DOCSLIB.ORG

Philippa M. Steele

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Philippa M. Steele This pdf of your paper in Understanding Relations Between Scripts II belongs to the publishers Oxbow Books and it is their copyright. This book is available open access and you may disseminate copies of your PDF as you wish. The book is available to download via the Open Access button on our website www.oxbowbooks.com. If you have queries about this please contact the editorial department at Oxbow Books ([email protected]). - An open-access on-line version of this book is available at: http://books.casematepublishing.com/ Understanding_relations_between_Scripts_II_Early_alphabets. The online work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. This licence allows for copying any part of the online work for personal and commercial use, providing author attribution is clearly stated. Some rights reserved. No part of the print edition of the book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing. Materials provided by third parties remain the copyright of their owners. AN OFFPRINT FROM Understanding Relations Between Scripts II Early Alphabets Hardback Edition: ISBN 978-1-78925-092-3 Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78925-093-0 (ePub) edited by Philip J. Boyes and Philippa M. Steele Oxbow & Philadelphia Chapter 8 The development of Greek alphabets: Fluctuations and standardisations1 Philippa M. Steele However alphabetic writing arrived in Greece – a question that continues to be debated – we know that a number of different regional variations of the Greek alphabet (local scripts with some significant differences in sign repertoire and sign shapes) arose at an early stage, making it appropriate to speak of alphabets in the plural. There are various models for thinking about how such a situation might have arisen, as represented for instance by the opposing camps advocating monogenesis (a single initial adaptation followed by local differentiation involving additions/reductions to the repertoire and other changes) or polygenesis (multiple initial adaptations following separate local trajectories); the former remains the more popular (see e.g. the lengthy exposition in Wachter 1989). Further problems often discussed are the date and place(s) of adaptation, the source script(s) from which the adaptation was made (usually assumed to be Phoenician but Aramaic has been suggested as a possibility) and the relationship between the Greek alphabet and other early ones, particularly in Phrygia and Italy. This last aspect is especially important because it is by no means certain that Greek speakers alone (or at all?) first borrowed and adapted a Semitic consonantal alphabet and added dedicated vowel signs to it, and it would perhaps be better to think of this alphabet-with-vowels as a Mediterranean rather than Greek phenomenon. The framing of all these issues as ‘problems’ and ‘questions’ may alert the reader to the fact that, despite some at times quite intense debate, little ground has been gained other than some prevailing opinions. An attempt to move the debate 1 The work underpinning this paper, like the conference from which it stems, is part of the research output of the project Contexts of and Relations between Early Writing Systems, funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (CREWS, grant no. 677758). I would like to thank Philip Boyes, Rupert Thompson and James Whitley for their very helpful comments and feedback on earlier drafts of this chapter. 126 Philippa M. Steele 8. The development of Greek alphabets 127 forward, particularly in regard to the date and earliest stage of development, is indeed letter forms that will not figure in the local alphabet once the evidence becomes more at the heart of Willemijn Waal’s chapter in this volume (see also Waal 2018). abundant and consistent forms of local alphabets start becoming visible’ (2010, 73). The present chapter does not aim to deal with the problems outlined very briefly The most economical explanation for this state of affairs could be that the regional above,2 but they must nevertheless be flagged up at the outset because the way we alphabets simply had not yet acquired their fixed forms at this stage – with the caveat think about the genesis of alphabetic writing in the Mediterranean affects the way we that local processes of standardisation may indeed have taken place at different rates, think about the starting position for the Greek alphabet(s). Indeed, the