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Changing Directions of the National Fish Hatchery System

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Changing Directions of the National Fish Hatchery System CHANGING DIRECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL FISH HATCHERY SYSTEM The following documents identify how the National Fish Hatchery System is moving into new areas to enhance the contributions of National Fish Hatcheries in conserving wild stocks; maintaining the genetic integrity of stocks, propagating threatened and endangered fish species, evaluating hatchery products, aquaculture, technology development, and supporting aquatic ecosystem management: • Hatcheries in Transition /7 • Role of Fish and Wildlife Service Fish Hatcheries in Captiv,9„, Propagation of Threatened and Endangered Fishes (Draft) • Fisheries Action Plan • Hatchery Subactivity Analysis Report • Service Priority Objectives for FY 1994/ • Report of Fish Technology Centers, • Helping Aquaculture Grow • FY 1995 Program Changes (not part of FY 1995 Budget Justification) • Drug and Chemical Use Update Any questions you might have should be dire ted to Roger Schulz, Division of Fish Hatcheries, at (703) 358-1715. • HATCHERIES IN TRANSITION THE CHALLENGE The role of fish hatcheries in fisheries management is receiving a great deal of attention. Hatcheries are being criticized for not responding fast enough to needs to protect wild stocks, conserve biological diversity, prevent species from being listed as threatened and endangered, and help recover species that are already listed. At the same time, the National Fish Hatchery System has a recognized backlog of $140 million for maintenance and construction, and a $5 million need in general operations. The National Fish Hatchery System has been responding to the need to focus more attention on wild stocks, biological diversity, and threatened and endangered species, but this transition has been slow because current backlogs and needs do not provide much budgetary latitude. The Hatchery System is eager to meet the challenge, but requires additional budgetary resources to assist in accelerating the transition. PROPOSED ACTIONS The Fisheries Program proposes to initiate a program, called HATCHERIES IN TRANSITION (HIT), to help our Nation's fish hatcheries enhance its contributions to conserving biological diversity, wild stocks, and natural . ecosystems, while continuing to provide opportunities for recreational, commercial, and subsistence fishing. HIT emphasizes: 1. GENETICS MANAGEMENT/CONSERVATION BIOLOGY. HIT will ensure that hatchery fish are produced in accordance with sound principles of genetics management and conservation biology; 2. PRODUCT EVALUATION. HIT will ensure that hatchery fish contribute to identifiable management objectives for individual waterbodies or ecosystems; 3. WILD STOCK MANAGEMENT. HIT will ensure that stocking of hatchery fish is compatible with maintenance of wild stocks; 4. ENDANGERED SPECIES MANAGEMENT. HIT will develop specific programs, principles, and practices to guide programs to propagate threatened and endangered species; and 5. DRUG AND CHEMICAL USE. HIT will develop new approaches for producing fish that reduce dependencies on drugs and chemicals. ANTICIPATED BENEFITS HATCHERIES IN TRANSITION will provide six major benefits for the National Fish Hatchery System and for America's fishery resources. HIT will: 1. Provide a complete genetic inventory of brood stocks and critical wild stocks, and an automated registry of strains to assist in producing quality fish that are compatible with wild and native stocks; 2. Provide a means of evaluating the effectiveness of major propagation programs in terms of their contributions to specific fishery management objectives, such as restoration of depleted stocks, and thereby provide a basis for reducing or adjusting programs that are not contributing sufficiently or properly, while enhancing others that are. 3. Provide a means of maintaining, enhancing, and restoring wild stocks by using propagated fish that do not contribute to deleterious hybridization, predation, or competition. 4. Establish clear policies, programs, and operational capabilities for propagating threatened and endangered species and aiding in their recovery. 5. Reduce hatchery dependency on drugs and chemicals by relying more on other means of controlling disease, aiding reproduction, and reducing stress. 6. Provide a clear example of how additional investments in State and Federal hatcheries can assist fishery administrators and managers in using the latest techniques for sound biological and environmental management. The combined result of these six benefits will be greater protection of wild stocks, biological diversity, and natural ecosystems; more efficient and effective use of the National Fish Hatchery System, as a whole; and additional opportunities for recreational, commercial, and subsistence fishing. BUDGET REQUIREMENTS HIT is intended as a 5-year cross-program effort led by the Fisheries Program. In Year 1 (e.g. FY 1995), $4 million of new funding is needed and would be allocated over the five areas of emphasis as follows. 