have e e allalon nR o m aic a ear to n on e who pr vail d gi , will pp a y f the anc en a ec s s e c e c on siders the geographic al chart o i t di l t , k t h d ' by Strabo in the p aragraph from whic h an e xtract i s m ade in the h r s of the A ttic and the ece n a e . ca w as t e o e e pr di g p g Atti p p r at ‘ , i n t e com m e c a o n s of s a M no h s Ioni c prevailed on ly h r i l t w A i i r, w il t

everywhere else the language of the people w as Aeolic or D oric . w a The history of all revolution s in l anguage attests the 1m m ens e e of es s ance c a ec s o e e u e d e e o m pow r r i t whi h di l t , h w v r r d , riv fr m e ca an d eo ra c a e on e ance and ou a ea nu ri l g g phi l pr p d r , it w ld pp r

a s th e o s e c was er e ua e i n the th t, whil t highly p li h d Atti p p t t d

n an and zan n e ee le ne com os ons the Alexa dri By ti Gr k of ar d p iti , ruder Aeolic and D oric c ontinued to prevail 1 n the spoken lan 1 guage of the Greek race . The ac 1 s a ul a a ec s are far m o e e n cul f t , th t v g r di l t r durabl tha ’ d m o e ti vated nes . u at on a m s at m em en an o C ltiv i i i prov t, i pr v

m en m es c a e i n e o s c u a e an ua es are t i pli h ng ; oth r w rd , ltiv t d l g g v m m os en es had to e a n in a state of acti e m eta orphosis . D e th xpl i the antiquated phrases of D racoand Solon and the m odel d i a

1 fter s ara ra wa s wr en eor e n a E s s or an of the A thi p g ph itt , G g Fi l y, q , hi t i B z an ne em re w ose ass s ance in ese researc es ac n hi s s end d y ti pi , h i t th h , by pl i g pl i rar at m d s osa d ur n m s a in At ens wou d ere ra efu ac now lib y y i p l, i g y t y h , I l h g t lly k ’ led e rocured m e a read n of rofessor oss rave s am on the ree s and s . g , p i g P R t l g G k i l The preceding p ages h ave been enriched with various examples taken from this wor and su o n the trans a on of a assa e from the or na erm an k ; I bj i l ti p g , igi l G , ’ which will add the weight of Professor R oss authority to the vie ws enunciated in the text regarding the spoken Greek of the ancients The Attic d ialect was not as w t Buttm ann and Ma t as in our and s we often su ose the , , i h t hi h , pp ,

reva n muc ess the so e m e od sed rna u ar of the nc en ree s . p ili g, h l l th i ve c l A i t G k I t was only the reﬁned language of intercourse and com position amon the cu vated c asses in ens and was rea ossessed on a g lti l Ath , lly p by ly

few ousand s . Before the ates of ens a t Me ara e es ana ra in th g Ath , g , Th b , T g , all the res of reece ver d fferent d a ec s reva ed and ou erar t G , y i i l t p il ; th gh lit y men in other distric ts afterward s end eavoured to conform their s tyle to the c m od e e never at a n d i ts ur r e r e t . I n o er word s all eec f om Atti l , th y t i p i y th , G , c to s a M nor and o , fr m Maced on a to Cre e was essen a eo c, Si ily A i i i _ t , ti lly A li ‘ and s o e s d a ec of w c Dor The on c c was b ut a m od ca on . p k thi i l t, hi h i iﬁ ti I i race com ared w the eo c and D or c had a m ted ex ens on and i n , p ith A li i , li i t i ; fac the an ua e of ca w c our ramm ars ad o as the ru e was t l g g Atti , hi h g pt l , ,

at the me of the e o onnes an war but a e exce on to the ru e. ti P l p i , p tty pti l W a r t ave we to re u re a i —V h t igh h q i th t t should b e otherwise now ol. iii .

1 5 8 . p . 30 11 111 11 1 0 0 .

i lect s declared by c ritic s to change perceptibly through Thucy= d id es r s o nes S o cles a o e no on and Demos , A i t pha , pho , Pl t , X ph , thenes i at en h Mena e a ea s n o uc n w , t ll l gt nd r pp r i tr d i g ords that are ese e in the es en om a c as for mun an d pr rv d pr t R i , g,

1 n es To s w h ey/ 67 621 5 9 gra de . thi fact we o e the earliest Greek le xi c ns ch e e oss es to a c u a o s as om e Hi o , whi w r gl ari p rti l r w rk , H r, p ocrates and a o com e i n the s cen u eca se the p , Pl t , pil d fir t t ry, b u t en an a e e en of the earne no on e s uffi ce for the i n h l gu g , v l d, l g r d t r i f the m o e an n e retat en o c e a o s . u a a ec s on the p r i t uth r V lg r di l t , o e an e ve o to eace u n ences an d are th r h d, yi ld ry sl wly p f l i flu , ea c an e on the m a on and m u e of aces c gr tly h g d ly by igr ti ixt r r ,

se en on w ar a e e s e esen the c mm on eo e in the qu t . Tr v ll r r pr t o p pl n ed a es as s ea n in enera oo n s ree rom U it St t p ki g g l g d E gli h, f f dialec tic al peculiarities ; an d m any A m eric ans attribute this re su o t e ar s oo s B t the ec a a ou a e ci r lt t h ir popul ch l . u p uli rly f v r bl c um stances ar s n m the m ure of aces in w c ese , i i g fro ixt r , hi h th o m s n o r sc o s a e o e a e ot b e ve oo e . e e o n h l h v p r t d, u t l k d Wh r pr vi ci al a ec s m ee e ne se eac e in the a n e di l t t, th y utrali h oth r d ily i t r cou se e en of the or n c asses and the an ua e the r v w ki g l , l g g of school s uppl ants them all at length ; but where one unifor m

‘ mon th o e h s o s If d a ec re a s a e e e e s t e c o m a e . i l t p v il g p pl , it d ﬁ h l t r there be anywhere i n Am erica an isolated settlem en t of S cottish easan s no m a e how u e the E n s of the sc oo m as er m a p t , tt r p r gli h h l t y a e n o m een e escen d an s wi be o un s ea n the h v u if r ly b , th ir d t ll f d p ki g dialect of their fathers : and from the degree to which the shep e s of acon a or c se s m a b e nfe e a but for h rd L i d i i till, it y i rr d th t, 5 the m a on an d m re of aces n o ve in om an o a o igr ti ixtu r i v l d R , S l v n an a acen an s an d u s con ues s the u a fo m i , S r , Fr ki h , T rki h q t , v lg r r ] of anc en o c o e su v e w e c an e unt i t D ri w uld hav r iv d, ith littl h g , il n To s se es of soc a c a as o s m s b e a r u e ow . thi ri i l t tr phe u t tt ib t d

o th e n e n a sso ut on of c en ee - and its m x ure b th i t r l di l i An i t Gr k, ad i t n m w fo e n e e m ents as e e i Ro a c . . ith r ig l , xhibit d i ’ It c annot have escape d the reader s n otice th at alm ost a ll the illustrations of Ro m aic adduced in the preceding pages fro m nc en ee a e een oun in om e r s o anes the A i t Gr k, h v b f d H r, A i t ph , hese eo c and c a ec s an d the os e s . n s A li Dori di l t , G p l T writi g , how ffe en soe e in o e es ec s a e one ea u e in c om di r t v r th r r p t , h v f t r m on n am e e o c a c e for the oem s of om er , ly, th ir p pular h ra t r ; p H , f om the s m c of e s e an d the a mm t ca irre ulari- r i pli ity th ir tyl , gr a i l g g O MA 8 1 R IC .

s e conta n we e e en w en in an a e w en the tie th y i , r vid tly ritt g h ) disti nc tion between vulgar and polished - Greek w as n ot so decide d f me as e wa s ecam e . s o nes e w e s o co it aft r rd b Ari t pha , lik all rit r dy, admitted colloquial and popular expression s ; th e comparatively rough Aeolic an d D oric dialects were i n the m ouths of peasants and sheph erds ; and the Gospels were penn ed by m en of the people for h e s the eo e . om a c e n as n e r n om t e ar a c p pl R i , th , i h iti g fr vulg di l t all ece n a es n s n a u a enou the fe w us a ons of pr di g g , ﬁ d t r lly gh ill tr ti , w c an u affo s its ecu a t es i n ose n s w e e hi h tiq ity rd of p li ri i , th writi g h r popular m odes of s peech might be expected an d if such writings had een s m o e o a i n e c a c e an d m o e of em b till r p pul r th ir h ra t r, r th had com e o n to us the anc en s a on s Rom a c w ou d w , i t illu tr ti of i ld i n m uf e en m u e o o L et on e e e s c . have be ltipli d pr p rtion . xa pl ﬁ I n om a c i e; i s use for im e as in ne 6142 of E rotocritos R i , M m d M , li 5 W ool w bg ere the o e escan n 0 11 his a ness i n av n ( ) wh l v r, d ti g h ppi h i g ’ been allowe d at length to press the princess A retusa s hand i n his c s s a o , all thi f v ur

’ / H u O al not ) dd o ou z oo) o m o w ou. me p , ﬁﬁ g y , y p g ( i g y

“ s o e e w as not in an c ass ca e c n Thi word, h w v r, y l i l l xi o till ” K oraes n ce a ou t e s a o once m o e in s f oti d it, b t ﬁf y y ar g , r Ari ’ 1 O v 1 1 3 1 Q. 11 6651801 7 611 d a ou tophanes ( p . ) a p g ! S chn eider and e me o m e to e co a c on rs an d R i r f rthwith ad itt d it l xi gr phi h ou , is now un e sa a n w e on is o v o s c e . The e ec it iv r lly k o l dg d r ﬂ ti b i u ,

a had s s n e a o n ot su e an o for un th t, thi i gl uth rity rviv d, M g ; M g wo a e n se h no s ee t ow n as a om a c a sm . o uld h v b d R i b rbari W k w , en how m n t e o s and e se in om a c es es th , a y o h r w rd , what l R i b id w or s ece ve s a on o m an u w e had the d would r i illu tr ti fr tiq ity, if then vulgar Greek i n its entirety before us ? The boldest statem en t i n this direction which I have m et with ’ is in ofess I l en s o e o m en 4 to the m e c Pr or g Pr l g a (p . 3 ) Ho ri mns w e e e e ence a ans a on n o a a o s Hy , h r , with r f r to tr l ti i t b rb r u ’ “ ee the B a r oc O w o a oc l oc he em s : a e e an si Gr k of p X / p x , r ark V ld rr t credid erint heri m odo aut n ud i us tertius t antas in eam (ti e; i nto

‘ ee illataS esse m utationes e o c on en e e aus m am Gr k) g t d r i , j D em osthenis aetate n e us s s u o i t r r ti co eas in usu fui se . Q id ? qu d e s m m um est Hom eri ae tate non a am in ore ess v ri i illi , li vulgi e ‘ d m a i i /« vow t h : au ita . n e en m illud ro ro U d i p p , p ml , e ’l ' ’ c l w oc 7 o : e t r ow a ao xd vov 566 5 551011 pro p , p p pro m e/ , pn pro pn , 1 pro { 9 32 M RO AIC .