above questions in different contexts. may be considered unanswerable, at least with any degree of certainty or specificity. Even the motivations behind the original adaptation of the Greek (/Mediterranean) alphabet and its usage in its earliest years remain a matter of some contention in A useful parallel in Cyprus scholarship: the idea that recording hexametric poetry was the sole motivation Before turning to the Greek alphabetic material, culminating in a case study focused on (Powell 1991) has given way to a range of more nuanced views emphasising the roles the Cretan alphabet, a brief excursus on Cypriot writing can provide a useful parallel. of trading networks, religious practice at international sanctuaries and international During the Iron Age, Cyprus was divided into a number of independent city kingdoms, elite symposiastic behaviour in the spread of writing (see for instance the papers in with their own kings, political structures, coinage and territory. Some of the earliest Strauss-Clay, Malkin and Tzifopoulos 2017). Nevertheless, the possibility of recovering evidence for this political division of the island comes from external sources during or reconstructing something of the circumstances in which the alphabet first appeared the period of the island’s inclusion in the Assyrian empire: official inscriptions of and subsequently developed remains high on the agenda of current scholarship. the Assyrian kings Sargon II (late eighth century BC) and Esarhaddon (early seventh My aim is rather to explore and to some extent rethink the nature of the evidence century BC) list seven and ten Cypriot kingdoms respectively, and these kingdoms for the regional variation in Greek alphabetic writing during the first centuries of its can for the most part comfortably be identified with ones that are well attested from existence. It has been eloquently illustrated by Nino Luraghi (2010) that the existence later historical sources (see Yon 1987b, 365–367, with particular attention to the of the regional variants of the Greek alphabet has everything to do with conscious Qartihadasht problem, and O. Masson 1992a). There also exist two seventh-century choices on the part of Greek speakers in connection with perceived political, linguistic BC Cypriot inscriptions, commissioned by kings of independent Paphos (a kingdom and ethnic boundaries. Alan Johnston has also questioned (1998) and emphasised in western Cyprus) who refer to themselves by the Greek term basileus.3 Over time, it (2012) links between local alphabets and the poleis. There can be no doubt that the can be demonstrated that writing – in its peculiar syllabic form in the case of Cypriot geopolitical landscape of the Greek-speaking world in the Archaic period bore a close Greek and Eteocypriot4 – was appropriated by the city kingdoms as a significant tool relationship with, and was to some extent enshrined in, the use and maintenance of of administration and local power (Iacovou 2013). writing systems that were visibly distinct from each other despite obviously being There is an obvious and important difference between Cyprus and the Aegean closely related. However, an important caveat is that this state of affairs is only clearly concerning developments in literacy. In Cyprus, the skill of writing in a syllabic script demonstrable for the later part of the Archaic period, let’s say at least partially by remained in use without interruption (albeit with some changes) from the Late Bronze the second half of the seventh but more fully when we get to the sixth century BC. Age through to the age of the city kingdoms, which themselves had their roots in It is precisely because the distinct local alphabets are so well established by this an earlier situation of political diversity on the island (on the longevity of regional period that it is possible to provenance many inscriptions on the basis of letter forms. political centres on Cyprus, see Snodgrass 1994 and Iacovou 2002, 2007). In Greece, By contrast, the earliest Greek alphabetic inscriptions, from the mid-eighth to on the other hand, the sudden demise of Mycenaean civilisation around the end of the mid-seventh century, often cannot be as easily pigeonholed – not only because of the thirteenth century BC coincided with the complete loss of literacy in most or the admitted scarcity of the evidence, but also because the distribution of evidence all areas, and the resurgence of writing attested from the eighth century onwards does not quite fit what we might expect based on the later distribution. In Luraghi’s (now alphabetic, not syllabic like the Mycenaean Linear B script) followed a period words, this earlier period features ‘a surprisingly high number of cases of local use of of illiteracy. Nevertheless, Cyprus exhibits a trend in writing that is both comparable and more-or-less synchronic with the appearance of regional alphabets in Greece. 