IN THIS ISSUE

• Radio as a peacebuilding tool

• Dispatches from Cameroon, India, Colombia, Nigeria, Pakistan

• PJ Bookshelf: New arrivals

Jake Lynch: Conflict frames PJ discussions in South Korea A publication of the Center for Global Peace Journalism at Park University Vol. 8 No. 1- April 2019 April 2019 April 2019 Contents PJ can contribute to defusing Korean tensions By Jake Lynch 3 Korea 15 Costa Rica Can PJ reduce tensions? UPeace launches new degree “Do not demonise North Korea. De- mons do not negotiate. If there are no India Nigeria negotiations, there will be war.” These The Peace Journalist is a semi- 6 16 were the words of Chung-in Moon to annual publication of the Center Gandhi: Original peace journalist On social media, elections, peace journalists who gathered for the Korea South for Global Peace Journalism at Park Missouri, USA Worldwide Press Foundation journalism confer- Korean University in Parkville, Missouri. The 8 18 ence in Seoul, in October, as diplomat- diplomat Peace Journalist is dedicated to dis- Radio as peacebuilding tool Peace Journalism bookshelf ic efforts were being stepped up for a Chung-in seminating news and information second summit meeting between Kim Moon for teachers, students, and 10 Colombia 19 USA Jong Un and President Donald Trump. addresses practitioners of PJ. Photojournalism aids peace Shedding violent words aids peace Moon is a sage old hand of arms the 2018 control talks. A current member of the KPF Submissions are welcome from all. Cameroon Rep. of Georgia journalism We are seeking shorter submissions 11 22 South Korean government’s advisory Journalists evaluate peace efforts Women in peace journalism committee on diplomatic strategy, conference (500 words) detailing peace journal- in Seoul. ism projects, classes, proposals, etc. he previously served as Ambassador We also welcome longer submis- 23 DR Congo for International Security, combining these posts with his career in univer- sions (1000-1500 words) about Community radio and peace sities. His advice is timely, given the peace or conflict sensitive journal- findings of new research on Austra- ism projects or programs, as well as lian media and how they refer to the academic works from the field. We Democratic People’s Republic(1). In do NOT seek general submissions coverage from two major newspapers about peace projects, but are in- 12 Colombia and the public broadcaster, the ABC, stead focused only on articles with What would it take, to change the story, which was being widely aired Community radio, peacebuilding North Korea was usually described as tenor of international coverage? elsewhere, but Hancocks advised cau- a strong, central media angle. rogue, secretive, totalitarian or evil, Restraint, for one: CNN’s Seoul cor- tion, given that no firm evidence was

New Mexico, USA Pakistan with its leader “often referred to as respondent Paula Hancocks, who also available to support it. Deadlines: March 3 (April edition); 13 24 Seminar: Social media and peace Media and peace conference a ruthless psychopath.” Dominant spoke at the conference, recalled how September 3 (October edition). metaphors tended to be conflictual, she successfully argued against the What can the Peace Journalism framing the country as “a military network running a story on claims playbook contribute? How can read- Editor: Steven Youngblood, Director, What is Peace Journalism? threat [and] unpredictable, irrational that Kim had removed one of his rela- ers and audiences be prompted and Center for Global Peace Journalism, and ruthless.” As the researchers com- Peace Journalism is when editors and reporters make choices that improve the tives, fallen from government favour, equipped to consider and value nonvi- Park University ment, the pattern is typical, and not olent responses to the still-unresolved prospects for peace. These choices, including how to frame stories and care- by feeding him to a pack of dogs. Edi- Proofreading: Prof. Carol Getty just in Australia. conflict on the Korean peninsula, with fully choosing which words are used, create an atmosphere conducive to peace tors in Atlanta had been keen on the all its potential dangers? Contact/Social Media: and supportive of peace initiatives and peacemakers, without compromising Jake Lynch divides his time between Australia, where he is Associate Pro- [email protected] the basic principles of good journalism. (Adapted from Lynch/McGoldrick, Look past slogans from both ‘sides’ to fessor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Sydney, and Oxford, Twitter-@Peace Journ Peace Journalism). Peace Journalism gives