‘ “” l M wo w w oou 1 al pro 5 p ro a v ? Nonn e ex vulgi sermone 3 Few will withhold th eir assent from the afﬁrm ative im plied in ’ the learned professor s concluding interrogation but just as fe w would adopt without qualiﬁcatio n any statem ent tending to iden

tif the m c of - d a th us c ec s of an y Ro ai to y with e r ti dial t tiquity . U n ess ns ance the a e case of no ns an d the O a e l , for i t , d tiv u , pt tiv an d n n e m oo s of er s had s e s e i n the ar i ﬁ itiv d v b , ﬁr t xi t d vulg d a ec ts e ne e cou a e en e e n the o s e ones i l , th y v r ld h v t r d i to p li h d , the n c on c i s not c ea e out of n o n to fu ti of whi h to r t thi g, but m o i s e la and m e s a i e h e e a u e s . t e th diz wh t irr g r, b lli h wh t rud At s me m e a the m m ense a e of cons c ons an d am a ti , th t i v ri ty tru ti gr m ati cal form s in Ancien t Greek were em ployed with anythin g like propriety by the p eople in gen eral will rem ain incredible till

“ s om e m am e b in i n n a I n si ilar ex pl e pointed out a liv g la gu ge . the m ean m e the ar um en a a ns s c a s s t on i s an a ti , g t g i t u h uppo i i forti ori one from the present to the p ast . The om a c a ec s are i n ac e the c o o s of Mo e n R i di l t f t, lik A r p li d r A s the em e of w n ens a a u s or ca m num en . Ath , f ithf l hi t i l o t t pl i g ess c o the o ae m the E richtheium and the a enon l vi t ry, Pr pyl u , P rth c onnec t it with the age of Pericles ; so d o the ruinous state of ’ t ese e ec on s the r b s w c encum e s the s an e s at h r ti , u bi h hi h b r tr g r p h, the m e ae a owe at the en ance an d the e e o en eo s all di v l t r tr , h t r g u w c en c c es the c1 es the oc e e ea e sas e and whi h ir l t of r k, t ll of r p t d di t r liilst the m e- o n A eolo n ec a . I n e m anne w lo g d y lik r, ti w r Doric basis of the Rom aic dialec ts connects them with the es ee an e su e s e is m n e high t Gr k tiquity, th ir p r tructur i gl d with e e o ene ous m a e a s of a a er a e on c c on ue o s h t r g t ri l l t d t , whi h q r r , c e and a a o s a e n scr e e an u e and e r iviliz d b rb r u , h v i ib d th ir l g ag th i

n am e . I conclude these ob servations on Rom aic by a third example - "

e m the A e7 171 84 A a r a of Z am eli us . 700. xtracte d fro w m p , p

1 i 325 ” 7 S z ; Hom H m n to Ceres No . 5 i n 1 1 v 1 . 1 11 : 1 . 96 : . V . . 363 3 e y , , ’ i m ve a t as d t n n 7 ) : 11 A 30 n Il. x x . 74 . c ann ot M e o e 208 . 7 t hi i i , li M e ii I gi the references for th e oth er three ex am ples but th e read er will ﬁ n d them “ - c 1 0 h e com m en tar of d uly rec ognised i n the us e s r ab n ow 00 159 0 appen d ed to t y E ustathius who c tes em a d som e o ers fre uen t i n a nd of stereo , i th n th q ly ki t ed st ustra ve of w a a oco e c ou d d o i n the m os anc e nt yp li , ill ti h t p p l t i t m es i .

4 3 ROMA IC .

o s is e e for s n No apol gy, I tru t, r quir d pre e ting the translation of s ece i n our n o e n c so m c e an thi pi rth r Dori , u h b tter adapted th c ass c E n s the e ess n of the o n l i gli h to xpr io rigi al .

THE CH M A PIO N .

’ or twa robb er ad s o ed the same onn e ass F ty l l b i l , ’ ’ ’ bloomin swee ass e wi f or ns b elad n A t l i , l i . ’ O n blithe E aster Sund ay they d anced athegether ; ’ om e look d at her ere ithers ree ed her ere S h , g t th ’ But the ass e had um on and sa s to em a l i g pti , y th ’ ’ " I n m d s 0 m ard en in m d s 0 m ard i t y g , i t y y ,

I s a oar au d rock is a wee - roo ed s ane h y l , l t t , ’ ’ ’ W a e er 0 e l fts sa h h y i it ll ae m e hi s b rid e . ’ ’ ’ No ane o em answer d no ane o em a th , th sp k ; ’ But our Mar s ado ed the raw or an lad y pt , b ph , ’ ’ W i ae han fts the stane sets on his s out er li , it high h h ”

onn e ass e nae b us es but come m arm s . B i l i , l h , to y

- M E . E E K PART III OD RN GR .

” At 367 of the prolegom ena to hi s 13 7111 07 1 7060 41 070 007 00 p elius justly describes the lawlessness of literary composition on the eve of the G 1 eek e n and his an e c 1 8 suc r volutio ; l guag , whi h h as the classical reader c an interpret with ease and read with plea s e is offe e at the sam e m e as a s ec m en the e s e ur , r d ti p i of high r tyl , ‘ ’ of Modern Greek at the present d ay Q g E70 7 775 £771 70g007 776020ng ’ ’ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ 01007xe707 1 700g 7000) 0000 1 7 0051005 7 0 yé vog s11 g1 07057 0 sxg dé ol v 0117 01 ; ’ '

0 010001707 1 Germ 00071 00 dud e 70001 091 1 7 11. T 0 é vo 7 11 wa a do w ( 0, 1 x gﬁ 5 y g 1 g g ;

0 0 ‘ 5 7 0 017 7 011 1317 00117 93 70001 wohdyk w7 7 ov° 67 1 01 7 7 01 10 01 Bi d 7 211 wa gsmegé m

‘ ’ 00011 0107 90 011 70001 7 7 v 0 2 0071 7 1 007 é 7t szo w 7 l 71 030 creat / 71 017 7 011 039 0 9 , l 1 7 7 i g 7 a , e

7000007 1 51 5701 01 1 51 7000) 2 0 17 00707 0 000 7 7 vsw7 é 00 7 80 , 4 5g p g, g ' Exa 07 0g 511 21 21 7000) d uuéyga psv 001 95271 57 707 01 g 70007 00 7 011; 70001101100; 7 0; 1 7 011 (0001 7 0007009 This i m m ense variety of style m ay be fairly represented by a t eefo c ass ca on of the ers n o se on the on e an hr ld l iﬁ ti writ , i t tho , h d, who o e on the m o e of the c ass ca oca u ar an d amm ar wr t d l l i l v b l y gr , ose on the o e who en e o e to ste eo e the in con th , th r, d av ur d r typ

1 For r n at n s e . 5 . t a sl io , e p 7 R O NIA I C . 3 5

s n m a c o n as e nc e the en lan ta t Ro i , ad pti g th ir pri ipl that writt a o e s c nc e the S o en and t se guage of pe pl hould oi id with p k , ho who a o n o e em es so to effec a co m m se , v idi g b th xtr , ught t pro i by c onforming Romaic at once to Ancient Greek only as far as was c ons s en ene a n e e n the w a o en for i t t with g r l i t lligibility, l avi g y p ss Th m m subsequent approxim ation to the cla ic m odel . e i ediate restoration of Ancient Greek w as the fon d delusion of a few sc o s and the o on m c the en us as c e ess n h lar , ad pti of Ro ai th i ti xpr io of devotion to the popular c ause on the part of a few poets and c ans but o e e an n in the e em en s s ccess politi i ; b th w r w ti g l t of u , and failure w as d ue to the unintelligibility of An cient Greek on h h na e ac of o m a c n h t e ne n and to t e o t e o e . p ha d, i d qu y R i th r The c m om se w c es e in M e n ee e the o pr i , hi h r ult d od r Gr k, gav e s e n ua e ess on the n na n y and es a s e r qui it li g l xpr i to atio l u it , t bli h d n e ec a n e c se e een the se e c asses s c e that i t ll tu l i t r our b tw v ral l of o i ty, ss c is n s ensa e s n n ona e . u as whi h i di p bl to ou d ati l progr Altho gh, be esen s o n its s ccess m us b e sc e a e will pr tly h w , u t a rib d r th r to its a on to the c c m s ances of the c se n an c on ad ptati ir u t a , tha to y c e m n e s et m the o er f nf uen ce c K oraes rt a o g writ r , y fro p w ul i l whi h e e e i n s ec on o ece an d e am e the c m x rt d thi dir ti , b th by pr pt x pl , o o m se es hi s n am e and he m a s be c a e the a pr i go by , y ju tly ll d f ther M e n he m e the of od r Greek . How truly ai d at golden m ean a e the o o w n e c r m a e e will pp ar by f ll i g xtra t f o l tt r, which will ‘ s e e m f his e s a s rv besides as a speci en o pi tol ry tyle H e? ) 5s 7 55g

’ 6171 07001 7 01 07 020207 5101 7xé 707 0v 57 1 961 7 7 01 7 7 g , 1 7 1 01 Bé ﬁo ua ' ’ ’ ' ‘ bweCcZKl s 7 1 7 m 3 700 1 75 7 00g, 7001 101o1 g %g c o uocg CZA A OC 7 0 , c 3 71 31 1 01 11 ? od /1 27 011 51 5191007 01 7001 0121 7001 ) 7 0 277 00 N80 013 5177 3 7 1 1 g , g . 53 ‘ ’ ’ 7 7 1 127x7 92101 1 571 01 1 7 667 7 571 1911 11 50. 0 011 75073 7 7 1 7x5300601 E kl i 5 3 , ) 3 1 1 5 7 m

‘ 1 ’ ’ ovoa v 360; 571 011 6 0660; 1 017 0 7) a Ca wdﬁ 51 71 15077 ws 1 6067 s 01 e1 0 3 Z , $ 1 1 B g g 1 “ g g g , ’ 3 é ‘ 7 1 5 1 1001 d Ca o . B ké vm 07 1 83 1 A sim ov 0277 5 7 0 é vo c vd s ) 33 B g g g g y g g g xa 111

2 ’ 71 070071 7 1 7000) 135 7A M 61 671 0701 511 6 v 1 01 7 001 37x01) 7 6 3 5 1 Z1 3 , x g Z ' ' B k a d) ar é vm 02 0w 1 2 1 7000) 1 01 1 03 1 5 1 05 02 00u01 7001 ) M1 7x0 01 1 n ; g 7 g 9 1 1 ; 7 g g , 8 ' e ‘ 61 vk o é w 7001 ) bd o o m H 1 0611 7 1 011 é ﬁa m d wé a g p g g gb g . 7 1 1 1 B x 11 6070361 1 607 6

7 1 36 0 ’ ’ 0 0177 01 61 7 771 60 71 00) d 7 od o11 o01 621 0 ovrouda h g 3x2 1 xgé og “ ’ I J Q 611 7001 7 01 C011 1 5 1 7 0 1 9 7 01 7 7 70007 001 7 1 1 7 011 uk o o ou 037 0) 7000) 0 7 y g 1 3 7g 74 s g c g ,

1 enera ronounced 0271 5 1 00 i s the m odern form of 0271 031 1 w g lly p 1 , 1 , hich ’ of all the c wr ers X eno on a one em o s for Ene and h n Atti it ph l pl y , e b ut o ce z ‘ o 3 71 0 3011 1 1 3 5 01 9 71 1 12 1 1 5 na oo . h S e , . c . e a s Ma 1 o t . 5 1 70 1 (A b B k IV l , 6. 2 ‘ z ox om w ro re s is no on r used for 7 3 100. e , p g s , l ge 00 5 M RO AIC .

' ’ ' h o é o 57 5 1 7 090 0 7 01 1 71 1 gu p g g 7 g g 1 ﬁ 12101 C001 1ﬁ 00 0207 0; 67t 17 01 7 0 1 00 1 ’ / K e 5 105 1 01 7100) 00 00 051 00 517 0 7 61 07 00500701 7000) g 1 7 g g 1 , ” 1 7 01007 07 57 01 7001 ) 61 550 7 0 05001 7 7 71M 01 71 0 g g 1 5g 10 0. ‘ It being a m atter of individual opinion howfar the an cient 2 m o e m a b e a o m a e con s s en l w n e and d l y ppr xi t d i t t y ith i t lligibility, n o great writers having yet put the stamp of pre- em inent genius

1 For rans a on see . 5 7 . t l ti , p 2 A striking illustration of this 1s afford ed by the p amphlet which P ana iotes S outzos the mod ern r aeus u s ed at A ens m 1 8 5 3 und er the g , Ty t , p bli h th , " 5 l l N 501 2 071 0 7 00 l i / 00 7 5 1 057 7 01 7 1 7 7 50 01 1 00 E xl m 710 57 7 715 t t e, 96 q , 1 ; 75 196 ; m ﬁg 7 ,

51 1 000 0 51 77 0 7 0 h r- a f M S ou z o h r race 1 1 T e wa like appe ls o . t os t t e G eek , ’ ‘ wh c a eared in the co umns of the A m 1 1 d ur n the w n er of 1 85 3 are i h pp l , i g i t , cer a n to the m ere c ass cal read er am on the m os n e l e rod uc t i ly, l i , g t i t l igibl p tions of the Athenian p eriodical press ; b ut whether they are equally i ntelli ible to the eo e m a fa r b e d ou ed The read er w und erstand h ow g p pl y i ly bt . ill far M S outzos has ad vanced from the fo ow n r u es of h ne w sc oo . ll i g l t e h l, which I subj oin in hi s own word s ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ' ' 5 H 71 031 7 03 11 500 7 5 07 7 2 7 . 7 057 7 01 7 031 00ex 001 00 1 E k k nvw v 71 01 ) 5710 1 6 1 37 5 01 1 0 500 7001 73 000 7 75 1 ' P 01 0 1 007 1 70 71 8 74 8 1 v 7001 1 5 7 7 001 LL! “ 70001 77 6 1 1 I ' ° 5 C. A 1 21 5 51 001 5 705 1 1 00 1 57 01 7 001 051 01 1 7 a c0§5 107 5 001 7 007 00 35 5 1 7 1 5 1 7 1 5 5 , 1 g 2 1 2 5 , 7} $9 ; 5 ‘ 1 7 51 1 5 5 7 1 1 E K A 1 1 71 511 5 055 1 1 7 0 7 0 1 7 001 . 2 1 2 77 5 , 2 5 I c I 7 1 a 1 7 1 I 0 1 00071 00 7001 1 3101 1 00 00 H 7 0 1 00 1 0 0 0 7 00 1 00 0 71 1 1 0301 0 1 5 7 7 7 5 5 7 0 11 7 0 5 7 5 7 1 x 1 0 , 1 3 77 55 1 7 7 3 , ' 70 5 0 01 7 0 5 1 71 021 2. 5 01 7 7 0 0 00021 7 7001 1 00 71 00 00 7 01 5 02 001 01 7 01717 001 0 0 01 70001 1 , 77 5 , 1 7 ; e 396 ; 5 1 753