2 I will instead point the reader in the direction of some of the most recent pieces on the early years of the Greek alphabet, which, taken together, will give some impression of the current state of debate: Papadopoulos 2016; the papers in Strauss-Clay, Malkin and Tzifopoulos 2017; Bourogiannis 3 Gold bracelets of king Etewandros (ICS 176), silver gilt bowl of king Akestor (ICS 180a), both 2018; Waal 2018.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kernos Revue Internationale Et Pluridisciplinaire De Religion Grecque Antique
    Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 20 | 2007 Varia Pherekydes’ Daktyloi Ritual, technology, and the Presocratic perspective Sandra Blakely Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/161 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.161 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2007 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Sandra Blakely, “Pherekydes’ Daktyloi”, Kernos [Online], 20 | 2007, Online since 15 March 2011, connection on 26 February 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/161 ; DOI: https:// doi.org/10.4000/kernos.161 This text was automatically generated on 26 February 2021. Kernos Pherekydes’ Daktyloi 1 Pherekydes’ Daktyloi Ritual, technology, and the Presocratic perspective Sandra Blakely Introduction: Classics and the Evolutionary paradigm 1 Western culture is traditionally ill equipped to understand the intersection of ritual and technology. Pfaffenberger, Killick, and Lansing have observed the causes, and what is lost by failing to shake these off.1 Because these activities occupy different categories in the industrialized world, attempts to interpret their coincidence in other cultures lean to the dismissive. They are regarded as a reflection of the earliest stages of invention, compensatory appeals to the divine that reflect incomplete mastery of technological processes. The combination is often called magic by both practitioners and academics. Magic has been traditionally synonymous with primitivism; an evolutionary model suggests that such superstitions evaporate as technology is mastered, and linger only in folk tales and half-remembered superstitions.2 The cost of this paradigm is substantial. Emphasizing the movement into subsequent intellectual paradigms, it reduces attention to symbols in context.
    [Show full text]
  • Peirates, Leistai, Boukoloi, and Hostes Gentium of the Classical World : the Orp Trayal of Pirates in Literature and the Reality of Contemporary Piratical Actions
    Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Classics Honors Projects Classics Department May 2006 Peirates, Leistai, Boukoloi, and Hostes Gentium of the Classical World : The orP trayal of Pirates in Literature and the Reality of Contemporary Piratical Actions. Aaron L. Beek Macalester College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/classics_honors Recommended Citation Beek, Aaron L., "Peirates, Leistai, Boukoloi, and Hostes Gentium of the Classical World : The orP trayal of Pirates in Literature and the Reality of Contemporary Piratical Actions." (2006). Classics Honors Projects. Paper 4. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/classics_honors/4 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Peirates, Leistai, Boukoloi, and Hostes Gentium of the Classical World: The Portrayal of Pirates in Literature and the Reality of Contemporary Piratical Actions. Aaron L. Beek Spring, 2006 Advisor: Nanette Goldman Department: Classics Defended April 18, 2006 Submitted April 24, 2006 Acknowledgements First, thanks go to Alexandra Cuffel and Nanette Goldman, for the co-overseeing of this project’s completion. The good professor, bad professor routine was surprisingly effective. Second, thanks go to Peter Weisensel and David Itzkowitz, for their help on the history portions of this paper and for listening to me talk about classical piracy far, far, far too often. Third, much blame belongs to Joseph Rife, who got me started on the subject. Nevertheless he was involved in spirit, if not in person.