peacemakers a voice while making focus on the goals of the conflict par- peace initiatives and non-violent solutions more visible and viable. where he writes historical novels, acts in amateur theatricals and runs a ties, for one. The Korean war of 1950- Facebook-Peace Journalism group local book group. Previously, Jake enjoyed a twenty-year career in journal- Center for Global Peace A number of valuable peace journalism resources, including resource 53 has never been declared officially packets and online links, can be found at www.park.edu/peacecenter. ism, with spells as a political correspondent for Sky News, and the Sydney over. The Koreas are separated by a Journalism, Park University correspondent for the Independent, culminating in a role as a BBC World 8700 NW River Park Dr so-called Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) TV presenter. For his work in which marks the ceasefire line. Given Parkville, Missouri 64152 USA Center for Global Peace Journalism Peace Journalism research, train- this, Moon said, it was vital to realise ing and development, he was The Center for Global Peace Journalism works with journalists, academics, and that the North saw no reason to honoured with the 2017 Luxem- students worldwide to improve reporting about conflicts, societal unrest, rec- consider itself “a defeated nation. [So, bourg Peace Prize, awarded by they would think] don’t treat us as if onciliation, solutions, and peace. Through its courses, workshops, lectures, this the Schengen Peace Foundation. magazine, blog, and other resources, the Center encourages media to reject we have to surrender to the United In 2020, he will be a Leverhulme States.” Reporters should therefore re- sensational and inflammatory reporting, and produce counter-narratives that Visiting Professor at Coventry offer a more nuanced view of those who are marginalized—ethnic/racial/ gard with scepticism calls by hawkish A Park University Publication University. religious minorities, women, youth, and migrants. Continued on next page pg 2 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 3 By Steven Youngblood

April 2019 April 2019 South Korea from Pg 3 gave up too much, we should still be they call for normalization of relations South Korea from Pg 4 exerting maximum pressure.” Instead, by “establishing reciprocal liaison tries not to send warships to take part. voices on the American side for “com- he called on the official agenda for the offices, lifting sanctions that harm If more media were prepared to listen plete and verifiable disarmament” process to be “attacked from the Left: vulnerable individuals, and facilitating seriously to such voices, then a more before concessions such as the lifting demand the formation of negotiating people-to-people engagement.” nuanced picture, exposing more of of sanctions. Approaches that provide teams” to hammer out a sequence of the realistic prospects for peacemak- for such steps to proceed in parallel real progress towards denuclearisa- One of the chief gains from the first ing, would emerge. should be seen as more realistic. tion, and the “easing of the trade and Trump-Kim summit in 2018 was a “freeze for a freeze”: no further medicine embargo.” This would also As Annabel McGoldrick and I argue in Another distinction in the Peace Jour- nuclear weapons testing by Pyong- meet one of Galtung’s key recom- Peace Journalism (2), distilling many nalism model originally proposed by yang, in exchange for a halt to joint mendations for reporting peace plans, of the discussions we conducted Johan Galtung is to focus on “people military exercises between the US which I presented at the Seoul confer- with editors and reporters around as peacemakers”, not just leaders. A and South Korea. Peace campaigners ence: ask “is the peace plan a process the world, presenting inputs to news couple of months before leaving for are calling for the latter to be made or only an outcome?” Beyond the from unconventional sources requires Seoul, I listened to a talk, at Sydney’s permanent. Over recent years, the day’s headline, what happens next? journalism to construct a “framework Exodus Foundation, by the veteran pristine environment of Jeju Island of understanding” to establish their nuclear disarmament campaigner, If non-elite voices deserve greater has been violated by the establish- relevance to the story. Today’s journal- Joseph Gerson, who was visiting Aus- prominence on the American side, the ment of a new naval base, which demanding greater transparency as a decades… I discarded any assumptions ists must do this anyway, it could be tralia from the