H7 1 530 7001 1 7 01 01 7 01 1 7 7 0 1 71 01 14 0357 00 70001 1 , 6 5 g 5 6

11 301 7 1 570 7 00 1 570 7 031 05 071 7 0 3 70 01 ) 77 027 01 A 5 3 7000} 7 5 7 01 d 7 1 g 71 00) 77 00 331 0 7 1 6 Z , ¢e , ; 0 c 7 05 03 00 7 651 01 7 01 1 50 70571 07 511 110051 7 01 7 5 025 5 1 5 70 7 0 5 17 7 1 02 500 1 E 7\. 7 1 00 1 7 7 1 7 0 0 1 15 7 70 1 5 06 71. 5 7 1 5 ° 3 05 ov 7 031 E A A 7 1 00 1 7001) 5035 7 07 € 057LA 00 7 1 7 1 307007 1 g ; 5 , e 71 57 H d n M S outz o in the course of his ne out of his wa to a ot . s am e o , p phl t, g y nsu b o the v n and the d ead he wou d ro a ave een a owed to i lt th li i g , l p b bly h b ll es a s the new sc oo in eace s nce he m ere ro oses to d o t a at once t bli h h l p , i ly p p h t and som ew a v o en l w c 1s e n accom s ed at an r a e na ura h t i l t y, hi h b i g pli h y t t lly, nd s ow d e re s But av n aken th am e of K oraes in va n and a e . e n by l g h i g t i , used d sres ectfu ex ress ons re ard n A so os the estor of Mod ern i p l p i g i g pi , N ree o o tat o ou os a u of the a ter and now teac er at G k phil l gy, S h p l , p pil l t , h r o z a ad m n s ered to him a cast at on v orous nd eed b ut crue ao T ip lit , i i t ig i ig i l rd n h u m f h n r he m r an o nt owever i s at co to t e c sto o t e cou t . T o t i g y i p t p i , h , th , “ ” even i n s m a nant counter- am e th e new sc oo i s re resented thi lig p phl t, h l p m r r m nd ed a ra e as unnecessar an as act c e M . S outzos e th r y th i p i abl . is i th t his proposal owes whatever feas ibility it possesses to the imm ense progress which Mod ern Greek has m ad e through the labours of K oraes an d his fo owers and t a ose who u d the wa s of an ed ce s ou d ra efu ll h t th , b il ll iﬁ , h l g t lly

rem em er t ose - who a d its found a on I i s us ac now ed ed on all t s . t b h l i i th k l g , and s a the lan ua e i s in a rans on s a e and t a con nua a roxi h , th t g g t iti t t , h t ti l pp ma on to the anc en i s i ts d es n ti i t ti y . 3 For rans a on see . 5 8 . t l ti , p RO MAIC . 37

o n s i n n ve s c c on s o as the e s e it work u i r al ir ulati to ﬁx lit rary tyl ,

is , eas e to sa e Mo e n ee is en n n s a e i r y whith r d r Gr k t di g, tha to t t

‘ ec se a e has e the s m e m e the pr i ly at wh at st g it arriv d . At a ti e s n di versitives of s e e e m s and the o o n xi ti g tyl hav th ir li it , f ll wi g ene a ema s are offe e as a c c e s n Mo e n g r l r rk r d, f irly hara t ri i g d r Greek 1 f W ith es ec to its ca a the e n to e ee i s r p t vo bul ry, r tur pur Gr k m c e e . e e an n n ee eca se o pl t I say to pur rath r th to A cie t Gr k, b u the ne w ideas peculiar to m od ern c ivilisation could n ot b e expressed

’ i n s c n c n ee w n e e c rc m oc ns tri tly A ie t Gr k, ithout i tol rabl i u l utio , ' and for them n ew b ut at the s am e tim e purely G reek n am es h e b een n n L et the n se ve as e m es av i ve ted . followi g r xa pl

‘ H 021 71 71 1 6 so 0 7 7 0 la lidarité . ‘ H 571 0091 07 0 0 1“ 0 the freedom of the press . c ’ H 1 0007 1707 71 6 1 th m ass ) 5 ; e ariner s com p . ' H 171 0 77 1 7 71 0 7 07001100 n o w e 1 5 3 1 gu p d r .

T0 817 6007 7 100 51 passport .

T b 6100 0 001 7 1 100 m o 1 7 31 per is d e séj ur .

Tb 5107 7 7 100 7 30 ticket of admission . T0 rhym e .

Tb wa x/171 1 07 7 0107 n 31 u iversity . T0 r sl sd i a bov m m yp g ulti atu . T0 {17 7 9 5 0 000 sc 0 7 0 9 post ript .

K um as s es s in the e o men to his M e n ee o ugg t prol g a od r Gr k, ’ ns a on of ei m e s ex con a e e a c o ec n m e Tra l ti R r L i , th t, w r ll tio ad of all the en n e ee s u e in ffe en s an g ui Gr k words that rviv di r t part , essen a se c e u b e en e e to the e a an a e in ti l rvi wo ld r d r d lit r ry l gu g , asmuch as an an cien t word that i s already current som ewhere co b e m e eas se an one su es n e e uld or ily populari d th that rviv owh r . ten a ens w s o e n e a s in one d is It of h pp that, hil t a f r ig word pr v il ot en ne ee s non m e i s se in n e : s in tri , a g ui Gr k y y u d a oth r thu m n the e en n i s ca e 708 17 2 u s o b ut S yr a v i g ll d , a T rki h w rd, in essa e e a a n th u s 0 7 00 7 67; i s se fo Th ly, wh r g i e T rki h 1 74 u d r ‘ 7 1 16567 07 70 71 0 the S myrnaean 0 4 ) or 2 0. Professor Ross observes e e are e en o s c n ot nesse to that th r v w rd whi h, though wit d by an e n c ss ca a o et hear so ec e l the ee y xta t la i l uth r, y d id d y Gr k c c e as m e a m ss n n o our e cons and he ns ances hara t r to rit d i io i t l xi , i t 2 02 0290 0 0 1 0 asc e m 5 001 and 90 0 60. s c a c ec n 7 1 ir ibl , fro 7 1 But u h oll tio q 0 8 M RO AIC .

’ cou b e m ad e o n as was J am eson s co t sh c ona ld ly Dr S t i d—i ti ry, by m ean s of intelligen t c orrespon dents in every v alley and village and at present such persons d o not exis t in the requisite situa ons o eece ens e a s n ot n ti thr ughout Gr laved, p rh p eve throughout e e G r ece fre . The greatest practic al benefi t derivable from such an un der taking would be the infusion into the written style of all the pure Greek contained in the s poken and by this approxima tion o t e o e to the o e som e o ess o be a e s f h n th r, pr gr w uld m d toward corre cting the gre at e vil charac teristic of the Modern Greek vo a a wh c is ne e o e n or co u ness but nu c bul ry, i h ith r p v rty rr pt ,

se e n ss . oe e an d d o n o ex e the ee s em ttl d e Wh v r, I t c pt Gr k th se es w u m e s e of n e e n e e o in a m ern lv , o ld ak ur i t rpr ti g v ry w rd od ee c a on c ea s of eo es n en ons or m an ~ Gr k publi ti whi h tr t th ri , i v ti , n e s e ssen a m o e n had e e su oun mse all the r ti lly d r , b tt r rr d hi lf with e con s i n hi s efo e s n o n t o its e sa for the l xi library b r itti g d w p ru l, author m ay now and then have em ployed a word which i s rare in the e an c ass cs or e at an e i n the sen se re even xt t l i , rar y rat quired or he m ay have em ployed a Rom aic expression which i s o n a m h s h o e e at the sam e tim e a pr vi ci lis . Nor i s t i t e wh l vil ; n w all oss b e e c o ra c ances a or or for eve ith p i l l xi g phi appli , w d se m a efuse to e u its m ean n e n ea the im phra y r giv p i g, b i g r lly ised or c n cer e e u va en of som e o e n e ess on prov o t d q i l t f r ig xpr i , w ithout a previous knowledge of whic h the m eani ng c ann ot b e his o e n z an n s at . 2 1 of the o e o mena to M divined . By ti , p pr l g d r

e e con has the fo ow n s n ence 071 0 00301 1 ; 0710 Gre k L xi , ll i g e t 963 5 71 7 00) 13311 5 0 7 bwe Co u of 7 007 0 0 0001 7 08 11 071 17 17005 w1g1 07 00 1 g l , 31 03 0

’ ‘ ‘ 5 000 d 21 7xc0 7 057 0 f i £ 707 0 7 017 i o 7 0 021 7 47 7 01 00 Ta l k : N 1 g, 0 v g q g 76

" 7067 961 7 6 The em a i s ma e z a ns i n e to , r rk d by By nti r gard m no o of Mo e n ee b t it rece es so occas ona the ter i l gy d r Gr k, u iv al i l n illustration s in gen eral com positio . 2 Th o o ra and accen a on of nc en G ee a e . e rth g phy tu ti A i t r k h v be en completely restored . the a s of s eec ec ne c ases a e een rem od 3 . All p rt p h d li d by h v b on the anc en c a a c e n the e of Mo e n dolled i t Atti , th t di le t b i g typ d r — ll bic s a Greek as A eolo Doric i s of Romaic : the perittosy a h ve , ‘ e a e and t e en e s are s r b e as of the been r inst ll d, h g d r di t i ut d old ;

ase e e a c in the a of no ns n c eas n dative c , how v r, p rti ularly plur l u i r i g

1 F ran a on s ee . 5 8 . or t sl ti , p 3 ROMA IC . 9

in the en e is s s n sed and the m c o m s are g itiv , till pari gly u , Ro ai f r often i nterchange d with the an c ient ones of the personal and pos sessive ns The s e s ense i n c Mo e n ee pronou . tat of su p whi h d r Gr k is held by the necessity of preserving intelligibility on the one n an d b the en enc o a n c en ee on the t e ha d, y t d y t w rd A i t Gr k o h r, is admirably im aged in the variety of its form s for the relative onoun For all cases and en e s and in e e e m en 6 677 0700 pr . g d r , v ry r gi , , e ns on of the al n i l ua le m a b e se in a lit ral tra lati It ia g , y u d but the n m n e 567 1 ; and 557 1 9 are e e e for the m scu ne o i ativ , pr f rr d a li and em n n e and 37 2 the n e e s e e s n f i i , 0 for ut r ; whil t aft r pr po itio s ' é 7 the classical s ? is very generally used . n m c is s 4 . The dilapidation of the verb i Ro ai uch as to ren der its c m e e est n in Mode n ee m ss e and e e s o pl t r oratio r Gr k i po ibl ; wh r a , in the e s s eec m c ha c e e nc en ee oth r part of p h , Ro ai s d d to A i t Gr k, ~ i n s has e e . The enses ese e in m c thi it pr vail d t pr rv d Ro ai , the esen m e ec and s are n ee o en en pr t, i p rf t, aori t, i d d ft writt in Modern Greek according to the an cient Attic paradigm s ; the s nc e i s n ot c n n e t the nd c e as ubju tiv o fou d d wi h i i ativ , it often is i n m a c and the c es are ec ne ose of t Ro i ; parti ipl d li d, th he future ss e and of the s s c e and ss e n e pa iv , aori t a tiv pa iv , havi g b en at the same me es e the ur e n c e i s m e 99 1 01 ti r tor d ; but fut i di ativ for d with , the con n 1791 71 01 the e ec ﬁ ed and the lu ditio al with } p rf t with x , p per fect with ‘ M e n ee has two es cc n as the esen od r Gr k futur , a ordi g pr t or the

o s n n e i s su o ne HEM : s - a ri t i ﬁ itiv bj i d to thu , 7 ot ew en yp p I sh all write oft .

571 1 1 7 . 9 00 91 7 70 71 . 5 7 1 00 .

and 9771 00 00 7 21 1 7 0 4 I sh all write once .

0271 1 1 02 91 1 70 7 . 7x. 9 7 0 47 . .

