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Komunisticna Partija Slovenije.Indd Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino Ljubljana 2007 Vida Deželak Barič KOMUNISTIČNA PARTIJA SLOVENIJE IN REVOLUCIONARNO GIBANJE 1941–1943 ZBIRKA RAZPOZNAVANJA/RECOGNITIONES 7 Vida Deželak Barič KOMUNISTIČNA PARTIJA SLOVENIJE IN REVOLUCIONARNO GIBANJE 1941–1943 Urednik: dr. Žarko Lazarević Tehnična urednica: Marta Rendla Izdal in založil: Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino Za založnika: prof. dr. Jerca Vodušek Starič Recenzenta: prof. dr. Jerca Vodušek Starič, prof. dr. France Martin Dolinar Lektorica: Mojca Šorli Ahačič Oblikovalec: Andrej Verbič Prevod povzetka: Rachel Novšak Računalniški prelom: Uroš Čuden, MEDIT d.o.o. Tisk: Tiskarna DTP d.o.o. Izid knjige podprla: Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 94(497.4)”1941/1943” 329.15(497.4)”1941/1943” 308(497.4)”1941/1943” DEŽELAK-Barič, Vida DEKomunistična partija Slovenije in revolucionarno gibanje 1941-1943 / Vida Deželak Barič ; [prevod povzetka Rachel Novšak]. - Ljubljana : Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino, 2007. - (Razpoznavanja = Recognitiones ; 7) ISBN 978-961-6386-13-5 236870656 Pregled vsebine PREDGOVOR 9 PRVO POGLAVJE 13 V pričakovanjih revolucije 15 DRUGO POGLAVJE 35 Delovanje in usmeritve Komunistične partije Slovenije ob napadu na Jugoslavijo 37 Odločitev za oborožen odpor in sprememba partijske strategije 52 Notranje značilnosti Komunistične partije Slovenije 57 Metode delovanja Komunistične partije Slovenije in njeno razmerje do nekaterih pomembnejših organizacij 70 Osrednje vodstvo Komunistične partije Slovenije 79 TRETJE POGLAVJE 89 Delovanje in organizacijska krepitev KPS v Ljubljanski pokrajini v letu 1941 91 5 KPS na Gorenjskem ob okupaciji ter spremembe v njej kot posledica okupacije in oborožene vstaje 105 Partijska organizacija na Štajerskem in v Prekmurju ob okupaciji in njeno razbitje v letu 1941 110 KPS na Koroškem leta 1941 124 Prodor KPS na Primorsko leta 1941 126 Partijska organizacija v partizanski vojski leta 1941 130 ČETRTO POGLAVJE 135 Odkrito vnašanje revolucionarnih prvin v osvobodilni boj 137 KPS v Ljubljanski pokrajini leta 1942 150 Vdor gestapa in prizadevanja za obnovo razbitih partijskih organizacij v letu 1942 na Gorenjskem 169 Obnova in ponovno razbitje KPS na Štajerskem leta 1942 177 KPS na Koroškem leta 1942 187 KPS na Primorskem v letu 1942 189 Partijska organizacija v partizanski vojski leta 1942 do ustanovitve brigad 198 PETO POGLAVJE 205 Usmeritve KPS konec leta 1942 in v začetku leta 1943 207 6 KPS v Ljubljanski pokrajini od jeseni 1942 do kapitulacije Italije 215 Širitev in delovanje KPS na Gorenjskem v letu 1943 242 Ponovno vzpostavljanje temeljev partijske organizacije na Štajerskem v letu 1943 263 KPS na Koroškem leta 1943 276 KPS na Primorskem od pokrajinske konference decembra 1942 do kapitulacije Italije 291 Brigade kot temeljni okvir delovanja KPS v partizanski vojski 312 ŠESTO POGLAVJE 323 Ljubljanska pokrajina in Primorska po kapitulaciji Italije 325 POVZETEK 369 ABSTRACT 377 VIRI IN LITERATURA 387 UPORABLJENE KRATICE 405 OSEBNO KAZALO 407 7 Predgovor Med okupacijo 1941–1945 se je v Sloveniji vzposta- vilo močno