US. Because the North same is true on the Korean peninsula. hosted an “international fleet review” corollary of that trust: “show me.” I might have had about the North argued, to justify their existence as Korea talks were an initiative of the Korea Peace Now: Women Mobilizing last October. The local Association of Korean people.” professional communicators. Part of the remedy for the demonis- Trump White House, he explained, to End War, is an intervention by the Gangjeong villagers, who opposed the ing coverage exposed by the find- As long-form journalism (the film runs Democrats were instinctively scepti- Nobel Women’s Initiative and Women development, called on third coun- Another contributor to the Seoul ings on Australian media, would, the 28 minutes) it’s in a genre that lends cal, if not downright hostile. A typical Cross the DMZ. Taking the form of a conference was Thomas Rosenstiel, researchers say, be to feature “more itself most readily to the PJ approach. line was: “this is all a sham, Trump letter to Presidents Trump and Kim, Continued on next page Executive Director of the American stories illustrating individual and But there are clear opportunities now Press Institute. Publics now require community life. This would give North for editors and reporters engaged “news fluency”, he said, to enable Koreans a human face”. Getting the in all forms of journalism to peer them to differentiate journalism they requisite access for such stories is dif- beyond the clichés, engage with the can rely on. Editors and reporters ficult, they concede. goals and agendas of the parties to an can help by explaining “how and why unresolved and potentially dangerous this was a story.” If the message from However, a notable example has just conflict, and make room for peace to journalism to readers and audiences screened on Australian television, enter the debate. in the 20th Century was “trust me”, which points the way. The Foreign its equivalent for the 21st, in a world Correspondent strand on ABC Tele- Notes of unprecedented media plenitude, 1. Bronwen Dalton (2019) ‘Hermit Prof. Jake vision took us into the heart of a was inverted. Now, the message was kingdom, nuclear nation: if the media Lynch unique US-North Korean cooperative coming from readers and audiences, keep calling North Korea names, it will discusses venture,between clinics in the country only prolong conflict’. The Conversa- peace for patients with multidrug-resistant tion, February 28, retrieved from link: journalism at tuberculosis – a deadly disease that https://theconversation.com/hermit- the 2018 KPF strikes half a million people a year kingdom-nuclear-nation-if-the-media- conference in worldwide – and volunteers from the keep-calling-north-korea-names-it- Seoul. Eugene Bell Foundation, who work with them. will-only-prolong-conflict-112507 2. Jake Lynch and Annabel McGold- Titled ‘Out of Breath’, it’s a moving rick (2005) Peace Journalism. Stroud: and memorable film, which deserves Hawthorn Press to be more widely viewed – which it 3. https://www.abc.net.au/foreign/ can be, on the program’s website (3). out-of-breath/10825830 “I will never forget the first tubercu- 4. Hein S Seok (2019) ‘Amid interna- losis centre I visited,” the film-maker, tional tensions, the battle to treat Hein S Seok, has written (4). “As soon “contagious cancer” in North Korea’. as we stopped, the North Korean ABC News, February 19, retrieved medical team rushed over with huge from link: https://www.abc.net.au/ smiles. I realised I was witnessing a news/2019-02-19/north-korea-conta- reunion of old friends who had been gious-cancer-battle-amid-internation- UTexas Libraries working towards the same goal for al-tensions/10822102 pg 4 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 5 April 2019 April 2019 to express his feelings while advis- journal, Gandhi said, “It was never Gandhi from Pg 6 ing the two parties to resist from the intended to be a commercial concern. Gandhi: The original peace journalist est of the poor. He believed in living temptation of resorting to violence So long as it was under my control, By Abhilash Chandran bravely write his quest for truth or ex- to pass frugally to the point of excess. In his and see reason in the situation. (5) the changes in the journal were The true function of journalism periments with truth while boldly fac- Gandhi as a book “Small is Beautiful”, E.F. Schum- indicative of changes in my life...I can- is to educate the public mind, ing the poignant situations to achieve professional acher points out how Gandhi rejected Furthermore, peace journalism seeks not recall a word