    [Show full text]
  • Velar Softening: an Acoustic Study in Modern Greek
    ICPhS XVII Regular Session Hong Kong, 17-21 August 2011 VELAR SOFTENING: AN ACOUSTIC STUDY IN MODERN GREEK Asimina Syrikaa, Eun Jong Kongb & Jan Edwardsb aCallier Center for Communication Disorders, UT-Dallas; bWaisman Center, UW-Madison, USA [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT fronted velar, and affricate) variants in the different dialects of Greek are scarce and mainly In (Modern) Greek, velar consonants become impressionistic [3, 6, 7]. palatalized before front vowels following an Velar softening is a particularly interesting allophonic rule. In many southern dialects, the dialect feature because it is also a common sound variants that result from palatalization further change in the world’s languages [4, 8, 11]. Two undergo softening in this same position. While explanatory hypotheses for velar softening have velar softening is well-documented in Greek been proposed. First, the articulation-based dialectology studies, most previous work is based hypothesis claims that the sound change from velar on impressionistic data. In the present study, to an affricate is triggered by particular anterior, several acoustic and psychoacoustic measures were (alveolo) palatal realizations of the velar stop in applied to examine the characteristics of velar several contextual and positional conditions. Thus, palatalization/softening in voiceless plosives of velar softening (a change in manner) is necessarily two regional varieties of the language: a ‘non- preceded by velar palatalization (a change in place softening’ dialect spoken in Thessaloniki and a of articulation) [8, 11]. Second, the acoustic- ‘softening’ dialect spoken in Crete. The effects of equivalence hypothesis claims that velar softening is speaker’s sex, word position, and stress placement due to the acoustic similarity and subsequent on velar palatalization/softening were also perceptual confusability between the spectral cues examined.
    [Show full text]
  • A Note on Eteocretan Phi Or Koppa*
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo UDC: 930.2:003.071]:81ʹ344 A note on Eteocretan phi or koppa* Rupert J. E. Thompson Selwyn College, Cambridge [email protected] ABSTRACT A grapheme found in three Eteocretan inscriptions has been identified as either phi or koppa. On epigraphic grounds the identification with phi in at least two of those inscriptions is suspect. On the other hand the distribution of the grapheme suggests initially that it cannot be koppa: it is found at word end, pre‐consonantally and before non‐back vowels but never before back vowels, while kappa is attested before /o/. This distribution remains unexplained, however, if it is identified as phi, but could be accounted for if the grapheme koppa were adopted to represent an Eteocretan labiovelar /kw/ which had undergone (as is cross‐linguistically common) dissimilatory loss of lip‐rounding adjacent to [+rounded] vowels. Keywords: Eteocretan, Crete, epigraphy, phonology Eteocretan is the name given to the unknown, non‐Greek language(s) of one surviving alphabetic inscription (and one surviving word in another inscription) from Dreros and five from Praisos, dating from between the seventh and second centuries BCE. The corpus is collected and comprehensively discussed by Duhoux (1982). Three of the inscriptions from Praisos (PRA 2, 3, 5) contain a sign, represented here as * I am very grateful to Dr P. M. Steele for her very helpful comments when this paper was at an early stage, and to Dr Irini Galli of the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion for her assistance in viewing the inscriptions PRA 2 and PRA 3 in September 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Template for Icphs 2007
    Velar softening: An acoustic study in Modern Greek Asimina Syrikaa, Eun Jong Kongb, & Jan Edwardsb aCallier Center for Communication Disorders, UT-Dallas & bWaisman Center, UW-Madison [email protected], {ekong|jedwards2}@wisc.edu ABSTRACT dental affricate in standard Greek [1, 2]. However, studies on the exact nature (and distribution) of In (Modern) Greek, velar consonants become these (velar, fronted velar, and affricate) variants in palatalized before front vowels following an the different dialects of Greek are scarce and allophonic rule. In many southern dialects, the mainly impressionistic [3, 5, 6]. variants that result from palatalization further Velar softening is a particularly interesting undergo softening in this same position. While dialect feature because it is also a common sound velar softening is well-documented in Greek change in the world‟s languages [7, 8, 9]. Two dialectology studies, most previous work is based explanatory hypotheses for velar softening have on impressionistic data. In the present study, been proposed. First, the articulation-based several acoustic and psychoacoustic measures were hypothesis claims that the sound change from velar applied to examine the characteristics of velar to an affricate is triggered by particular anterior, palatalization/softening in voiceless plosives of (alveolo) palatal realizations of the velar stop in two regional varieties of the language: a „non- several contextual and positional conditions. Thus, softening‟ dialect spoken in Thessaloniki and a velar softening (a change in manner) is necessarily „softening‟ dialect spoken in Crete. The effects of preceded by velar palatalization (a change in place speaker‟s sex, word position, and stress placement of articulation) [7, 8].