odporniško gibanje v okviru Osvobodilne fronte slovenskega naroda, ki ga je vzpodbudila in vo- dila Komunistična partija Slovenije. Ob odporu okupa- torjem je potekala tudi avtentična revolucija, ki je ni mogoče prekriti in prikriti z osvobodilnim bojem, čeprav so bili nosilci obojega lahko iste osebe, torej komunisti. Šlo je predvsem za odločitev KPS, da v okviru oziroma prek protifašističnega boja izvede revolucijo, saj je oku- pacijo in širšo pripravljenost na odpor proti vsemu, kar je le-ta prinašala, ocenjevala kot edinstveno priložnost za uresničitev revolucionarnih ciljev. Danes lahko reče- mo, da brez vojne in okupacije komunistom nikoli ne bi uspel preboj iz povsem marginalne predvojne stranke v edino vladajočo stranko po končani vojni. Ali, kot je dejal eden izmed razpravljalcev na znani partijski kon- ferenci na Cinku julija 1942, je bil prav Hitler “kladivar revolucije”. Ko govorimo o KPS, mislimo tu predvsem na njeno vodstvo z jasno opredeljenim konceptom revolucije, ki je skladno s konkretnimi okoliščinami določalo način njegove izvedbe oziroma strategijo in taktiko. Revolu- cionarni projekt se je nato širil navzdol med partijsko članstvo in s krepitvijo vloge KPS v okviru odporniške- ga gibanja tudi med ostale njegove pripadnike. Pri tem ni bila pomembna le partijska propaganda, temveč tudi vzdušje po propadu Kraljevine Jugoslavije, kasneje pa stanje državljanske vojne. Dilema, ali je šlo KPS zgolj za PREDGOVOR 9 revolucijo ali tudi za osvobodilni boj, pravzaprav ni di- lema, saj v okoliščinah okupacije zmage revolucije brez pregona okupatorja sploh ni bilo mogoče doseči. Od tod tudi odločen protifašizem komunistov. Pričujoča knjiga obravnava usmeritve, vlogo, dejav- nost in organiziranost KPS v obdobju 1941–1943, s po- segom v predvojno obdobje pa skuša opozoriti, da je bila revolucija ves čas končni cilj komunistov. Knjiga zade- va eno ključnih obdobij v zgodovinskem razvoju komu- nistične stranke na Slovenskem, saj so v tem obdobju slovenski komunisti postali pomemben in vse bolj od- ločujoč politični dejavnik in s tem prekinili dvajsetletno politično in družbeno obrobnost iz obdobja predvojne ilegale. Knjiga obravnava proces uveljavljanja komuni- stov v razmerah okupacije in velike narodove stiske, ko se je splošno protiokupatorsko razpoloženje odražalo tudi v njegovi volji do odpora, ki pa ga je partija instru- mentalizirala za lastno uveljavitev in iz nje izhajajočo uveljavitev revolucionarnih ciljev. Slednji so bili seveda imanentni vsem komunističnim strankam v okupirani Evropi, zato so le-te pogosto predstavljale dejavnik de- litev in konfliktov znotraj odporniških gibanjih, vendar so zaradi grozeče nacistične nevarnosti in v duhu proti- fašistične koalicije ideološka nasprotja potiskale v ozad- je. Slovenski in jugoslovanski komunisti so tozadevno ravnali drugače, saj so hkrati z odporom začeli v odpor- niškem gibanju uveljavljati revolucionarne elemente, zaradi česar je odporništvo dobilo revolucionaren in vse bolj monoliten značaj. Delo govori o odločujoči neposredni, torej vodilni vlogi komunistov pri organiziranju odpora na politični in vojaški ravni ter o strategiji uveljavljanja njihovega monopolnega položaja v odporništvu v letih 1941–1943 in iz tega