in those articles set not to stock the public mind with his goals. Essentially, he believed that and commit- Western urbanization and mass pro- involvement of people to reduce ten- down without thought or deliberation, wanted and unwanted impressions. newspapers should have values when ted journal- duction in favour of a more traditional sions between warring factions. In the or a word of conscious exaggeration, they are launched with a view to serv- ist. He has in labor intensive approach. Even his ap- A journalist has therefore to use Gandhian approach, Gandhi under- or anything merely to please. Indeed ing people. these chap- proach to circulation of his paper was his discretion as to what to report stood the involvement of the people the journal became for me training in ters described unique. Rather than depending on ad- would be useful to solve communal self-restraint, and for friends a me- and when. As it is, journalists are Gandhian journalism difficulties vertisements as a source of revenue, riots. Thus, he suggested a formation dium through which to keep in touch Gandhian journalism was a product not content to stick to facts alone. of publishing he advocated copying and circulating of a peace brigade to reduce frequent with my thoughts.” (6) Gandhi’s approach to life, his concern Journalism has become the art of news maga- of papers. (4) Gandhi’s approach to conflicts by prescribing a code of for humanity, and his deep commit- intelligent anticipation of events. zines and managing them, includ- journalism was totally devoid of ambi- conduct to the members of the peace If we can practice peace journalism ment to the poor for whose sake he -Mahatama Gandhi- ing the advertisement and finance tions. To him it was not a vocation to brigade. effectively, then the role of journalist fought for national independence. aspects. Thus, it is useful both for earn his livelihood. It was a means to is prominent. The above statement of It was essentially the journalism of Apart from being a national leader journalists and publishers even in the serve the public. In “Harijan” (June 18, 1936) he wrote, Gandhi clearly mentioning the charac- communitarianisam and humanitari- and social reformer, Mahatma Gandhi present times. (3) “Some time ago I suggested the ter and morality of a journalist is most anisam. He had certain noble goals was a great communicator. More than Gandhi as a peace journalist formation of a peace brigade whose important. And a journalist can work that were based on his philosophy of It was Gandhi’s firm belief that the anyone else, he recognized that com- Gandhi, in a journalistic career span- members would risk their lives in deal- effectively if he can express and apply non-violence (ahimsa), self reliance newspaper was meant for “self- munication is the most effective tool ning nearly four decades, used ing with riots, especially communal. his soul through his words. (swadeshi), self rule (swaraj), and less service” and that it should not to shape opinion and mobilize popular journalism as tool of social reforma- The idea was that this brigade should --This piece was originally published in the truth-force (satyagraha). All these be used as a commercial enterprise support. Gandhi,whose 150th birth- tion and building peace in India. As a substitute (for) the police and even April, 2012 edition of The Peace Journalist. were reflected in his journalistic writ- to amass profits. Despite financial day is being celebrated this year, was journalist, Gandhi took the subjects the military. This reads ambitious. The ings and oral communications, and strains, he chose to turn down ad- a strong believer in the power of the which could only be used for peace achievement may prove impossible. Reference his non- verbal communications such vertisements as they could compro- 1. Vilanilam v. John, Mass Communication in word and wrote very cautiously in his building among the people. In Gan- Yet if the congress is to succeed in its as his innumerable journeys on foot, mise the focal purpose of the paper. India: A Sociological Perspective, Sage, newspapers to mobilize public opin- dhi’s concern the main objectives of non-violent struggle, it must develop ion. The subjects he chose to write padayatras, within India, mediation, Instead, he devised unconventional 05-Nov-2005. 