    [Show full text]
  • 3.3 Classical Armenian Syllable Structure
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Epenthesis and prosodic structure in Armenian: A diachronic account Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mk6z9mq Author DeLisi, Jessica L. Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Epenthesis and prosodic structure in Armenian: A diachronic account A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies by Jessica L. DeLisi 2015 © Copyright by Jessica L. DeLisi 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Epenthesis and prosodic structure in Armenian: A diachronic account by Jessica L. DeLisi Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor H. Craig Melchert, Chair In this dissertation I will attempt to answer the following question: why does Classical Armenian have three dierent reexes for the Proto-Armenian epenthetic vowel word- initially before old Proto-Indo-European consonant clusters? Two of the vowels, e and a, occur in the same phonological environment, and even in doublets (e.g., Classical ełbayr beside dialectal ałbär ‘brother’). The main constraint driving this asymmetry is the promotion of the Sonority Sequenc- ing Principle in the grammar. Because sibilants are more sonorous than stops, the promo- tion of the Sonority Sequencing Principle above the Strict Layer Hypothesis causes speak- ers to create a semisyllable to house the sibilant extraprosodically. This extraprosodic structure is not required for old consonant-resonant clusters since they already conform to the Sonority Sequencing Principle. Because Armenian has sonority-sensitive stress, the secondary stress placed on word-initial epenthetic vowels triggers a vowel change in all words without extraprosodic structure, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Part One of Book, Pp1-66 (PDF File, 1.82
    GREECE BOOKS AND WRITERS This publication has been sponsored By the Hellenic Cultural Heritage S.A., the organising body of the Cultural Olympiad. PUBLICATION COMMITTEE VANGELIS HADJIVASSILIOU STEFANOS KAKLAMANIS ELISABETH KOTZIA STAVROS PETSOPOULOS ELISABETH TSIRIMOKOU YORYIS YATROMANOLAKIS Sourcing of illustrations SANDRA VRETTA Translations JOHN DAVIS (sections I-III), ALEXANDRA KAPSALI (sections IV-V) JANE ASSIMAKOPOULOS (sections VI-VII) ANNE-MARIE STANTON-IFE (introductory texts, captions) Textual editing JOHN LEATHAM Secretariat LENIA THEOPHILI Design, selection of illustrations and supervision of production STAVROS PETSOPOULOS ISBN 960 - 7894 - 29 - 4 © 2001, MINISTRY OF CULTURE - NATIONAL BOOK CENTRE OF GREECE 4 Athanasiou Diakou St, 117 42 Athens, Greece Tel.: (301) 92 00 300 - Fax: (301) 92 00 305 http://www.books.culture.gr e-mail:[email protected] GREECE BOOKS AND WRITERS NATIONAL BOOK CENTRE OF GREECE MINISTRY OF CULTURE GREECE - BOOKS AND WRITERS – SECTION I Cardinal BESSARION (black and white engraving 17 X 13 cm. National Historical Museum, Athens) The most celebrated of the Greek scholars who worked in Italy was Cardinal BESSARION (1403-1472). An enthusiastic supporter of the union of the Eastern and Western Churches, he worked tirelessly to bring about the political and cultural conditions that would allow this to take place. He made a major contribution to the flowering of humanist studies in Italy and played a key role in gathering and preserving the ancient Greek, Byzantine and Latin cultural heritage By systematically collecting and copying manuscripts of rare literary and artistic value, frequently at great personal expense and sacrifice and with the help of various Greek refugee scholars and copyists (Conati autem sumus, quantum in nobis fuit, non tam multos quam optimos libros colligere, et sin- gulorum operum singula volumina, sicque cuncta fere sapien- tium graecorum opera, praesertim quae rara errant et inventu dif- ficilia, coegimus).
