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Summits of the Americas Bulletin SUMMITS OF THE AMERICAS BULLETIN * Vol. 1 * No. 1 * November 2001 The Inter-American Democratic Charter that occurred in New York and Washington. It is a date that for many Welcome to the first edition of the Summit of the Americas Bulletin. We in the Chileans evokes violent and tragic Office of Summit Follow Up hope that the articles published here can serve to memories as a military coup defeated inform the citizens of the hemisphere of the activities that have taken place in their democratic regime on that same day fulfillment of the Summits of the Americas mandates. The adoption of the Inter- in 1973. Confronted with these ghosts American Democratic Charter responds directly to one such mandate, and so we of intolerance and fanaticism, we must keep in mind that the Democratic Charter dedicate our first issue to this historic document. symbolizes the hemisphere’s first collective response to the outrageous A Message from Dr. César Gaviria peoples, to take a stand against threats and actions of the current enemies of Secretary General of the OAS challenges to democracy. We do so democracy. With the Democratic Charter, the collectively and in a clear, determined and The Lima Charter governments are sending a clear message orderly fashion. This new commitment to to authoritarian elements that there will But the Charter is only the democracy in the region represents its be no compromise with perpetrators of beginning of a great responsibility. Our coups d’état and those who attempt to governments must face tremendous “...We are taking an subvert the constitutional and political challenges posed by globalization. In our order. In this manner we are taking an times, political factors are exerting important step to defend important step to defend the rights of our increasingly more influence on economic the rights of our growth, without which democracies are TABLE OF CONTENTS incapable of delivering the benefits that peoples...” citizens of the Americas hope for. The - Dr. César Gaviria democratic system must stand for A Message from Dr. César Secretary General of the OAS improved political, economic and social Gaviria 1 institutions. It must mean improved The Summits of the Americas efficiency of the state, economic growth attempt to recuperate the principle, as Process and the Inter-American and social justice. It must translate into Kant purports, that the universalization Democratic Charter increased international cooperation to of Rule of Law is a categorical necessity Jaime Aparicio Otero 1 counter threats faced by democracies. for an international co-existence based on The Inter-American reason. Democratic Charter and The Summits of the Americas In this sense, the advantage of the Terrorism Democratic Charter is that the concept of Office of Summit Follow Up 2 Process and the Inter-American a democratic system, within the logic and The Power of Summitry and the Democratic Charter spirit of a liberal democracy, is Collective Defense of Democracy Jaime Aparicio Otero broadened. That is to say that democracy, Richard E. Feinberg, Robin L. Active presidential diplomacy is as contended by the likes of Benjamin Rosenberg 2 driving a common democratic agenda in Constant and Alexis de Tocqueville, is Comments on the Inter- the Americas. In this context, Heads of only found within the framework of a American Democratic Charter State and Government at the Quebec City Rule of Law that recognizes and Jennifer Mc Coy 3 Summit instructed their Foreign Ministers guarantees the personal, political and Defending Democracy to create a Democratic Charter that would economic rights fundamental to each Ambassador Humberto defend democracy throughout the region. individual – a Rule of Law that defines de la Calle 3 This Charter was signed in Lima, and applies these guarantees while The Civil Society Perspective on September 11, 2001 – a day that will respecting the independence of the State Office of Summit Follow Up 3 be remembered for the terrorist attacks powers. (Continued on next page, column 1) 1 SUMMITS OF THE AMERICAS BULLETIN (The Summit Process and the Charter...) stem from the citizens of each country, seriously impairs the democratic order in The importance of this link there is space for positive and effective a member state.” Most importantly, it has between democracy and Rule of Law will multilateral support in that process. Clear as its ultimate sanctions expulsion from be made evident in the event that one of examples of this can be found following the OAS, and the termination of a our countries is confronted with a crisis. the democratic crises in Paraguay and country’s participation in the Summit of Indeed, what gives it relevance is the fact Peru, when the OAS, along with the Americas process and, by implication, that the classic coup d’etat is no longer Mercosur, the Rio Group and the United in its centerpiece, the Free Trade Area of considered the only peril to democracy. States, worked to find positive solutions the Americas. Henceforth, the region’s Newer and subtler threats coming from to each emergency. Today, no one can powerful private sectors will have strong within a democratically elected deny that the Charter will serve as a new incentives to join in the protection of government – for example, Peru, during instrument of dissuasion against the constitutional stability. the Fujimori government – will now be temptation towards authoritarianism and Fusing the historic march toward taken into account, as well. Such regimes a positive step towards constructing the democracy with the powerful incentives maintain democratic formalities (i.e. proper institutions for the XXI Century. and benefits of economic exchange is a elections) but then nullify them, either by The two great legacies of Greek strategic victory for the Hemisphere. violating their citizens’ constitutional democracy – constitutions and citizenship Inter-American summitry appears to have guarantees (i.e. human rights, freedom of – are today, more than ever, the lifeblood buried the longstanding view that expression) or modifying them so as to of the Inter-American agenda. “national sovereignty” prevented a favor the powers of the State over each - Former Bolivian Vice Minister of For- collective defense of universally accepted individual. The Charter mentions other eign Affairs and current Director of the OAS Office of international norms and common values. threats to democracy, as well: corruption, Summit Follow Up. The good news for summitry is inequity, exclusion, inefficient public that success need not be sought in lengthy laundry lists of action items, but can be achieved by appropriately focusing “The Charter is a concrete The Power of Summitry and leaders’ attention on overarching strategic Collective Defense of Democracy issues. result of the Summit of the Richard E. Feinberg and Robin L. - Richard Feinberg served as senior director Americas Process.” Rosenberg at the National Security Council during the first Clinton - Jaime Aparicio Otero The historic OAS Inter-American Administration, and is professor and director of the Democratic Charter is further proof of the APEC Study Center at the University of California, San power of summitry in the Americas to Diego. Robin Rosenberg is Deputy Director of the Dante B. Fascell North-South Center at the University management, violence and weak produce results that have profoundly of Miami. The authors are co-directors of the institutions. positive consequences for the nations and Leadership Council for Inter-American Summitry. Along these lines, the Charter peoples of the Western Hemisphere. clearly defines those components within Arising from the April 2001 Quebec City the concept of Rule of Law: respect for Summit of the Americas’ “democratic human rights and fundamental clause,” this far-reaching commitment to freedoms; periodic, free and fair self defense against a wide array of threats The Inter-American Democratic elections based on secret balloting and to democracy could only have been Charter and Terrorism universal suffrage; the pluralistic forged by the kind of high-level Office of Summit Follow Up system of political parties and negotiations of Heads of State and Terrorism is a well-known organizations; the separation and Government for which the Summit of the phenomenon to practically every country independence of powers; freedom of Americas has provided an ongoing forum in the Americas. All have suffered directly expression; transparency and probity since 1994. or indirectly from this scourge that aims in government activities; and the The Charter goes beyond the to undermine order and stability. In order control of civilian authority over state 1991 OAS Santiago Resolution 1080 to to prevent, combat and eliminate institutions. In the same way, the Charter counter the kinds of threats to democracy terrorism, the Organization of American makes reference to strengthening that have caused some serious setbacks States organized the First Specialized electoral observation missions and to democratic rule over the past decade, Conference on Terrorism in 1996, in establishes the procedures to be followed especially in the Andean region. compliance with a mandate from the 1994 in the event of a democratic crisis in a Resolution 1080 has been interpreted as Summit of the Americas in Miami. The Member State, including those sanctions limited to military or armed interruption Second Conference on the same issue that would be imposed on the government of democratic rule, and its enforcement took
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