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Bat Conservation and Forestry in NH a PRESENTATION to the NH ASSOCIATION of CONSERVATION COMMISSIONS

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Bat Conservation and Forestry in NH a PRESENTATION to the NH ASSOCIATION of CONSERVATION COMMISSIONS Bat Conservation and Forestry in NH A PRESENTATION TO THE NH ASSOCIATION OF CONSERVATION COMMISSIONS JESSE MOHR, CWB, CF CONSULTING ECOLOGIST LICENSED NH AND VT FORESTER NATIVE GEOGRAPHIC, LLC 177 FAIRVIEW ST. FAIRLEE, VT 05045 PHONE: 802-933-1614 WEB: WWW.NATIVEGEOGRAPHIC.COM What’s So Interesting About Bats? • Numerous species worldwide • Bats represents 20% of the world’s mammals • Only true flying mammals • Feet and legs adapted for hanging upside down • Legs too weak to jump off of ground to initiate flight Bats Eat Bugs – Lots of them! A year in the life of a bat Spring (mid-April) emergence Pregnancy Maternity initiated colony formed Fall Swarming Hibernation (Oct – April) Pups born (mid-June) Mating (Aug-Oct) All NH Bats Are Declining Hoary Bat Little Brown Bat State‐endangered P.D. Pratt Hoary Bat Silver‐ C. Stihler Haired Bat Big Brown Tricolored Bat M. Tuttle Eastern Bat State‐endangered Small‐footed Bat State‐endangered C. Stihler Northern Long‐eared Bat Eastern Red Bat Federally Threatened and M. Tuttle A. Hicks, NYDEC State‐endangered A New Threat – White-nose Syndrome Symptoms • White fungus on nose, ears, wings or tail • Pseudogymnoascus destructans • Not visible on all affected individuals • Abnormal behaviors • Leaving hibernacula in winter • Moving to colder places in hibernacula Mortality • Starving to death. WNS causes bats to wake more frequently and stay-awake longer, burning up stored fat • Dehydration. Dehydration causes the bats to wake and search for water. WNS damages wings, which may reduce air/water exchange. Aeolus Cave • Bats, cavers/miners, and Vermont human gear can transmit the fungus. Bat Wings • Bat wings come in many shapes and sizes • Creates specialization and differentiation in how and where bats fly Bats of NH SPECIES PROFILES AND CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis) • Wingspan: 11-13 inches • Weight: 7-12 grams (larger bat) • Roost: hangs in or below foliage • Solitary • 2-3 young per year • Migrates to southeastern US Photo M. Tuttle • Fast, somewhat maneuverable flier (medium-to-low clutter adapted species) Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus) Photo P.D. Pratt • Wingspan: 13-16 inches • Weight: 20 to 35 grams (very large bat) • Roost: hangs in or below foliage • Solitary • 2-3 young per year • Migrates south • Fast, less maneuverable flier (low clutter adapted species) Photo C. Stihler • Some calls may be heard by human ears Silver‐haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) • Wingspan: 11-13 inches • Weight: 7-12 grams (larger bat) • Roosts in tree hollows and under bark • Often roosts closer to ground • May roost singly or in small groups • Typically 2 pups, but may have up to 4 • Two pairs of breats • Migrates south • Slow, less maneuverable flier (low clutter adapted species) Photo M. Tuttle Northern Long-eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis) Federally Threatened and State Endangered • Wingspan: 9-11 inches • Weight: 5-9 grams • Roosts in cavities, crevices, and under bark of dead and declining trees • Females form maternity colonies of 60 bats or fewer • Prior to WNS, one of the most common bats 5.6 • Since WNS, 99% population decline grams • Slow, very maneuverable flier (high clutter adapated species) Eastern Small-footed Bat (Myotis leibeii) Endangered in NH B. Clifford NHFG • Wingspan: 8-10 inches A. Hicks, • Weight: 4-8 grams NYDEC • Roosts in rocky slopes, crevices, and hillsides • maternity colonies of 20 bats or fewer 5.6 • Only one known winter hibernacula in NH grams • Uncommon prior to WNS • Very maneuverable flier (high clutter adapated species) Tricolored Bat formerly Eastern Pipistrelle (Perimyotis subflavus) Endangered in NH • Wingspan: 8-10 inches • Weight: 4-10 grams • Roosts within foliage, often clusters of dead leaves • Females may roost singly or form maternity colonies of 30 bats or fewer • Prior to WNS, known to winter in 3 of NH’s known hibernacula • Uncommon prior to WNS • Slow, very maneuverable flier (high clutter species) Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) Endangered in NH • Wingspan: 9-11 inches • Weight: 5-14 grams • Roosts Photo A. Hicks • Females form larger maternity colonies that roost in warmer sites and exposures • Prior to WNS, maternity colonies of hundreds or thousands • Roost in attics, barns and other manmade structures • May also roost in hollows and under bark of dead and declining tree • Most susceptible species to WNS • 100% mortality in some hibernacula • 98-99% decline across northeast • Slow, somewhat maneuverable flier (moderate-to-high clutter adapted species) Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus) • Wingspan: 13-16 inches • Weight: 5-14 grams • Roosts