1. Genetics Management/Conservation Biology $500,000 2. Product Evaluation $2,000,000 3. Wild Stock Management $1,000,000 4. Endangered Species Management $500,000 5. Drug and Chemical Use $0* * Funding is provided separately as part of DRUG/CHEMICAL component of FY 95 Fisheries Initiative. DRAFT THE ROLE OF FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE FISH HATCHERIES IN CAPTIVE PROPAGATION OF THREATENED AND ENDANGERED FISHES DIVISION OF FISH HATCHERIES U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE WASHINGTON, D.C. March 2, 1994 DRAFT THE ROLE OF FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE FISH HATCHERIES IN CAPTIVE PROPAGATION OF THREATENED AND ENDANGERED FISHES INTRODUCTION Many of the fishes of North America are moving toward extinction. At least 3 genera, 27 species, and 13 subspecies of North American fishes have become extinct in the past 100 years. One hundred of the species currently listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (Act) are fishes that occur in the waters of the coterminous United States. An additional 183 fish species have been proposed or are identified as candidates for listing. The American Fisheries Society considers another 250 species to be imperiled in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Other species that must be considered are species that one or more Regional Offices of the Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) have designated as "special species of concern". Those species do not warrant listing under the Act, but are priorities within the Service. Many of them are being held in refugia or propagated at Service hatcheries and are the focus of restoration programs. The rate of decline of our native species is also increasing. Over the past decade the number of aquatic species listed as threatened or endangered (i.e., "listed species") has doubled (See Figure 1). There are currently over 822 plants and animals on the list of threatened and endangered species that occur within the United States. Three hundred and forty-five of the animal species listed occur within the continental United States. One hundred are finfish. Those fish comprise 29 percent of the animal species listed within the continental United States (See Figure 2). If shellfish (i.e., mussels and clams) are included, the overall percentage of fish species increases to 46 percent. As the number of listed and imperiled species has grown, so has the search for ways of reversing their declines and ensuring the long-term welfare of our Nation's ecosystems. Fishery managers and elected officials are increasingly being asked to protect and restore depleted fish stocks. Several pieces of legislation proposing to broaden the use of captive propagation in endangered species management have recently been introduced in Congress, in both the Senate and House of Representatives. This comes at a time when the Fish and Wildlife Service is focusing attention on FIGURE 1. TRENDS FOR LISTING ENDANGERED AND THREATENED FISH SPECIES 120 100 80 60 40 20 NUMBERS OF LISTED SPECIES 0 ) ) 3 ct51' is' it?' 4 4 5115% 4b P YEAR FIGURE 2. ESA ANIMAL LISTINGS BY CATEGORY (Continental U.S.) Fish Bivalves 29.0% 17.0% Mammals 14.0% Other 12.0% Birds Insects 12.0% Reptiles 8.0% 8.0% 2 DRAFT improving its management of fishery resources, particularly depleted interjurisdictional species and threatened and endangered species, in order to protect native fishes and the numerous recreational and commercial fishing activities associated with those resources. This report is the first comprehensive effort to identify the extent to which the Service is using its National Fish Hatchery Systems (System) to propagate or provide refugia for finfish listed as threatened or endangered. In addition this report provides recommendations for improving propagation activities in the interest of more effective and efficient management and species recovery. INFORMATION COLLECTION In September 1992, the Service began a review of its involvement in propagating and maintaining threatened and endangered fishes at National Fish Hatcheries. This review was intended to accurately determine the scope of those activities and identify ways of managing them more effectively and cohesively. Existing internal reports and documents and management information systems were used to develop a preliminary overview of efforts to propagate and maintain listed fishes at National Fish. Hatcheries. Telephone surveys involving hatchery managers and associate managers in the Service's Regional Offices were subsequently used to verify existing information and solicit new data. Additional discussions with biologists and managers outside the System yielded information
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