1 Trikou es in his s or cons an uses the oma c aux ar 000 see p hi t y t tly R i ili y ( p . ins ead of and and I app rove his as e s ill i i s a R omaicism t _ t t t t exc ud ed from Mod ern ree b the rea m a or of v n wr ers B l G k y g t j ity li i g it . am b as d oes not reco n se i n his Mod ern ree ramm ar and g i it G k g , so d ecid ed i s ub c o n on a a nst the reserva on of 1900 in wr en com os on p li pi i g i p ti itt p iti , that some of the en an 170007 0 00107 3 who i e Trikou es wou d Ath i , l k p , l thé mselves refer ab s a n from its use es - e r s e s ou d b e d ecr ed p it, t i l t th i tyl h l i . This d vers i s on ano r lus ra on of un d n i ity ly the il t ti that settle ess which i s the charac teristic d efec of Mod ern ree and the rad ua exc us on t G k ; g l l i of 03, from wr en com os on in d eference to ub c o n on is a s e m itt p iti p li pi i , p ci en of the means b w c a d n e form w b e t en y hi h eﬁ it ill a l gth given to every part of the an ua l g ge . 4 0 RO MAI C .

The o m e en tes a u e ct n c is to be e e a e and f r r d o f tur a io whi h r p t d, m a e ef e be c a e the con n a e e the a er a y th r or ll d ti u tiv futur ; l tt , s n e u e ac n and m a the l efore b e c a e the u e d e i gl f tur tio , y ll d f tur

- n e . For e m e I sha ll wri te to m or row to m ar ents w ou ﬁ it xa pl , y p , ld ' p be ns a A v l ov 99 m ai s s/ v at w a 01127 t n e . bu H c e tra l t d p w t ; s 7 ; , e

’ orth I s ha ll wr ite m or e r e ular l to m ar ents E : g 7 5 99 W ) f g y y p ,

i s l f a r m er s “ 51 ; 7 60 5 ou. I n e m anne ln the as W e e ? y lik r, p f ' ‘ s e o ce dé k w ocb soéla l and dék w m 9 v a 1 iv v i , yp g , 7 p ¢ ﬁ < > There i s a diversity of opin ion regarding the word was ps“! in 957 m s m n f r the anc en u u e n n ve and o e taki g it o i t f t r i ﬁ iti ,

others for the third person si ngular of the , aorist subjunctive ;

' ese of co se m a n a n n th at it s o u b e en th ur i t i i g h ld writt , c co n to ana o to b e the o s n n e s nce A rdi g l gy, it ought a ri t i fi itiv , i " in (li k ) a 093 V O U the aor s a e s as a so in 99 m fi lls/ v the 7 p § i ( ) i t pp ar , l , , e ' ‘ “ u e of 3 o a 1 dék w sb ei v the e of sb i oxw (li k e; i ds/ v the f tur px a , p , futur p , , x C’ Xéww u u e of an d m an o e s . The on reason fo a con f t r , y th r ly r l t r-ar s s on is a the anc en ao s n n ve w as o x / o u y uppo iti th t i t ri t i fi iti 7 p l , an d not a / a v : but s nce om a c in i ts a e s on to c ass c W d i R i , v r i l i anom es has m a e the ao s m era e 04x 1 8 ns ea of ali , d ri t i p tiv 7 1 1 , i t d

O / W a n os the fu u e alto ethe1 s o n ot ave W N , why, h vi g l t t r g , h uld it h en to the ao s inﬁnitl ve s a m oo s s u e the giv ri t , whil t th t d till rviv d, . termination W ? The form ation of th e c on ditional i s an alogous to that of the 2 u ure 7i 9s o s/ v an s wer n to 3 !) 8 V in c ass c ee and f t , w w i g 7 mm l i Gr k, ’ ’l dsk ov c2w/ el v Z a x/ oc o v h 7 p l to yp l . ' The use of Oekw as a m ere auxiliary is not u nknow n to classi c ’ has he o o n rase _ s : 58 37 r e s o s . 32 t w it r . Herod tu (i ) f ll wi g ph 1 ’ ‘ 6 ’ s éls Mi oel r« oii r epov 75 531» 57 5 0311 a ad apor epov 7 7115 60061 b ut if every other

y on e a m n For o e e am es in ear should becom e l g r by o th . th r x pl 4 1 1 . the sam e au h o see 1 i i . 1 99 t r 09, , , The perfect and pluperfect active are form ed as follows ' ' é yov 5 a / sl y e a s a l r a e r en . x y yp a/ , o a w d , I h v w itt

E 5 3 5 76 4 9) 9 1 X “ 9 ?

n 57 0" s a A é vou or 22 01 olx zsw had w en a d 96 y yp a/ , 36 7 p l , I ritt ’

$7 8 97 5 a . r . A . 96 ; 7, 76 ;

th a c e in the rst o m a ee n in en e n m e and e p rti ipl ﬁ f r gr i g g d r, u b r, h The cor es on i n enses of case with t e obj ec t of the verb . r p d g t

1 The et ers enc osed w t n the arent es s are never wr t en and the l t l i hi p h i i t ,

ﬁnal v in all these form s of the future is very generally omitted .

42 RO MA IC .

’ e rac s c are a en om a e 14 of M o s xt t , whi h t k fr p g 4 . Soph cle

’ s m h and u i n a w o n n Chre to at y, , tho gh wh t uld ow b e called a m e s e e esen the m e M e n ee of ﬁ ea hu bl tyl , r pr t od l od r Gr k fty y rs ago 3 " ' - ‘ k 1 . O s a r f at pour / qweva Coll oi d / v otpxﬁv vcc hdbvww o u £ 1 ; r d; a i d l ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ oc Ewi laa é s a vrez di v e ké o 1 a e r W v 5 a br ao ara oc vol. ém or é wm xa i xp , n g p M y p p p

‘ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ wel l / v el 7 7 V oc a xa v c wr ﬁi v Ca a r g 5 px pC pom a .

‘ ’ 2 . H ﬁ xed / l g 7 51 9 {t eyaxwv é k a w wa clr wv é l g r bug d uyyga gb si g

’ ’ ’ ' ’ ' ’ ar oé srf a / cwzb ocaé é vsl a u 7 05 vob elize umlvrorv owroq é k so a g gx g, a ’ ” ' ’ ‘ ' ’ ' r‘ é ; non/fig ocgsrf iig 7 05 aa lgofi 31g r bv tiara/ or gi gocpovow 67u7 0v gb oCefra 1 vd ‘ ’ m 667 1 dew a de voc wé v’ r a t u k oc an ; w e l n . l ’ ‘ f fi e ’ 3 . 0 1 M l o: c vd s r ou dvou wo u U O I K CC oi vo oé sr a l 7wi oo y g g g Q a mg 7 ng, ' will é vroza v l ocks: 7 6 39110; 60 03 si va : vaa oélé r o u Bnaoxga fl a ou ’ ’ ‘ ' E 1 o wr oz) cha ns: 7 Bui dwm r 3 l ei d o 02703 i 7xgjd oa 97m : a r a/ a g ; i 3 g g i g y ng, i 7 i ' ’ i ’ ‘ rio f or? aé uov no d a r i l a i s ou. g, a/ g ’ Valuable as were the c p ntributions of K oraes to Modern ' ee Mo e n G ee se f as d er1v1n f om om i c on the Gr k, d r r k it l , g r R a o e an an d om anc en c on the e was ne e n h d, fr i t Atti oth r, ith r

m o se him n or a m e to b e so . ese e em e s to ne i pr vi d by cl i d Th l nt , p of c Mo e n ee es i ts n e b and to the o e whi h d r Gr k ow i t lligi ility, th r its owe n e n e e ns n and m o em en e e m p r of i d ﬁ it xpa io i pr v t, w r es en ce o o all the n ne e o for on the one pr thr ugh ut Byza ti p ri d ; , n the s ccess on has ne e een ro en of ee s wh o n ot ha d, u i v r b b k Gr k n s e the ncien but com se m ea s s on a ea o ly tudi d A t, po d it tr ti e gr t “ a of su ec s s on the o e om a c was n the v riety bj t , whil t, th r, R i i m o t s of the eo e and no n to sc o rs as the o a u h p pl , k w h la p pul r o n n em on to be es se et the e . dial ct Th ugh k ow by th ly d pi d, y , c u se n s in n ua e as i n n u e e n es s e o r of thi g , la g g at r , b i g irr i tibl , they em ploye d i t in their fam iliar conversational and epistolary s e and i n ac n the o n of M e n ee is essen a tyl ; , tr i g rigi od r Gr k, it ti l to ons er n ot the com ositi n s the 1 5th an d s se uen c id , p q of ub q t ntg i c e a se o s m a on of anc en au s ce res whi h b tr y a dul u i it ti i t thor , but those in which the educated of that perio d express their

u s m o e or ess ee om and as we e e em o e . tho ght with r l fr d , , it r , xt p r ’ Tw o such exam ples are gl ven ln the appendix to K od rikas o a ea men one onea s eec e e e the e m e o w rk lr dy ti d, p h d liv r d by p r r J ohn Paleologos i n a private m eeting of the eastern prelates in ’ he c s se at o ence an d the o e a e er w en t patriar h hou Fl r , th r l tt ritt

1 F r tran 5 o s at on see . 8 . l i , p RO MA l C . 43

in 1 465 n ess ron one the few ee s who by Cardi al B a i , of Gr k ’ o n e the a a c c to the of the s ee em e s j i d p p l hur h, tutor la t Gr k p ror

ee ne e s sons of om as or o en s . s et e thr ph w , Th P phyr g itu Thi l t r

h f n - as een es e ve Phrantzes and m a b e o at . b pr r d by , y u d p 4 n 1 of his s he a d na 16 of the Bo n edition ( 838) hi tory . T C r i l b e in s with c ass ca ee soon d escen s to mo e fa g w l i l Gr k, but d a r m a s e an d a ou m the c and s em ili r tyl ; lth gh, fro publi ity ol nity ’ of the occas on the em s s eec i s m o e ca e u or e i , peror p h r r f lly w d d u o et the c n e sa on om c n ow and en e ces thro gh ut, y o v r ti al R ai th pi r o thr ugh . ’ The s ex ac is om the b od . of the n a s e e as ﬁr t tr t fr y Cardi l l tt r, 1 ‘ follows H 507 svsi oo d o 57m : a a r co 7 6 a m5by 03677 53 7 561 ‘ ’ ‘ m ol diwv sroo 7 05 rf ovroé k E lva : 05V covcl x a o 711 211e vco M t ou. 7 y n g

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' 9 N I ‘ ’ 5 ‘ ’ 6 ’ mod/ erow vroow co m vco ovoori ouw xa ) cwré xr or oov 7 09 5 197 si z e/ ve g, f i y g ), 9 37 g,

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) I ‘ ’ ‘ 9 ’ ‘ ‘ vb em a a’ l v o der aa o’ wo’ l v w vl l a d e r voo 7 00 , co p n dﬁ . A vr co o Sh oo s é U/ d co 5

- ‘ ’ " ‘ modes r e s aoooi voo 7 0 woo/ 65 6 h r oer s 7 : r m t id r , 0g 627 9 a a oo. E 7 1 wo é 3 ?) ca / a

‘ Q Q ’ m u vco 97m : mo) TfI JO V O I KI OG r ou z oo” ool/{ g / , n M g ; p 7

1 “ H ab eveiao 0 00 i s no e of ran now at east b ut a o te ex ress on b y titl k l , p li p i y which the p arty add ressed i s indicated without b eing nam ed . 2 om a c s rs he ac ve form of in aw R i till prefe t ti y / . 3 23a? for 5 313 r f or oss no ced a s m ar m e a es s i n the s and of . P o ess R ti i il t th i i l

5 04 03 02 s a aea w ere b eas s of burd en are ca ed not as e sew ere b ut . A typ l , h t ll 3 l h , 2 4 ” a x ao frf m as a erman wou d sa m ai n seli er V a ter —m a e l te p e , G l y g y l t ( i ra s ed f r lly ble s ) at he . 5 ’ ‘ ’ é oc az c v e am e to b e a R om al c e u va n for an al ac rd n t o m h c q i le t , co i g

5 ’ K oraes ecause 5 » m) and oem é can b e in erc an ed i n cer a n cases us , b p t h g t i ; th ’ — ‘ f l - m x oi r o ex a s ou ave d one wron oaa i) r: al el e; m m m b ut if not g m y h g ; l a that) what would you have m e d o ? o I : r 6 _ “T Eﬂ n 44 ROMAIC .