in attics, barns and other manmade structures • May also roost in hollows, crevices and under bark of dead and declining trees • Maternity colonies of 20-500 bats • Hibernates in mines/caves and manmade Photo C. Stihler structures • Fast, less maneuverable flier (low clutter adapted species) Forestry Measures for Conserving Bats and Functional Bat Habitat ASSESSING BAT POPULATIONS AND HABITATS, CRITICAL HABITAT FUNCTIONS, CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES Bat Surveys SURVEYING BATS SURVEYING BIRDS Acoustics/Ultrasonic Breeding Bird Auditory Surveys Echolocation Surveys Mist Netting Mist Netting Visual Studies and Nest Surveys Telemetry Telemetry Winter Hibernacula Surveys Ecosystem Function Ecosystem function refers to biological, geochemical and physical processes and components that take place or occur within an ecosystem. This may include a good or service that provides benefit to people (ecosystem services) Biologists often apply this concept to habitats and their ability to provide a service to wildlife Habitat and Function Example Large wetland habitat functions as a feeding area and drinking area for 8 species of bats. The riparian forest habitat along the edge of wetland may also function as a roosting area for 5‐6 species of bats. The warm talus slopes and/or nearby ledges may function as a roost for small‐footed bats. Critical Habitat Functions for Bats Forage Drink Forage- • Bats primarily hunt insects on the wing Roost • Require healthy insect populations • Variable in how much vegetation or clutter free space Hibernacula is needed for flying and hunting Drink- Fall • Bats drink on the wing Swarm/Spring • Require still or slow moving surface waters free or Staging partially free of emergent and overhanging vegetation • Variable in how much vegetation or clutter free space is needed for flying and drinking Critical Habitat Functions for Bats Forage Drink Roost Roost- Throughout the summer, migratory and nonmigratory bats sleep Hibernacula and raise young in roosts. Roosts vary depending on species Fall Cavities, crevices, and under exfoliating bark in dead and Swarm/Spring declining tree Other bats roost in or under pockets of dense foliage Staging Little and big brown bats also roost in structures. Pregnant and lactating bats generally roost in groups Males and non-breeding females are more likely to roost singly or in small groups Critical Habitat Functions for Bats Forage Drink Roost Hibernacula Hibernacula- Fall Hibernacula are shelters occupied during the winter Swarm/Spring by a dormant animals Require stable environments with suitable Staging temperature and humidity for hibernation Some variance between species, but mines, caves, and occasionally structures may function as hibernacula Critical Habitat Functions for Bats Forage Drink Roost Hibernacula Fall Swarm/Spring Staging- Fall Late summer and fall, bats assemble and mate around hibernacula Swarm/Spring Spring, bats emerge from and stay near hibernacula Staging Concentrated use of the hibernacula entrance and feeding, drinking, and roosting resources in the surrounding landscape Bats may visit multiple hibernacula during fall swarm Common Habitats and Features of NH’s Forested Landscape and their Function for Bats Mines and Structures Forest Ponds, Rivers, Streams, and Openings Trails and Forest Caves Wetlands Roads Hibernacula Hibernacula Roost Forage Drink Forage Roost, Forage, Forage Commute and Fall and Roost Commute Roost Swarm/Spring Staging Mines and Caves Limited resource in NH Only 7 mines provide hibernacula function More abundant in VT Winter hibernacula function for little brown bat, big brown bat, northern long-eared bat, eastern small-footed bat, and tricolored bat Swarming and staging site for same species Human disturbances can degrade function Further the spread of WNS Wake up hibernating bats Mines and Caves CONSERVATION AND ASSESSING YOUR PROPERTY ENHANCEMENT Probably already know if you own Gates to limit access a bat mine Conservation easements to protect mine/cave, entrance, and surrounding Check for hibernacula within habitats for Fall Swarm/Spring Staging surrounding 1 mile using the NH Within 1 mile of hibernacula, retain Heritage Bureau DataCheck tool potential roost trees. Consider creating additional roost trees (see forests) If within 1 mile, assume that any habitats that provide foraging, Within 1 mile of hibernacula, protect all drinking, or roosting functions could surface waters and wetlands (see Ponds, Rivers, Streams, and Wetlands) be important for the Fall Swarm/Spring Staging Property owners with a mine entrance or within .25 miles of known mine hibernacula should consult with USFWS Mines and Caves RESOURCES NH Heritage Bureau DataCheck tool United States Fish and Wildlife Service New England Field Office Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program of the NH Fish and Game Department (Sandra Houghton, Wildlife Diversity Biologist) Local NRCS Office Ponds,
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