2. Narayan, R.k, My days auto- journalism are: A. Understand popular the power to deal peacefully with biography, Indian thought publication 2006 fasting and prayer meetings. (1) modes to sell his paper and expanded on were varied and variegated, which opinion and give expression to it; B. such situation”. These writings clearly 3. Iyenkar sudarshan, Gandhi was a great depicted his honesty, integrity, and the subscription to sustain his paper. Arouse desirable sentiments among journalist, http://www.gujaratglobal.com 4. Gandhi’s journals never had any sen- shows how Gandhi used his words for in-depth understanding. the people and C. Fearlessly expose Neelima, p, fantastic features, http://dhvani. sational topics. He wrote on construc- He argued that additional columns peace building. co.in. 5. Murthy, D.V.R, Gandhian journalism popular defects. Gandhian journalism emerged from tive work, satyagraha, nonviolence, would be saved and could be instead is it relevant today, Kanishka publication, New the values and philosophy practiced diet, nature-cure, Hindu-Muslim employed to advance the struggle. Writing about the “Indian Opinion” Gandhi used journalism as a tool for and propagated by Mahatma Gandhi unity, untouchability, spinning, khadi, Gandhi constructively used journalism avoiding the escalation of conflicts. Mahatma Gandhi: in his life and through his publica- swadeshi, village industries, and as a vehicle of his political activism. As a country like India with differ- tions viz., Indian Opinion, Harijan, and prohibition. He stressed the need However, the movement stretched A Celebration of the World’s First Peace Journalist ences in each and every community, Young India. With courage of convic- of re- orientation of education and beyond the political realm and en- the chance of violence is inevitable. August 26-27, 2019 tion, Gandhi applied the principles food habits and was a severe critic of tailed the striving for dignity and self- Gandhi’s experiences both in South of honesty and integrity in his real national defects. (2) respect. It brought about elemental Join us in Kansas City with scholar and author Dr. Rajmohan Gandhi, the Africa and in India convinced him that life and also in journalism. He could transformation in the socio-political grandson of Mahatma Gandhi, for an examination and celebration of violence could only be ended by uni- Gandhi’s insights and understand- frame of the Indian community. Mahatma Gandhi’s role and influence as a journalist, and his lasting impact ing of the necessity of the media lateral acts of kindness. For avoiding on the profession. Featured speakers also include Cynthia Lukas and Kell Abhilash Chan- the Hindu- Muslim conflict he advised and communication led him to have Today, journalism is a tool to create Kearns, producers of two documentaries about Mahatma Gandhi which dran is the both parties to understand the situa- the movement’s on news and views an ever expanding source of revenue, have aired on PBS. M.Phil Scholar of tion, and the language of Gandhi re- publication and that is how the Indian but for Gandhi, who had very differ- Gandhian Studies veals the inner power within him. For The celebration is being held in conjunction with Gandhi’s 150th birthday. Opinion seems to have been born. ent goals, revenue was always more at the School instance he dedicated the entire issue Gandhi has devoted a separate chap- of a spiritual return. Always a social Two events will be open to the public. On Monday, August 27, Park Univer- of Gandhian of “Young India” dated May 24, 1924 ter both in his autobiography and his and humanitarian crusader, Gandhi’s sity will host the Missouri premiere screening of “Gandhi’s Gift.” A Q&A with Thought And to write a lengthy article on Hindu- book on satyagraha in South Africa. underlying journalistic concerns were filmmaker Cynthia Lukas and Kell Kearns and Dr. Gandhi will follow the film Development Studies, Mahatma Muslim tension, its causes, and cure. Both the chapters contain details on with the living conditions of the poor- screening. On Tuesday, August 28, Johnson County Community College will Gandhi University, Priyadarshiny In the article, he used sober language Hills Kottyam in Kerala, India. why and how to publish a newspaper. host Dr. Raj Gandhi in an event celebrating Mahatma Gandhi’s 150th birth- The content of the chapters is enough Continued on next page day. His topic: “The Status of Peacebuilding Between India and Pakistan.” pg 6 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 7 April 2019 doing in community engagement with the characteristics of from Pg 8 Radio peacebuilding peace journalism. For example, they say they do not have There are many such radio stations in East Africa that have any preconceived ideas on what stories they will find, and, embraced peace journalism in their radio programs. of course, they give voice to the voiceless.