‘ ' ' ‘ r ou vco slva r so” za z a ) r e la CM b a 7 o a ooez w z bv uoo 839 7 g a 5 ig M M G t 7 M

f 3 9\ I 5 \ 9 ’ ‘ ‘ a o wow 5 307 05 17 z a e/ ds T vr r a ’ z z v. A l LO U V oov a co a a ouv wa w a a . x g / g, g y g, g ' ' ‘ 1 " ovvr 1 e v é vwo: vroovr a g z oo) 7 005 s dzz obg 7 001 z a ) 7 00g é voug os / do w on . x , g , r r g a ’ ’ ' N Mndtv s l a t col a owzo) cog si r/a : rc ooa swo) z a ) l s oar z a ) ndé v s vé u ovv-r a : p g , ip / a a r " ‘ " n 3 I 9 z a 1 \ 3 or S I a 07 ) m a r Ca d /l ea a rra / 0701 ooo a s vé v oouw a x or : w a r Bra t emr : a m ; y , / n s / y/

’ ’ ’ ‘ 7 511 f or/row 7 077 o a vo) st/01 67x07r7 w or on ai m : sl a voo 0177 6owl é va , pe , E , x xp ( S ‘ (I ﬂ a 5 \ s 3“ I H 9 s za z a ) ow a v 32 11 5 07 077 a sr v a v 0055 11 El l/ 061 ow/ 1.01 a v 01785 7 x p 96 p n , w 7 , ‘ 5 t ’ 0 m a r r a m / 7 01 av é vdé v woovra 60 8i r o dék ovv 7 1 17 7 02111 01 , g, d; 7 7

9 i ’ ‘ I I ‘ ‘ ’ ’ o dsk ouv 7 00 oovroor é osoéla l wan/r e A ur oo ow o1 a ovw os r ot wn g p g g. pp ‘ ” e 2 z ool oo n77 euy evsia Gov Mar a z a ) TO U p r ovrouk ou. ’ The em peror s speech begin s thus

i ' ’ ’ ' ‘ H o sf wa r é s a l o) 7 1 9007 2 7 ovrwod vror s eu r ( a / 5a z a ) s ob / g p g y 3 7 é ﬁ M g7 , y

’ i é v é z w d z a 0 7 51 92711 0 0 % v r a i r v 7 7 7 {777 69901 17 é vd ﬁ n 7 61 0; . 5 ﬁpgap m n 5

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’ f or ara r é a ooov z a i 7 7 17 170770711 cow oﬁ z a ) 7 7 11 s a / v (i n 013 06707 p , , 5 7 5 wg , 7

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’ ' ' ' ’ ' ’ - ’ dé é orodt oe r oar 0° E da osv 671 V 7 6 30 07 z a ) 7 a a é v 03ovrs £ 1 7 00 a p 7 7 77 g, x p ; ;

’ ‘ ” 5 71 00 ooh k co z a ) al l owz szr f or w 3 M p r ép g.

’ I n the ﬁrst of these examples the C ardinal s Rom aic i s elevated s m e a his no e e of n c en ee and m the secon o wh t by k wl dg A i t Gr k, d ’ the em peror s An cien t Greek 1 s lowered by his daily habit of

1 Thus are form ed the R om a1c p ossessive pronouns

33m m ou s o wa 0 a l m s our . ; y my. s [ ' 1 0 00 a a s our . thy . y

i r i s r oo h s o t . f

w i «rm a her or ts . } s

23m ) used fre uen to be wr en as in the ex w an n a 5 . ; q tly itt t t, ith i iti l 2 F r r n o a s a on see . 5 8 t l ti , p . 3 E a ézmv the s mus of Cor n so ca ed from the d s ance across b e n g m , i th i th, ll i t i g ut six m es ab o il . 4 for z u mv ere are ver ear nstan es of the ternn nation 1 0; e . Th y ly i c ’ e n 4 f B h co l t on of nscr t ons c se No . 28 4 o oek s ec b i g ontracted into 5 , e l i i ip i , W here A n/u i r‘el s occurs for A ma d o 5 For rans at on see . 5 9 . t l i , p 45 RO MA IC .

n ve s on the Car speaking almost Rom aic i n familiar co r ati ; for m c m ai c m to e e1 d inal could not have a dmitted so u h Ro a l tt , m n u nless such had been the style of fam iliar conversation a o g , o a the n not a em the learne d of that peri d . Th t Cardi al did tt pt n and a the em e o w o aim ﬁne writing i s very evide t th t p r r, ith ut in at r cla sic ism S o e n a in the som ew a er s e g s , p k turally h t high tyl s on em n e a ea s om the use of m which the occ a i d a d d, pp r fr gm ﬁon

om the const uc on rs of 7 0 the ac for 577c a fr r ti ﬁ t 5, 55a with cusative and en a re o the en e as e as om , th of ”pg with g itiv , w ll fr ese n s an ces n e ence s o e the acc usative with £2776. Th i t of glig di pr v all affectation of propriety and it i s thus clearly established

a o s the c ose of the an ne em 1 e e e w as e n th t, t ward l Byz ti pi , th r b i g f m n s the e ca e ou an set u ose w a e e ornied a o g t du t d, with t y p rp h t v r,

n m e n e the o ce of c rcum s ances a m d e a ec t a d er ly u d r f r i t , i dl di l between the An c ien t Greek of professedly literary compos1 ons on the one n and the om a c of the u a n the ti ha d, R i v lg r o

other . Although this m edley o f classicism and vulgaris m continued to — circulate am ong the learned bec aus e though base it w as conve n en co n—a e the a l on s an no e as o n ot it i t i ft r f l of C t ti pl , I d ubt a so c cu a e mon s em m an cen es e fo e et its on l ir l t d a g t th y turi b r , y ly ch ance of recognition and puriﬁcation lay in the em an cipation of the ee m n in the s on of th e sc o as c s s em w c Gr k i d, di rupti h l ti y t hi h con ne all ea n n the s of the an c en s and i n the c o n ﬁ d l r i g to tudy i t , en t em an for a n on a an ua e an d sequ d d truly ati l l g g literature . ” m e nd E en s w as its e esen a a e o c a a e m an . Th t p ri d , ug iu r pr t tiv Born at Corfu in 1 7 1 6 of an ancient and honourable but n o on e ea m he s eem s to a e ea a c e a en l g r w lthy fa ily, h v rly ttra t d tt tion hi s ca ac for e rn n the era of e by p ity l a i g . By lib lity c rt ain m er

c an s he was en a e to s u i n and o e c n r es h t , bl d t dy Italy th r ou t i ,

e e he c u e the a n a an enc - e m an an wh r a q ir d L ti , It li , Fr h, G r , d e ew n ua es o e e w an mm en se s oc of mis ll H br la g g , t g th r ith i t k ce a r I n is um n eous lo e . h vol inous works he appears as a preacher and ne m a em c an and os o e b ut hi s divi , a th ati i phil ph r, m os t

ef c en se ces e e en e e i n the ec on of sc oo s ﬁ i t rvi w r r d r d dir ti h l , or e as r om the e ns c n s ense rath r, f high r i tru tio di p d they should b e c l e c o e es c the ree s i n e a l d, ll g , whi h G k Turk y had full liberty to m a n a n a i t i t their own expense .

To es m e ese se ces ar m s b e em em e e a ti at th rvi ight it u t r b r d th t, 46 M RO AIC .

at the e nn n s cent the ee m n no ess an b gi i g of la t ury, Gr k i d, l \ th the ree n on a was in on a e : u s om n n G k ati lity, b d g T rki h d i atio c a ne u the one ecc es as a o u c oc e the e . h i d p , l i ti l big try l k d p oth r ’ ’ l e of E u en u ss Initi l é o n g i s predece ors i n the direction of the e sc o J anm na on a c s e e enc t o M eb nc e h ol at , by ly ur ory r f r e al ra h , a e offence to the c e who i n os e a e n th g v l rgy, phil ophy tol r t d o ly e pagan A ristotle and this spirit ofe xclusiveness was extended to s ec s the m os em e om eo o ubj t t r ot fr th l gy . Wherever E ugenius presided he introduced math ematical s es and o e the a e of the sc o on Mo n os of tudi , v r g t ho l u t Ath , ’ c he was the s d ecto he h ad a s c m nsc e whi h ﬁr t ir r, Pl to di tu i rib d

‘ ‘’ ' s er owv é r P wa pﬁ mz w (i v z wl é w.

" ‘ T o) déh own r ao dé a g p g.

h s om the us a ance of his own m n no ess an I n p ilo ophy, fr j t b l i d l th m the c c e hi s c c m s ances he e ec e fro poli y di tat d by ir u t , pr l t d e as c c an as the c e of s s em s a n rath r a riti th advo at a y t , u u lly givi g se es of esson s on the s am e su ec in the c se of c two ri l bj t, our whi h n e the e s of ffe en en of two erse he ex pou d d vi w two di r t, oft adv s an n s m o e at on o e e he was authors . Notwith t di g thi d r i , h w v r, a e o m e an d e e o e e di n on m anifestly r f r r, th r f r all who k pt plod g al g

a en c c he had e ecam e his enem es . Be the b e t tra k whi h l ft, b i e o n a on com a a e c ea he ou it o caus , h ldi g tr diti p r tiv ly h p, th ght w rth m ee h oso e s on e own o n and s o the while to t p il ph r th ir gr u d, h w i of eason e e a ion the m on s a e e a com p at bility r with r v l t , k ll g d th t inﬁd elity was preachi ng from the professorial ch air ; and gram m arian s were found am ong hi s colleagues who stigm atized his s s lesson s in arithm etic and geom etry as superﬂuous and u eles . ‘ f his sace o a a s zw oo z a ) s am . But o e es e o ( p w ) f r , th pr tig rd t l C e the o u ar of hi s eac n an d the am e of hi s harac t r, p p l ity pr hi g, f

ea n n this o utcr of ots c eri ca an d s c o as c w ou a e l r i g, ‘ y big , l l h l ti , ld h v shut up at it s threshold hi s useful c areer ; and it did av ail to drive him successively from the directorship of the schools at

. on Moun os an d in on s an no e . O n s as J an nina, t Ath , C t ti pl thi l t 1 he e e to erm n e e he s en ten occ asion ( 7 65 ) r tir d G a y, wh r p t

s c e at e s c s n his or s t ese hi s year , hi ﬂy L ip i , publi hi g w k Of h r en i n n c en e e ecam e the as s of all hiloso logic , w itt A i t Gr k, b b i p - f his v phi cal study to the Greeks and the contents o E na r m

E w rr ov as es . en in p (threefold c ord . S ee E cclesi t iv writt 4 RO MAIC . 7

the m e ec e e e a e w c n the en iddl dial t r f rr d to bov , hi h, u der p of E en s ece e m s the e m n ow h as n e ug iu , r iv d al o t v ry for it u d r

the nam e M e n ee s o how ea e , he w as of od r Gr k, h w g r to build n n up the faith of his countrym en on a solid fou datio . These contents are translations of S c am e J enyns on the divinity of s an Desaubre on the n e n c e of the E n Chri ti ity, i t r al r dibility va

elists and alm et on the enea o s . hese transla g , C g l gy of Chri t T ons n ee seem a e een nten e as em ed es a a ns an ti , i d d, to h v b i d d r i g i t n c a e e for E en s a oo ea of n ercou s e a ti ip t d vil, ug iu had g d d l i t r and m an s ss on s o a e at er n and s e n e y di cu i with V lt ir B li , thu l ar d to appreciate the dangers of that m ental revolution which obtained so terrible an expression on the politic al arena of France o a f t w rds the close of his own li e .