    [Show full text]
  • The Modern Greek Language on the Social Web: a Survey of Data Sets and Mining Applications
    data Review The Modern Greek Language on the Social Web: A Survey of Data Sets and Mining Applications Maria Nefeli Nikiforos *,† , Yorghos Voutos *,† , Anthi Drougani, Phivos Mylonas and Katia Lida Kermanidis Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49132 Corfu, Greece; [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (P.M.); [email protected] (K.L.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.N.N.); [email protected] (Y.V.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Mining social web text has been at the heart of the Natural Language Processing and Data Mining research community in the last 15 years. Though most of the reported work is on widely spoken languages, such as English, the significance of approaches that deal with less commonly spoken languages, such as Greek, is evident for reasons of preserving and documenting minority languages, cultural and ethnic diversity, and identifying intercultural similarities and differences. The present work aims at identifying, documenting and comparing social text data sets, as well as mining techniques and applications on social web text that target Modern Greek, focusing on the arising challenges and the potential for future research in the specific less widely spoken language. Keywords: social web language; modern greek; natural language processing; data mining; machine learning; text analysis Citation: Nikiforos, M.N.; Voutos, Y.; Drougani, A.; Mylonas, P.; Kermanidis, K.L. The Modern Greek 1. Introduction Language on the Social Web: A Over recent years, social web text (also known as social text) processing and mining has Survey of Data Sets and Mining attracted the focus of the Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML) and Applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Eoeiaio and Modern Greek
    EOEI AI O A ND MO DE RN GRE E K E CO MPA RED W ITH O NE A NO TH R, A ND W I TH N I E NT RE E K A C G . J ME E M A A LY D . S C , . H A ND D X E DI NBU RG : S U THE RL A N K NO . L O NDO N : S IMPK IN, MA R S HALL , AND 00 . D L V M CCC . B A E J . S . L CK I , PRO FE S S O R O F G R E E K I N THE U NI V E RS I TY O F E DINBU RG H. By your publi c declaration s th at a langu age worthy of th ee n am e s es m a en on was ca e two ea s e Gr k urviv , y tt ti ll d y r ago to the dialects spoken and written by the m odern Greeks the s ec m en of the en an e o ca ess w c ou p i s Ath i p ri di l pr , with hi h y ns e e m s n es con nce m e n u es a ar a w r d y fir t i quiri , vi d that, a tiq iti p t, a residence in Ath ens would amply reward the student of Greek ; and en o n m e e e i n the s n of 1 8 53 enthu , wh you f u d th r pri g , your si asm was my en couragem ent to prosecute the investigations n begu .
    [Show full text]
  • Intonational Variation and Diachrony: Greek Contact Varieties
    INTONATIONAL VARIATION AND DIACHRONY: GREEK CONTACT VARIETIES Joanna Przedlacka, Mary Baltazani, John Coleman Oxford University Phonetics Laboratory {joanna.przedlacka, mary.baltazani, john.coleman} @phon.ox.ac.uk ABSTRACT 2. PROJECT GOALS Relatively little work exists regarding the impact of long-term language contact on intonation. In this The project addresses the question of how contact paper we give an overview of the project ‘Intonation between different languages influences the intonation and diachrony: a phonetic investigation of the effects of regional varieties. The project has two aspects: (1) of language contact on intonational patterns’. In this a synchronic comparison of the contact dialects with project we are investigating the intonational tunes of their contextual languages and Standard Athenian regional varieties of Greek whose speakers have a Greek (henceforth Athenian) (2) a longitudinal history of cohabitation with speakers of Venetian analysis of the effects of contact on several varieties. Italian (Cretan and Corfiot Greek) or Turkish (Asia For (1) we follow the following steps: first, we Minor and Cypriot Greek). We compare the shape of determine how the dialectal melodies differ from the f0 contours of the contact dialects to the Athenian. Second, we analyse the realisation of the corresponding tunes in both Standard (Athenian) melodies in Turkish and Venetian Italian. Third, we Greek and their respective donor languages. Standard measure the similarity between the corresponding Autosegmental–Metrical analysis is combined with melodies in each Greek variety and the donor statistical modelling of f0 curves using Functional language. The overarching goal of this aspect is to Data Analysis. The robustness of contact effects over examine whether all Greek dialects vary along the time is traceable through comparisons of speech same intonational dimensions, such as the f0 of the corpora spanning a century.