Ron Jones, Director of Community Engagement and Laura Ron then shared an example of community engagement Ziegler, Community Reporter from KCUR public radio in in their story based in Tonganoxie, Kansas. This centered 2018 Greater Kansas City Peacebuilding Conference Kansas City spoke next on community engagement as on the plans of Tyson Foods to bring a chicken processing peacebuilding. Ron Jones defined community engagement plant to the town – a plan that was supported by then- this way: “To learn the needs and aspirations of communi- Kansas Governor Sam Brownback. However, many in the Conference evaluates radio as peacebuilding tool ties by examining issues that matter most to their lives. town opposed the plant. Tonganoxie revolted against this By Tom Patterson oon is called “Towards a Peaceful Society.” Yet another is a And to help people seek solutions to the issues facing their plan, protesting most directly against the city council, who As part of a three day peacebuilding conference in Kan- radio drama entitled, “A Call for Peace.” Vojvoda comment- communities.” He stressed how they sought out new voices had notice of this but did not alert the rest of the town. sas City, speakers from around the world focused on the ed that community media, like peace journalism, does not and perspectives to broaden their coverage of issues. As a Through their community engagement, KCUR’s story cap- achievements of radio as a peacebuilding tool on Oct. 26 at just give a voice to the elites of society but gives voice to result, they focused on serving underserved communities tured the variety of viewpoints reflecting the complexity of Park University. Steven Youngblood, director of the Center the traditionally voiceless by presenting their views directly through their radio productions. This meant being engaged the issue. for Global Peace Journalism welcomed some 60 people to from them and not from someone who claims to represent in communities beyond parachuting in to cover one-off sto- Another example was KCUR’s pursuit of stories centered the afternoon event which included four sessions on radio them. He stressed that radio in the form of community ries. One prerequisite for this was to establish trust; other- on borders in the KC metro area. In this case, their com- and peacebuilding. media has great potential for peacebuilding. wise the community would not engage with reporters. This involved identifying stakeholders in the community who munity engagement resulted in a series of stories they The first presentation featured via Skype Alexander Vo- Youngblood, director of the Center for Global Peace Jour- were asked what the issues that they faced, and whom the titled “Beyond Our Borders.” They put in over a year to jvoda from Vienna, who works for a civil society organiza- nalism at Park University, spoke next and took us to East reporters should talk to who could address the issues from rediscover Troost Avenue (a traditional dividing line of tion based in Buea, Cameroon, and the Reverend Geraldine Africa (Uganda and South Sudan) in his talk on Radio and the community’s level. With the stakeholders’ input the segretation in KC), the State Line, the Wyandotte-Johnson Fobang of Yaoundé, Cameroon, president of the Camer- Peace. He began by going over the 10 characteristics of reporters then arranged listening sessions that took place county line (another racial dividing line), and the Missouri oon Media Network and station manager of the Christian peace journalism: in that community and were always off the record. River. This in the spirit of peace journalism aims to dispel Broadcasting Services, CBS Buea. They presented on “Radio stereotypes perpetuated by Kansas City’s geographical and and Peace in Cameroon,” showing how radio has been 1. Being proactive The public radio reporters would always start out with the racial boundaries. used as an effective peacebuilding tool in reporting on the 2. Uniting rather than dividing following questions: The final speaker, Spencer Graves, board member of com- Anglophone crisis in Cameroon. 3. Rejecting official propaganda “What do you want metro Kansas City to know about your munity radio station KKFI, gave examples of peace initia- 4. Giving voice to the voiceless community?” tives that have been broadcast by KKFI or disseminated Cameroon has historically been regarded as one of the 5. Being balanced “How engaged are you in your community?” on its website, including events and rallies by PeaceWorks more peaceful countries in Western Africa, but that has 6. Providing depth and context “How engaged do you want to be?” changed recently. Rev. Fobang gave a brief history of the Kansas City. 7. Considering the consequences of the reporting Then after getting confirmation from the group that their origins of the conflict, which now centers in southwestern, 8. Carefully choosing words to avoid being inflammatory Anglophone Cameroon. Mr. Vojvoda spoke on how he has notes were accurate of what the community shared, they The radio and peace session was part of the Greater Kansas 9. Selecting images that are not inflammatory would return to the station and conceptualize stories based City Peacebuilding Conference. This three-day event was been organizing workshops for media to professionalize 10. Debunking stereotypes, myths, and misperceptions. their work, stressing how hate speech can be countered on what they learned. Ziegler pointed that while they hosted by Avila University, Park University, and Johnson County Community College from Oct. 25-27, 2018. and how media can be inclusive rather than divisive. The Youngblood discussed how he included these elements of don’t consider themselves to be technically peace journal- work has led to the official registration and growth of the peace journalism in workshops he led for radio journalists ists, there is obviously a lot of overlap in what they are Cameroon Community Media Network, which now has in Uganda. These journalists produced radio stories (the (Far left)- KCUR’s more than 70 members. most important medium in Uganda) that incorporate these Laura Ziegler 10 characteristics. In one example, a public service an- Rev. Fobang then explained what the Christian Broadcast- discusses border- nouncement (PSA) sold the concept of a peaceful election. briding stories ing Service (CBS radio) is doing to bring people together It used the tag line: “Everyone has a dream to live a better in the service of peace. One way is a program focused on produced by the peaceful life this election. Choose Peace!” This PSA was station. (Left)- conflict resolution called “Eyole” which means “the Wind played thousands of times throughout Uganda. of Peace.” Another, focusing on issues in Northwest Camer- Cameroon Youngblood then talked about the series of peace semi- Community Tom Pattersonis an Associate Professor nars that he held in Juba, South Sudan, in 2016. The focus Media Network’s and Director of International Education at of these seminars was on radio as a tool of reconciliation Rev. Geraldine Johnson County Community College. He – the healing of groups that have been torn apart by war Fobang and Alex received his MA in Linguistics at the Uni- or conflict. Then, as in Uganda, the journalists went out Vojvoda connect versity of Texas in Arlington, and his Ph.D. into the country to produce radio stories with a theme of with the in English Language and Literature from the National reconciliation. He then played a couple of these reconcilia- conference via University of Singapore. He has worked for number of tion radio productions that those journalists had produced. Skype. universities abroad in Poland, Japan, and Singapore. Continued on next page pg 8 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 9 Avoiding easy stereo- types and perhaps inquiring more deeply into people’s motives could only help.