I n 1 7 7 5 on the n a on of a e ne . he en to , i vit ti C th ri II w t St Petersbm e e e ec n for s o t m e an ns on g, wh r , aft r dir ti g a h r ti i tituti for the e c n un ss n n es he w as a se the du atio of yo g Ru ia obl , r i d to ’ es oo a n e ousl h ad n e c n s o e s and pri th d, h vi g pr vi y o ly d a o rd r , o n e o clavonia and K e son He a s app i t d bish p of S h r . fterward em e his s c and e ne to e e s e e d itt d bi hopri , r tur d St P t r burg, wh r ,

s n hi s e ne s es the s he e in 1 806. pur ui g l ar d tudi to la t, di d e a e o a of E en s for w c o e e the A d t il d bi gr phy ug iu , hi h, h w v r, ' m a e s are not nown to e s o n o to V ew a t rial k xi t, w uld u f ld our i th t awakening of the Greek m ind un der which the Turkish yoke ec am e ns e and the s u e for n a on n e en ence b i upportabl , tr ggl ti al i d p d

n ecess . m the e of the sc sm n E en us a ity Fro p riod hi u til ug i , the only intellectual comm erce between the e ast an d wes t of E u o e c n s s e i n o s con r ve s a e o so n me o s r p o i t d w rk of t o r i l th ol gy, u r u n ee as m of emse es an e ens e a m i d d to for th lv xt iv libr ry but, fro the a st seness e s ec s of u u edi fication to e b ru of th ir ubj t , do btf l th ir u o s nd s e n h E en s a e t e eo e . how a th r , ab olut ly barr to p pl ug iu , e e ou the ee m n n con ac the sc enc e n v r, br ght Gr k i d i to t t with i a d s of the es and m his m e n w ee sc o philo ophy w t, fro ti till o , Gr k h rs a e een e e a a n a te his e m e the la h v b ag rly ppropri ti g, f r xa pl , cc mu a e e sures of al and an ce e m n and E n a u l t d tr a It y Fr , G r a y g Now for the e ess on s m men e am f an . s o n o a o s l d , xpr i of thi i u t v ri u new m e the c ass c oc a a n o on e s fficed as en att r, l i al v bul ry l g r u , wh s o e was ' the on m as er of oso and E uc of Ari t tl ly t phil phy, lid m a em c s i n the ee sc oo s the e s of hi th ati Gr k h l . At v ry out et s a m a e e ise on e s o e on E u en s n s d ir bl tr at R ligiou T l rati , g iu fi d it 48 M RO AIC .

c n en en to f m e a new wo - a s o v i t ra rd, avegl é pnoz e/a , th t hould exactly , e ess a ea an d s o in o san o e ns an ces : es es xpr th t id , a th u d th r i t B id , i n c nse en ce of the m en wa en n efo e E u o qu tal a k i g, b r gen ius ende d his c ee w as n o on e a few n e u ar r, it l g r hu dr d yo ths th at were to be a sc ence and os but w o e n a o i m rac t ught i phil ophy, a h l ti n, p tised in n c en ee at was b e ns uc e in its s A i t Gr k, th to i tr t d right , n m a e e nd ca on and s ccess u u e i n e a i t d to th ir vi i ti , , if u f l, g id d th ir

e e c se . a ec n e e to all an d at the same m e ad e x r i A di l t i t lligibl , ti ua e to the e es s on of a e e e on s to m o e n c v za on q t xpr i wh t v r b l g d r i ili ti , thus bec ame educ ationally and politically a national want ; nor can the fac b e o e se cco n e for a all e ne ee s t th rwi a u t d , th t l ar d Gr k , who are at the sam e time public- spirited citizen s an d practical m en a e s ca e n c en ee in e com os on s and , h v di rd d A i t Gr k th ir p iti , h n adopted t e Moder . ’ E ugenius greatest feat ln respect of Greek was his tran slation ’ n o om e c e se of r s eo cs an d EE neid as i t H ri v r Vi gil G rgi but, ' e a s the s ec of ese a es em a ns on to ea r g rd ubj t th p g , it r i ly giv h r The o o specim en of what m ay b e called is Modern G eek . f ll w i ng is the second paragraph of his tract -ou Religious Toleration

’ ’ l ’ l ’ (aim L ev f or oovs zd oz ov é uoeCsxoo a7o vo 0 7 7 0V 3 07 17 2 1 / g pn g, 7 7 96 7 4 e ' ' ’ ’ l o O adl a o o W OlO EI 5 027 0607 z a ) covool r o ai m / 0197 7 57. aaago pov. p p g X 55 yn g 7 ' ' ‘ ’ 0 ava l oé vai v 51 voo 0 0 060 z a ) 51 r ) ya 5717 551 7 7 7 0207 00 oovo v n g 7 7 77, ; 577 7 xé ; ' ” ' - z a ) si z e/ 7 0 51 7 01: 6‘71 070V ouoa Bl a é sz 317 5 7 057 0 srr e é z efvo m oo eleva z g g c p , f , ’ ‘ ‘ - ’ ’ ‘ -f ur oov 71 07 s 09 1 21 71 02651 a s ) r co m or gue ta a é oova v ovwda 07x07 em of oz p , pr , pp , ;

’ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ 7 3 0 a o o v 0 0 0ev a o covvbv r co 7 7 7 107 71 467 1 1 dzw l a é vw m w . p gﬁ ; p g , 7g s p a g , a X ‘ l ” 2 ’ ‘ ‘ ‘ A vs id 7 0z o dev ivsr a l z v / w 0 TO I O U T O 02703 ail/a : é d oz o . % p 7 g y p g Q, pn g

a m e a ec of w c the a ove is an e am e E u e Th t iddl di l t, hi h b x pl , g n s e m o ed on i n his m o e a or s and w as far f om iu pl y ly r popul r w k , r c ontemplating th at un1 ve1 sal sovereignty which Modern Greek o a u his s c oso ca wri n s are in has n w c q ired . All tri tly phil phi l ti g anc en ree and he scou s i n n o e en e e m s the ea i t G k, t v ry g tl t r id of I n his o ic a e 50 n so in o u a a e . teachi g philo phy a p p l r di l ct L g , p g , ” ‘ i ' é a é z a fioé svo: he says T ax; y oop é v lips: 760 8a wa pevupa oa vwg y q a o’ o lz of M l d/b i 0207 017 a ovovou ) 7 00 7 7 17036900 9 z s a l go g i g, , x 7; 7 ; 77 p fi ’ ‘ ‘ ’ « ui s/ v é ol z a ov z oo) i l ooo ofivf e oovra i dsé r w vea wz oiig. Lo p go g g, ’ ’ ’ l ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ 71 060 577 é a a sKM osva Ct C WBui xa 7 7 E z oup1z r eov c pa r co Xué oo/ or i 501 0 yy / p , 7g

s and the co nate erm s w c E u en us framed were 1 Thi , g t , hi h g i , r e ved n o th e an ua e and are n o w i n common use . ec i i t l g g , 2 rans at on see . 5 9 . For t l i , p

50 RO MAI C .

‘ sen e the em e in I n a e e a e e en t d to p ror l tt r d t d L yd , J uly 22d of sam e e W tten bach n o a c e c s that y ar, y , writi g t L r h r, all ” K oraes not n a rec n but a e a e ee . I n 1 o ly G ia , v rit bl Gr k 807, hi “ s edition of Isocrates procure d for him the title Patriarch of ” ee o and in 1 8 14 he ec e e an of c a e Gr k Philol gy, , r iv d ﬁ i l l tter ’ n n he wo cce a ee ai i quiri g if uld a pt Gr k ch r in the College R oya l. ce a n s the ee s are o of him as a sc a But rt i ly, whil t Gr k pr ud hol r, it is as a national benefactor that his memory is retain ed with e and his n m e men ne w en r on gratitud , a tio d ith v e ati . The e s osim ad es s n s e a o e all e four broth r , Z , di ti gui h d b v oth r ee m e c n s mu niﬁ cence —and the m e c an s a e een Gr k r ha t for , r h t h v b

—a prm ces to the enslaved Greeks by their p atron age of letters a esse K oraes n e e the ou e the ee ddr d to , lo g b for tbr ak of Gr k - ‘ e o on s ué stit m : W 070 i ll/061 6 r é vro 41 08 voo im r a é v 7 7 r v luti , thi q ; p g x p ; ’ ’ ”iv o c mé vnv r ho cwosyé wmrlv ; what is the way to further the e n e ene a on eece K oraes i n his ns e e b gu r g r ti of Gr , a w r, urg d the ff s on the c ass c ee s w no es i nc en “ di u i of l i Gr k author , ith t n A i t, and prolegom en a in Modern Greek ; and was him self c harged “ w h e n i o i n e the ee ith t e ex cutio of the work . Th s r gi at d Gr k ” c ns s n 1 7 o s the s of c cal e Library, o i ti g of v l , fir t whi h, l d H é a o a e e in 1 5 one e e o e the e E e p p s , pp ar d 80 , y ar b f r d ath of ug s n d m e e n n m the ene a ent us asm n a Se sa . iu , ad a gr at tio A id g r l h i c eete the s cc ess e o m e m t b e e as in the whi h gr d u iv v lu s, igh h ard, c se of E en s the m n the c e who m s o the a ug iu , gru bli g of l rgy, i t ok foe of s e s on for an n e and the sneer of the e an s who up r titi i fid l, p d t ‘ affected the 667 5 k sz ofivrlv susc eptibility at the in stallation of o n e K oraes e onst a e the a so e n ecess in M der Gre k . d m r t d b lut ity,

e to x nation al econs n and o ess of a o n a ord r r titutio pr gr , d pti g truly n n an ua e : a n os o ca cr c sm un e the atio al l g g pplyi g phil phi l iti i , d r " l ant to ma c he d sco e e i n nn m e a e ight of iquity, Ro i , i v r d it i u r bl rem ns nc ent ee and s e how far at m e e ai of A i Gr k, how d that ti th y m be est e to e anc en o m s na hi s o m ight r or d th ir i t f r ; ﬁ lly, by v lu i no s com os ons in Mo e n ee em a a e e s cu u p iti d r Gr k, r rk bl for p r pi ity, I m ay n ot say he presente d his c ountrym en with a language of his f am n he m a e em consc o s of ossess n a r i g, but d th i u p i g h l anguage which required only culti vation to rank with t e most o s e of E es es the se en een o umes of the ee p li h d urope . B id v t v l Gr k ” a K oraes u s e en - two o e s of on G reek Libr ry, p bli h d tw ty th r or " e e nc n ﬁve of th e A f a z r a ha nes m e e s e lit ratur , i ludi g , t t i ti abl tr a ur 5 l ROMAIC .

The n t o the student of Romaic and Modern Greek . giga tic industry of K oraes m ay be im agin ed from the extent of hi s s m n n e e to not ess n o s nd. e auth r hip a ditor hip, a ou ti g tog th r, l tha ﬁfty oc tavo volum es ; and - this exclusive of an imm ense corres ond en ce i n c th e s en o hi s te en s p , whi h tr gth of b th priva fri d hip ’ and hi s a o sm c ns c s e s . I n s on cc n p tri ti o pi uou ly app ar hort, a ou t of his a o s and the ns i n the m s c e e e l b ur , privatio id t of whi h th y w r c a e on K oraes m a s be c e the e e and rri d , y ju tly all d lit raryh ro u n m artyr of the Greek revol tio . A n anec dote from the recent history of Greek lexicography w s a the ecc es s ca the m s e cons e ill how th t l ia ti l, o t pow rfully titut d nte es am n the ee s was not K oraes and s i r t o g Gr k , with thi will b e n o e oo not the m em en he led on c es a th r pr f that, had ov t orr ’ n e the n on s an s c not e s ccee ed . po d d with ati w t , it ould hav u d I n 1 800 the es on w as a se the ns nce of Photiad es , qu ti r i d at i ta , ec o of the ee sc o c a es How can we et dir t r Gr k ho l at Bu h r t, g a ” use u e c n for sc oo s ? m e es es the Mé oc f l l xi o our h l At that ti , b id y

A s l xé v of Barinus e ca e L eo X . and in nc en é , d di t d to , wholly A i t ee m a c-s ea n s had no e in e c ss c Gr k, Ro i p ki g youth h lp th ir la i al s es s e the sm and e e ec e of ons n n s tudi av all v ry d f tiv quarto C ta ti o , s ed 4 nd i en in th n Th in 1 7 5 a e s e d a ec . e b e publi h , wr tt pok i l t a ov question received practical answers from Vienn a and Constanti ne e . m t he o m e es sen his M e n ee transl pl Fro f r r, Gaz t od r Gr k a ’ on c ne e s e con en ce e e was s e in ti of S h id r l xi to V i , wh r it publi h d ee 4to o mes m 1809 an d ns n n e thr v lu , at Co ta ti opl , the c a s n e1 the com s on of o o e c n patriar h l chool u d took po iti a f li l xi o , c e m ﬁwf b —th f w g e o c i . e e m 1 1 and all d Ark ; hi h vol app ar d 8 9, v l l o . i . in 1 82 1 en the e e scenes c nse en on th , wh t rribl o qu t e Greek re on l n terru ted the n The m a s voluti p publicatio . terial were taken om e an s b ut the e ne H a r we n t fr St ph u l ar d g, o u nderstanding the s ns of the t m es w e the e an ns m A nci nt ig i , rot xpl atio e Greek . I would venture to rem ark that too much credit has been given to the Greek Church as th e conservatrix of the national

n a e . The a ea n of its m no s se ces t la gu g d ily r di g volu i u rvi , he

ac ce of n ecc es s ca m n es in n ne ee pr ti drawi g up l ia ti l i ut Byza ti Gr k, and th e study of the fathers have no doubt kept the higher clergy am a w the nc en lan a e s as s m f ili r ith a i t gu g , ju t i ilar c auses h ave m aintained a certain knowledge of L atin among the Rom an priests ; but I know not how the popular dialects h ave proﬁted 52 RO MAIC . b all s n ess n ee th u s o n f a m en a y thi , u l i d d by e ac q i iti of such r g t ry ' ' ases as 95 05 (lé k ow og Gal a a é vow o r sr é k e r a on the phr , a K m , y , oj g s en of h c s m e o m a e out om c to be m c ess tr gth w i h o w uld k R ai . u h l

e ec e an is . the ee u c the n ness d f tiv th it If Gr k Ch r h, with bli d [ c arac e s c of a on a n s u n s has ocee e on the h t ri ti tr diti l i tit tio , pr d d s upposition that the present has n o business to differ from the as e en i n an a e an d has s s ccee e in m a n a n n p t, v l gu g , thu u d d i t i i g the ascen nc of the anc ent ec n a m e c c e da y i dial t withi li it d ir l , it has eno n ce a e o c a e e c n o it mi ht r u d by th t v ry p li y wh t v r o tr l , g otherwise h ave exerted oyer the dialectical an archy prevailing be on its mm e a e e e e een all a n few e y d i di t pal . Had th r b lo g r c u c - e n s in an n no n on e and m e eac n in h r h r adi g u k w t gu , or pr hi g m e the a no n one the ecc es as a s e m a e eco , k w , l i tic l tyl ight h v b s an a of the na on a an u e and the e o a ons of t d rd ti l l g ag , lit rary blig ti to the church would have been much greater than

sc o s and to the ess Mo e n ree is m a n r ho l , pr , d r G k i ly n indebted for its spread and its prospe ct of ultim ate c onsolidatio . d ese es to b e o n a in the o an s on of its sc oos It rv kn w th t, rg i ati h l , h the petty kingdom of Greec e m ay challenge comparison with t e n n ons Th o o n s m m a of m ost adva ced ati of E urope . e f ll wi g u ry m the the ofﬁcial e ducational returns for 1 8 53 is borrowed fro «s omefor J une of th at year