izhajajoče izgradnje ustrezne strukture od- porniške organizacije z zagotovljenim vodilnim partij- skim jedrom v njej, kar je partiji v naslednji fazi omo- gočilo prehod k izgradnji partijske države in neposre- dnim pripravam na prevzem oblasti. Usmeritve KPS kot sestavnega dela enotne oziroma centralizirane Ko- munistične partije Jugoslavije obravnava ob upošteva- nju usmeritev osrednjega jugoslovanskega vodstva in tudi Kominterne, ki je večkrat pomembno posegala v 10 usmeritve jugoslovanskih oziroma slovenskih komuni- stov. Poudarek je namenjen analizi notranjega partijske- ga razvoja s stališča organiziranosti KPS, številčne di- namike, rekonstrukcije vodstvenih partijskih forumov in opisu notranjih partijskih značilnosti. V kontekstu celotnega odporništva se notranje partijsko vpraša- nje izrisuje kot izredno pomembno vprašanje, saj brez ustreznih kadrov in razpredene mreže organizacij ne bi bilo mogoče uveljavljati partijske vodilne in zatem mo- nopolne vloge v odporništvu. Energija, ki jo je partija usmerjala v izgradnjo in obnavljanje lastne organizacij- ske strukture, da bi vzpodbujala in vodila odporništvo, pri čemer je žrtvovala tudi številne lastne kadre, prav- zaprav najbolj neposredno govori o njeni revolucionarni zavzetosti in seveda tudi discipliniranosti. Raziskava temelji na arhivskem gradivu, ki ga hra- ni predvsem Arhiv Republike Slovenije in je v precej- šnji meri že objavljeno. Za začetna obdobja okupacije je po obsegu bolj ko ne skromno in se tozadevno razme- re spremenijo šele v letu 1943. Zato je bilo kljub dolo- čenim pomanjkljivostim vsekakor koristno spominsko gradivo, ki so ga v povojnem obdobju precej sistematič- no zbirali zlasti za začetna obdobja okupacije prav zara- di omenjenega pomanjkanja sočasnih virov in se nahaja v arhivskih in muzejskih ustanovah. Precej spominov je bilo objavljeno v različnih zbornikih ali samostojnih pu- blikacijah. O partiji je bilo v desetletjih partijske oblasti napisano veliko, vendar je za tovrstno literaturo značil- no, da obravnava partijo predvsem s stališča političnega subjekta, ki je organiziral in vodil protifašistični odpor. Šele z demokratizacijo Slovenije je KPS vse bolj postaja- la predmet znanstvenega proučevanja. Osnovo pričujoče knjige predstavlja doktorska di- sertacija z naslovom Organizacijsko vprašanje Komuni- stične partije Slovenije 1941–1945, ki sem jo leta 1999 obranila na ljubljanski Filozofski fakulteti pred komisijo v sestavi prof. dr. Božo Repe kot predsednikom komisije in članoma prof. dr. Tonetom Ferencem, ki je bil men- tor, in dr. Jurijem Perovškom. Tukaj objavljamo njen prvi del, ki pa je delno dopolnjen oziroma razširjen z obravnavo še nekaterih drugih temeljnih vprašanj oziro- PREDGOVOR 11 ma usmeritev slovenskih komunistov v obravnavanem obdobju. Le-te so bile v disertaciji zaradi njenega dolo- čujočega koncepta manj podrobno obravnavane, sedaj pa jih upoštevamo v širšem obsegu z željo, da bi knji- ga podajala celovitejši pregled delovanja in usmeritev slovenskih komunistov v obdobju 1941–1943. Ta vpra- šanja sem deloma obravnavala sama v okviru drugih raziskovalnih tem na Inštitutu za novejšo zgodovino v Ljubljani, obravnavali pa so jih tudi
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