April 2019 April 2019 Photojournalists can humanize, spark healing In Cameroon, journalists evaluate peace efforts By Rosaline Akah Obah By Alexsandra Canedo tory of many regions in Latin America. The Gabriel García Márquez Founda- In her role as Program Officer for Members of the Cameroon Com- tion for New Ibero-American Journal- Here are four key takeaways from the the International Center for Journal- munity Media Network (CCMN) ism (FNPI) held its sixth Gabriel García panel discussion: ists in the Americas, Alexsandra and North West and West chapters Márquez Journalism Awards and Canedo provides support to several made up of peace journalists met in Cameroonian Festival in Medellin, Colombia. 1. Photojournalism adds a human grants, particularly under the um- Bamenda recently to evaluate efforts layer to conflict. brella of the Investigative Reporting put in place by their various activities journalists meet Every year, the event offers more than Historically, the needs and griev- Initiative in the Americas (IRIA). as journalists in bringing peace to the in Bamenda 75 free activities centered around ances of civilians, specifically minor- Canedo manages various small war-torn region as well as peaceful to evaluate journalism, literature, art, science, ity groups, have been pushed aside grants and pro- living and coexistence. This was during their efforts for technology, innovation and culture. in peace negotiations and left out of vides logistical a network meeting of the association peace. This year, speakers, panelists, and peace treaties. Despite the harrow- and administra- coordinated by the President Rosaline trainers from more than 25 countries ing experiences of individuals living tive assistance Obah Akah. gathered in Medellin Oct. 3-5 to cel- in conflict in the 21st century, many to carry out ebrate some of the best publications people still associate conflict with mili- workshops and During this strategic meeting, the to surface in Latin America in the last tary movement and weapons. Botero conferences. members engaged the 2019 year on a as the ongoing crisis in Anglophone meetings will be held within the year year. believes it’s important to photograph more promising note by conducting a Cameroon rages on. that will include various stakehold- conflicts because it forces individuals groups are not invited to the table. situational analysis of the Anglophone ers involved in peacebuilding so that In an event titled, ”Photojournal- to see the conflict from a different Photography can provide irrefutable crisis in Cameroon and the Bangoulain The members have received trainings peacebuilders and CCMN can combine ism, memory and search for truth,” perspective and makes “the conflict evidence and challenge conflicting crisis in the West Region. on principles of peace journalism and forces for sustainable peace. Mem- Colombian academic Germán Rey, more human.” Many individuals in testimonies. With this in mind, Botero conflict sensitive reporting thanks to bers were also drilled on reporting moderated a discussion between power approach conflict from a top- said that she “tries to save the survi- After finishing one year of the peace the Presbyterian Church in Cameroon journalism project, a project impact with empathy during a crisis by vet- four photojournalists: Stephen Ferry down approach, rather than a bottom- vors of conflicts” with her photogra- (PCC) and Bread For the World (BROT) eran journalist Omer Songwe. Overall, (United States), João Pina (Portugal), up approach, which hurts individuals phy and be as impartial as possible analysis was done. The chapter also in collaboration with CCMN. The worked out an action plan on how CCMN members continue producing Natalia Botero (Colombia), and Álvaro on-the-ground in conflict zones. The when she’s behind a camera lens. participants took turns doing a self as- productions to enhance peace and Ybarra (Spain). panelists agreed that photojournalism various actors, including the media sessment and group evaluation of the Ferry brought up Peru’s Truth and conflict transformation. can serve as a tool to help fill this gap, through the CCMN, can work on con- efforts they have put in so far in peace Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as The conversation was structured shifting the focus to individuals who tributing towards the de-escalation of building through the