A ttend ance .

o u sc o s m w c the ns c i on 1 5 P p lar ho l , hi h i tru t a ous for o s 2 79 gr tuit , b y , 33 441 o o o for s 3 6 Ditt , ditt , ditt , girl , ee sc s w o eac e s e ac 72 Gr k hool , ith f ur t h r h, mn as a se ven eac e s e c 7 Gy i , with t h r a h, e m nas a com e n the o m e 4 7 Privat Gy i p ti g with f r r, n e s o ofesso s 1 400 U iv r ity, with f rty pr r ,

' es es ese e e are n o m a sc o s for the t1 a1n1n of B id th , th r r l ho l g m e and em a e eac e s as a so s ec sc oo s eo o ca and al f l t h r , l p ial h l , th l gi l

m a cu a and a s c . ilitary, gri ltur l rti ti course ou the o c e a of ee m e c an s Of , with t patri ti lib r lity Gr k r h t ou o the w o so m n n s ons con e n em o e thr gh ut rld, a y i tituti , f rri g r t e an mm e e ene ts co ne e a e een n e rath r th i diat b ﬁ , uld ith r h v b fou d d n or be efﬁ ciently m aintained in so sm all an d poor a cou ntry as f s he ca al not s the n m o ee e . ens o e e i t i ki gdo Gr c Ath , h w v r, pit ROMAIC . 53

on of eece the ree s e e e e as is c e ly Gr , but of G k v rywh r , l arly i evinced by the surprl smg developm en t of its period cal press . With a population som ewhat o ver it possesses about wen ne ws a e s of c are s e ce and the t ty p p r , whi h four publi h d twi ,

es on ce a ee es es se en m on or bi- m onth e o r t w k, b id v thly ly p ri di 1 c s te a and scientiﬁc . al , li r ry M e n ee e at e i s not n n in e the od r Gr k lit r ur wa ti g po try, but , c e o c on s of the non - e c ess are s c o - b s hi f pr du ti p riodi al pr h ol ook ,

an s a ons of om n ces m the enc and n - s of tr l ti r a fro Fr h, ha d book the a o s a s and sc ences in c as the n men c v ri u rt i , whi h l t to ﬁx o la

1 To combat the possible incredulity of the read er regard ing this nu ’ exam ed erar ac v co from the ﬂ - eaf of the S ecta teur d e l pl lit y ti ity, I py y l p O ri ent for e emer 1 8 5 3 one of the seven ub ca ons a ove referred to S pt b , p li ti b , the following catalogue of the entire Greek p eriodical press A T n H a . J U R A U X O N . ourna O f c a d v rn m n L a u ou e e e e ona . J l ﬁ i l G t . N ti l L a M n r e ve . L h r i e Z ep y . L e S ié cle L e ouveau Mond e . N . ’ L E s é ra n L mm a eno e . p ce . R é L ’ i t L O r en . a e e Fl ch . m a L a e ne . L e M ro r rec en ran a S i i i G ( F c is . ) ’ ’ L o rn d E n e J u al es tud ia ts . L O b servatoire d A thenes (en Fran

L a eune rece . a s J G g i . ) U V RA G E PIERI O DI U E S O S Q . ’ L and or a e . L E u er e P t p . Mn m o L a e s ne . L a u d y Bibliotheq e u Peuple . ’ L a em s L Th i . e Spectateur d e l O rient (en ’ L A b eille M d ca e . ran a é i l F c is . )

Y A . S R J O U RNA U X . ’ L e Mercure L ni on . U .

’

L E ole . L e ab rum L a . A A P TR S . ourna d e a ras L M n s J l P t . e i o . ’ TRI P LI . L A m é lioration O S . NA U PLI E . Journal d es Lois; ’ CHHA L O IS . L Hellene . TA TI PL E CONS N NO . ’ L e ra e d e Bos hor L O rien u - Télég ph p e . t (Jo rnal Turco Grec pour ’ L e ourna d e Cons an no e en les C r ens d e l A i J l t ti pl ( h éti s e. ) Fr n a gais .) MY R S NE . ’ ’ L A m althé e . L Im artial en Fran ai p ( g s. ) L e ourna d m rn J l e S y e . 4 5 ROMAIC. t e is a s a m a n o em ow e ur alw y i pr bl . H gr atly s uch m an uals are needed i s clear from the fact that som e of the professorial

ect es i n the n e s ens ns ea e n ea for l ur U iv r ity of Ath , i t d of b i g r d the s m s and ene a an ce of the s en s are ic e ti ulu g r l guid tud t , d tat d for en e n c on n o e - oo on the s ec a e of tir tra s ripti , t xt b k ubj t tre t d a n as et een e e n ee the m m ense d s o o h vi g y b pr par d ; i d d, i i pr p rtion between the irksom e labour and the slend er proﬁt of transcribing so m c and o n o e as - en n o es i s the s ub ec of u h, p ri g v r h tily writt t , j t ene a s c om n m n he s u n The an en g ral nd ju t plai t a o g t t de ts . ci t G ee s e e no n s s and e n nce e an ua es r k w r li gui t , th ir ig ora of oth r l g g safe a e the u of e own es es in the a s an d gu rd d p rity th ir ; b id , rt s c ences e h ad n o m as e s and we e e e o e n e no i th y t r , r th r f r u d r em The m e n ee s on the o e an a on to o . t pt ti b rrow od r Gr k , th r h d, are o in he es e ee an d i n a o a n the polygl tt t high t d gr , , ppr pri ti g intellectual treasures to which their lingual ac quirem ents give em access e ne a s the an s in e own th , th y i vit bly upply bl k th ir literary and scientiﬁc l anguage by di rectly translating foreign e ess ns o e n wor d s we e are o ous e c u e xpr io . F r ig , ho v r, rig r ly x l d d ; and e en i n the ee l ess the n ames of o e n news a e s v w k y pr , f r ig p p r , s om e m es a so of o e n aces are s u ec e to an s a n . ti l f r ig pl , bj t d tr l tio s the Tim es is n n as 6 X é voe the Morn in Her a ld as Thu k ow g , g ’ 5 S wé l vo d reas l E n s ou soun g etc . an w e n , h gli h it w ld d ridi o o s to l a ai s ol s Ta ill r i es the a ace of the Tile wo s ul u call e p l e e p l rk , ’ it is actually translate d by 7 66 oovci z r oga 7 537 n a e siwv in Modern ee Gr k . , ’ The f c a the s e of ou am n the m o e n ee s a t, th t tyl th ght o g d r Gr k has een cas in the E uro ean m ou oses an 1nv111C1ble bar b t p ld, opp n a E en rier to the c omplete restoration of the an cient la gu ge . v h the s m e oca a nd the same am m a Mo ern ree wit a v bul ry a gr r, d G k

C RF O U .

’ L A mi d e la r . Journal du Gouvernement . Vé ité

L e Phoenix (Recueil Périodique . ) L ou ue cue Periodi u e e e . Z A NTE . B q t (R il q )

I n the autumn of 1 85 3 the t en an ress eemed w t u cat ons on , A h i p t i h p bli i - the E as e n uest on and co es ave reac ed m e of four news a ers q o t r q i , pi h h p p ( ' Ha vel k mm v 0 W a k a w K a A a C v¢ : vo 77 E voe 7 00 Pevov nd 71 v a v a vfrwovwo/ u , g e g, ns s a g) , esta s ed s nce the d ate of the a ove st so t at the enera es m a e in bli h i b li , h g l ti t the text respecting the Atheni an periodical press m akes the nearest possible n h r approxim atio to t e t uth . ‘ ROMAIC . 5 5

o necess d ffe m nc en ec se the nc en m es w uld arily i r fro A i t, b au a i t od ’ on a I stri as o e e of c c eption are gone for ever . C po d wr t lik a philosopher when he p enned the following sentenc es : ' 1 é 5050260 67 : 607 si va : a } Mi ami 607 2 a ) wade ; 7 261 77 a 7t a : 5: v ovyypa p wv ‘ ’ 07 05 d 60 070071 5 500 1: voo z a 7 a 7xa w osv 7 a é woia 7 07 7 A 7\ 7\ Elva : 607 7 7 a ; g / ; g . 0 7 7 i Q ’ a s7 a 6091 7 7 0311 id sai v 020 7 7 7 d: a 0 co 7 05 7 07rou 7 00 517102711 07 017 a cio , 7 , 7 7 ¢ p p , , g ‘ ' ‘ ’ ’ 9 07 001 2: vco ou vrs Ma sv 7 7 1: 020 7 7 1: fi vvma v z a 7 co 7 07 0207 011 7 07rov z a d 7 5 a p a 7 7 p ,

Q ’ ‘ ’ ' 011 0 ou a sd z a 7 oo 7 7 11 dwi deow 7 337 702061: 7 00 7 7 1: ouvé xa Ce z a ) sz yyp p g, 5 , 7 ' ‘ ” 1 7 0137 00 r oé sq a : za ) 7 0: a o oo 7 7 é z aoew ° s e s in p px 7 p p 7g, pp g Thi div r ity the style of tho ught n ecessarily implies diversity i n the style of i c ompos ition and h ere lies the extrem e limit whe re Modern Greek must even tually stop in its c ourse of assimilation to the

n c en . i s not e o e e s m e e be A i t It lik ly, h w v r, that thi li it will v r eac ed o n to th n e ess m the c ns u on r h , wi g e c ity, fro popular o tit ti of m o e n soc e of so ne a n th c asm c s d r i ty, o r or l ter ﬁlli g up e h whi h till e s s e een the s en an e e en the e c e and xi t b tw pok l guag v of du at d, e en s e th ir writt tyl . A s summing up the view I have b een led to form regar ding the esen s e and e s ec s of M e n ee and as pr t tat futur pro p t od r Gr k, esen n s ec m en the o e s e n ow cur en pr ti g a fair p i of appr v d tyl r t, I c nc u e an e c rom n f the o . 36 of the an o a o e o o l d with xtra t f N P d r , en an e e o a Ath i lit rary p ri dic ls m en tioned in the prec eding n ote . com a n the s e of s e ac K o aes the By p ri g tyl thi xtr t with that of r , reader will perceive what great progress the literary language ’ ‘ ’ h - e as made Since his tim e O uds v i vxspé or ePov 7 77g ixvoypa gpia g i z éwng

7 06 vo a re o 7 7 60 71 0 7 06 z a k ﬁa g 7 ; aroou 027 0605 050775 67 a v

' ‘ ' m p? a s ) 05 é vr a a q eé fl 707 7 a a i a A0300a z a ) 7 06 p p ya n 7 7 7 px 7 , ‘ ‘ 07 01017 i ma : pxs: 7rp0é pda kaai v7 0z a)/0 9 1707 é udev duoxspé oﬂ pov 7 00 ga g/ pa pm oi} 2 z a ) w e ' xp /ooor i vou 71 0 00 7 05 027 0 7 77; « e i ; h a n / 02 01 7 0 a cZAm7 a 67 m 7 Lx g 6 5 , ’ ’ ’ ' vrp0z 777 a : r e ) vé cu 0oa a : 7 0677 0 d wc ia v 6 m z a ) 7 07rwu p , g ra py p p

‘ ’ 570 9 09 - 702 01 9 H ave 19907; 0007 7 Omi s: e: r a a r 7 07 000 7 idi w dé 0 7 px g d 7 , g 7 7 771 770 2 7 5 a v 0 w b z a ) 2 0 7 0 770 A / p , znp g 7 4 o 2702 ; oyog Elva :

1 For rans a on see . t l ti , p 60. 2 A n investigation of Mod ern Greek literature fully b ears out the state m en of th t e writer : witness the B acchanalian songs of Athanasios Christo ou o s, and the sa res of exand ros S outzos ot of w c re d n p l ti Al , b h hi h a ow right oma c or e r , s o of it . K oraes has eft his o n on on record a n R i littl h t l pi i , th t o rea ra d g t t ge y can b e prod uced in Mod ern Greek prior to the year 1 950 t s m a or ma not b e b ut the ro wou hi y y , p phecy ld have been infallibly true of a com d e y . 5 6 120 11111 1 0 .