    [Show full text]
  • A Placed Critical Inquiry Into Literary Culture in Modern Nations
    GUARDING THE WILD: A PLACED CRITICAL INQUIRY INTO LITERARY CULTURE IN MODERN NATIONS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Eric L. Ball, B.S., M.S., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee Approved by Professor Gregory Jusdanis, Adviser Professor Patrick B. Mullen ____________________________ Adviser Professor H. Lewis Ulman Department of Greek and Latin Professor Georgios Anagnostu Copyright by Eric L. Ball 2003 ABSTRACT Scholars in humanistic disciplines have been focusing on “place” in response to issues like environmental degradation and globalization. Literary ecocritics have undertaken place-centered studies in order to address issues important to local communities and ecological sustainability. Such projects, however, have not considered important assumptions about place (and their consequences) inherent in the historically constituted category of “literature” itself. This dissertation addresses this issue by developing a historically grounded place-based theory of literary critical interpretation and by demonstrating its practice. I begin developing theory by drawing on humanistic geography for an adequate theory of place in social and ecological terms. I engage with literary and folkloric research demonstrating that modern literary categories, critical practices, and assumptions have their roots in, and continue to reflect the concerns of, projects dealing with national identity. My goal is to develop a perspective capable of analyzing simultaneously, and in relation to each other, canonical national literature and widely ignored local literatures hitherto categorized as “mere folklore.” In order to put theory into practice, and to continue developing and refining the theory, I then turn to critical interpretation of texts relevant to one particular place: Crete.
    [Show full text]
  • Negation, Indefinites, and Polarity in Early Greek and Indo- Iranian: a Typological and Comparative Approach
    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Negation, indefinites, and polarity in early Greek and Indo- Iranian: a typological and comparative approach (Negación, indefinidos y polaridad en griego antiguo e indo- iranio: un estudio tipológico y comparativo) MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Juan Eugenio Briceño Villalobos Directores Juan Antonio Álvarez-Pedrosa Núñez Eugenio Ramón Luján Martínez Madrid © Juan Eugenio Briceño Villalobos, 2019 Programa de Doctorado de Estudios del Mundo Antiguo Facultad de Filología TESIS DOCTORAL Negation, indefinites, and polarity in early Greek and Indo-Iranian: a typological and comparative approach (Negación, indefinidos y polaridad en griego antiguo e indo-iranio: un estudio tipológico y comparativo) MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Juan Eugenio Briceño Villalobos Directores Juan Antonio Álvarez-Pedrosa Núñez Eugenio Ramón Luján Martínez Madrid, 2019 For my parents, Gladys and Pedro, to whom I owe everything. Acknowledgements There is not enough space in several books to openly show my gratitude to all those who supported me through this long journey called “writing a dissertation” and thanks to whom I am writing right now these truly heart-felt words. I must say it has been a challenging journey, but nevertheless, fascinating. Thus, in spite of said handicaps, I will endeavor in this small section to enumerate all those who I believe deserve written mention, since, as the poet said, verba volant, sed scrīpta mānent. First thing first and with my parents’ excuse, I must first express my gratitude to that person who was literally there for me all the way from the start until the last word written in these pages.
    [Show full text]