7 05 7 0 o :z 05 wa ’ 55 0 7 0 00 m 0 06 0 5: a 0§ e: 00 0: 0: 503 7 0 p p p , f p g p g 7 5 g p g 0

’ ' a 7r7 05 z a ) au7 0 i77 0 7 007 M wrré wv 0ov5 07 7 u l ch05 70 z a ) 0207 0 7 p , g y p p m / 3; ;

’ 7 a a oa n uo svo 00: 0 r ep) 7 03 7 077005a :07 §p07 p y/ a g. N 70 7 i ng 7 070 1 02 ' ‘ -' 7 57 s7 a u7 i 097 ol e7 ac 7 05 0o71 7 ou a 77071 000 0 E x 7 057 00 7 7 7 , 7 p , ; a

’ a ) 9 r a p bwa pxs: 5 7 : covwaa Ma z £00. a 577 5 595 7

’ 50 z a ) 07 a 7 0 a r -7 0 Ni / 0 i v5027 a : 7 7 a7 7 7 a 7 05 7 0 0 :z 05 w g p g h a p 7 p ¢ p ,

’ ' ' ‘ ’ ’ coJa z oowo 0 57 0 9: za 7 al 7 0 0500007 z a ) 7 7 7 07 7 co covwoa Ma sz s/ y g 7 96 7 7 g / g mg,

’ ’ ‘ ’ ’ z a ) r ep; 7 777 cozpiCeml: 500 5147 2009 E oov 50 si va : 7 oovud/o57 a : ' ' 0 7 0 0 :z 0 M o a ooh a ocavwv 0007 0707 7 a 7 00 a a z a 7 00 a m ’ ov p p p g y g, p / ; x p mp g yp ,

’ ‘ ’ ' 70067\5V eiifa : 70o sa xlzvxo57 a : 0 ypa 7r7 0g a pook a acavwv 7 d5g xa pa z 7 77pa g 7 05

‘ ‘ l 7 p0g00p:z 05. A mo 70 0a 7 775 7 a 57 77g 5pc oewg z a ) ' 1 ooO tl 57 ) 7 0000 7 0 : 07 : z 7 01 03000 , pn n 5 7 p 7 7

1 For rans a on see . 60. t l ti , p

58 A P PE NDIX .

towards the co mprehension of the language spoken and written by the scholar ; and in this way that both should m eet in the

m iddle of the ladder . —1 The n a e h S ee p . 3 6. . la gu g of t e ancient Greeks and of us m oderns shall b e one and the same ; their grammar and ours s a b e one an d the s m e h ll a .

2 . n e s and ases s a be m e and e e O ly th ir word phr h ll ad itt d, v ry e n as a s o e n ase in ee s s a be for ig word, l o f r ig phr Gr k word , h ll

e c e . x lud d 7 The s en en ces s a b e n e e on n or n e the 3 . t h ll ith r l g i volv d ; but s c e com os n s a l b e eas n e e lai n and tru tur of our p itio h l ily i t lligibl , p s m e as in the anc en oe s o me a nd es o and as in the i pl , i t p t H r H i d, s e s nd en n historian H rodotu a X opho . 4 E e one of the a s of s eec e e wo se and . v ry p rt p h, v ry rd, phra , d om of the nc en ree s s al b e a m e as so n as t e i i a i t G k h l d itt d, o h y ec me n e e to the d im the ee s and v e e b o i t lligibl of Gr k , pro id d th y offen ot the ear d n . ‘ 0 ' ' ’ — f 1 1 bno soﬁos/ £ 715 wa / 67 00x7 00) V 0W Owe cwu ﬁu ol . A g 5 07 S ee p 38 . xg g , g a , s ays the translati on of the Cod e 000010 but who can understan d this W ithout a knowle dge of the correspon ding French ? — . 1 n en ne o s e a 4 . . e e a e ea S e e p . l Wh light d n ti n b gin to t k pl s e in W at is se no o e em e e a s e m a ns for them ur h ba , th r r dy p rh p r i an to e nce o e to e m e r a s th r turn o m r th ir pri itiv ba b ri m. The sence e e ec s in e s e en r cee s 2 . ab of gr at d f t writ r fr qu tly p o d m ee eness of n and is not a a s n to the ene a fro f bl mi d, lw y owi g g r l v e of t heir a e he e e rs fa who has ne e e ne irtu g littl f a to ll, v r l ar d a to so r. T e e n e m en a na n are n the a e s of 3 . h l ar d of tio aturally l wgiv r the language which the nation speaks ; but they a re the law o e e s the co e n givers of a dem ocratic thing . T th m b long rr ctio o f the language ; but the language itse lf i s the property of the

ho e n a on its sac e o e . w l ti , r d pr p rty 4 —Y ou s ir are for the esen e no of the a s S ee . 3 . p , , pr t gov r r l d , rito o l s is n es sa e all c a e along with K p u o . It ec ry abov that you r e u a m nn s L et em om e o an d for th ir ed cation nd a er . th bec go d ea ne ou e em n e e e for o e w se l r d, if y would hav th ho our d h r ; th r i m en es se o t e m and ou nor so m uc as u n oo will d pi b th h y , h t r to l k w the n . n e s ou s s ec a e n W e c e , ce upo you o v r d thi ubj t ith l t pri , e a e and he s e a e s ou ess and e l o th ir f th r, wi h d th t th y h ld dr liv a t 59 A P P E ND IX .

e as n s and n ot o e w se a t e church in every resp ct Lati , th r i th t h y should b e dressed after the L atin fashion that th ey should learn s of s nc n e e o e a n s to kneel b efore tho e di ti tio , wh th r P p , C rdi al , or he nces an d ha e s o nc e e e s in on o ot r pri , t t th y h uld u ov r th ir h ad h ur m en e o to see a na of those who salute the . Wh th y g a C rdi l or e e nce let em on no cc nt sit nee an d oth r lik pri , th a ou , but k l ; He of esse m em o en en he d s em let em se . th , wh bi th , th ri bl d ry . us e sa a en en e s n o m e n s d to y th t, though oft bidd , th y hould by a i n s en em em e a m a ns ct and s t . es All th e thi g th r b r, th t you y i tru b ecen and e he m e . ar e see e e xhort t w ll F th r, that th ir gait d t n e e c n e s t on a e e o ce s u e and dig iﬁ d, th ir o v r a i proﬁt bl , th ir v i bdu d en e e c om ose no m e ns s a n on s g tl , th ir look p d, by a t ri g about thi s n L et e m on ll e and c n e se e a d on a . id th t th h our a , lov all, o v r

es ec all e e e own e e or s an e s. r p tfully with , wh th r th ir p opl tr g r L et em no me ns be a m e and en e let th by a h ughty, but hu bl g tl em not em em e at e are escen an s a n th r b r all that th y d d t of ki g, but let them rem einber that th ey have been driven from their c n and a e are n s s n e s enn ess a ou try, th t th y orpha , tra g r , p il th t e e u e e on o e n n and h e a e w t o th y r q ir to liv f r ig bou ty, t at, if th y r i h ut v t e e are not rud ent and m e e not ono ir u , if th y ﬁp hu bl , if th y do h ur

e o ers u m em but all abo m na e em . th r will th h us th , will i t th l ‘ f l n e en o all e se t n s sir a on K rito ou os . Thi k w l th th hi g , , l g with p

- S ee . 44 . nce for all e s we e c m e n p O , holy fath r , hav o amo g the an s —I for m The a not m own e m n . Fr k , , y p rt, of y prop r otio ’ n e in the esen aff w as not m ne m at e s i itiativ pr t air i , but y royal f h r , who as ou emem e en he w as at the s m s o n , y r b r, wh i th u of C ri th, sen J o n of esse m em n o and s e an s t that h bl d ory i t Italy, o b g thi Y ou no he work . k w t learning and experien ce of the king my a e t he was no t on an e ce en os er a m f th r, tha ly x ll t phil oph , but ost mnu e e o n e of the o m as th e c c a n i t xp u d r d g of hur h, h vi g had for his co nse o t a o s man and o o n t eo o n u ll r h t truly virtu u pr f u d h l gia , the c E uthemi s patriar h o . So grea t m en as these did not inten d

' m e e . n e e s c b usiness but vi n e n r ly to u d rtak u h a , , ha g b gu it, th ey n m ea a so to conc e the sam e . m e e e e en e t l lud Ti , how v r, pr v t d this .

The e e o e has a en on us n ot e ac as u n work, th r f r , f ll up , x tly po those us but r t e i n e e con o , a h r a b tt r diti n . 4 - p . 8 m VW would have tolerance in religion c om bined w e o s e es s u l e n nd ff n ith z al u pi ty, l t it ho ld g id i to i i ere ce . The i h 60 A PPE D N IX .

ff n ° di ere t m an is passionless the passionless and apathetic man nsens e nd m i ibl ; a regard to what can he who 1s insensible prac ” se and m n fes his o 3 ea nce . so c e and c e ti a i t f rb ra What li itud ar , a c an e i n s es ec n m te s wh t h g , hort, r p ti g at r of faith can be expected m hi fro m who is indifferent whether this or that b e believed ? Ma ‘ ‘ f . tters o faith a re nothing to him who has n o deﬁnite faith at

S c a m an is not o e o e n i n e on w ou all u h pr p rly t l ra t r ligi , but ith t e n o e e r ligio alt g th r . — m e e ec n em se es oso ca e ms Sa pag D ki g th lv with phil phi l t r , n e o en n o the s e ce n e s ma i t rw v i t vulgar tyl , rtai writ r i gine that

" th ey touch almost the summ it of knowledge with their heads ; e n no m ses i n oso e m e s of but b i g ig ra u phil phy, th y ak fool em se s ke s s ’ e n . ose c n em e oo s en th lv li tripli g Th o t ptibl b k , th , c o ess to ea s l n the u n ue are to whi h pr f tr t of philo ophy v lgar to g , b e sse as on and the ee an a e as m c as os hi d out of f hi , Gr k l gu g u h p si e to be c a e W o c b esid es the anc en o bl ultiv t d, ith ut whi h, y i t phil so e s nno b n o ph r ca t e e j yed . — ' ee . I am o o n on a the diﬂicult e e en S p 55 . f pi i th t y w xperi ce i n c atching the sense of ancient writers arises n ot from their s an d ases om c an e in our eas ffe ence word phr , but fr a h g id , a di r in our m o es of conce on w c r e en us om entert nm d pti , hi h p v ts fr ai g the s m e o t i n the sam e ma xi in i c m the s o a th ugh m wh h, fro di p s o his eas the e had Concei veda 1t a nd ence ro iti u of id , writ r h p h ff n i n ceed s t e di ere ce of express o . ame a e — n is eas e an a e nea on the S p g . Nothi g i r th th t d li ti of sense c ocee s om the en es ec a en the su ec whi h pr d fr p , p i lly wh bj t i n question h as been already treated of m An cien t Greek an d the writer has the text before him ; but n othing 1s m ore d iﬁi cult than n ua e w e s om the sou that graphic and pictorial la g g hich w ll fr l, es ec a en the s ec h an d e is new and re res the in p i lly wh ubj t l d , qui

" s in vention of e m s and m o es of e ess on . c i s the c e t r d xpr i Su h , a e e an a e b ut m e cu a in ou s eca se the ve v ry l gu g , or parti l rly r , b u li ly a nd anim ate d style referred to i s a reﬂection from the spoken n e and us the s o en an e e en as em o e la guag ; with p k l guag , v pl y d the m os e ne m en and on the m os m or an su ec s by t l ar d , t i p t t bj t , s s essen a om the en . I n m an res e c n ee differ ti lly fr writt y p t , i d d, the spoken language has been already conforuaed to the written ; i ’ but i n m any it s till stan ds aloof ; and on th1s account there p re

f n . vails 111 it the greatest irregularity an d want o precisio Hence