radio, TV, print, Rosaline Akah Obah is the Re- an example of the successful use of around the role that photojournal- are affected. violence and encourage peace in Cam- and online platforms. gional Communication Secretary ism can play in the search for truth in photojournalism in the peace process, eroon using peace journalism prin- PCC in the North West Region. She conflict-ridden societies and the con- 2. Photography can serve as and an example for other countries to ciples and conflict sensitive reporting. Collectively members observed that was named the struction of peace. Through their own evidence. follow. Peru’s TRC ordered a multime- their work in the regions are chal- Pioneer Sta- work, these photojournalists brought Botero says that “photography testi- dia photography project, Yuyanapaq, Opening the one day meeting,Chapter lenged by factors like inaccessibility President Akah reminded members to tion Manager critical insight to several conflicts in fies.” When truth commissions meet to build collective memory in the to news events, withering up of news of the Christian Latin America, and their photographs after a conflict ends, they mostly aftermath of Peru’s internal conflict. always remember that peace remains sources, ghost towns (general strikes), priceless and as peace journalists, Broadcasting have provided a foundation for coun- rely on written testimony, which can Stephen Ferry believes that photo- and sporadic shooting. These all pre- Service (CBS) tries to acknowledge the violent his- be troubling if the voices of certain graphs are fundamental if the country contributing in any way possible for vent journalists from doing their jobs. peace to reign remains paramount. Radio Bamenda truly wants to reflect on their past and in 2016. move forward as a unit. She urged them to redouble efforts More capacity building seminars and

In October 3. Photojournalism can spark healing. since they have the power to write peace-conflict-areas in Medellin, Panelists agreed that photojournal- from Pg 10 ism can have a profound impact on Photo history. Photographs have the power Colommbia, are important, they create negative societies and their ability to create to reconcile various truths and create About IJC Net conference peace, marked by the absence of a foundation for communal healing a more collective, consistent memory. IJNet delivers the latest on global media panelists violence. Social peace — known as by building a shared visual memory With this power, it’s imperative to be innovation, news apps and tools, training discuss photo- positive peace — peace goes deeper, opportunities and expert advice for profes- and national consciousness. Ybarra impartial and to shed light on all sides journalism’s and can lead to true healing. sional and citizen journalists worldwide. believes that photography should of the conflict. ability to IJNet is produced by the International play an important role throughout nurture and 4. Photojournalists have a larger Center for Journalists in seven languages - the entire healing process, laying the --Originally published on International heal societies. responsibility. Arabic, Chinese, English, Persian, Portu- groundwork for social peace. Al- Journalists’ Network (IJNet.org) and is t’s crucial that photojournalists guese, Russian and Spanish. Subscribe to though ceasefires and peace treaties published here with permission. IJNet’s free, weekly newsletter. You can adhere to the highest levels of eth- See: https://ijnet.org/en/story/pho- also follow IJNet on Twitter or like IJNet on ics and refrain from altering images, Continued on next page tojournalism-has-role-constructing- Facebook. pg 10 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 11 April 2019 April 2019 Community radio stokes peace in Colombia Global journalists compare threats, discuss PJ By Emma Heidenreich dangerous places in the world to be a By Steven Youngblood JUF was blessed by the active presence of 48 international Emma Heidenreich is a Journalism I want you to imagine a dilapidated journalist. The World Press Freedom (Santa Fe, NM)-I traveled 754 miles from Kansas City to journalists (literally, from Albania to Zimbabwe). These and International Relations Gradu- but colourful radio station studio, Index situates Colombia at a dismal Santa Fe, New Mexico in December to attend and speak journalists were brought to the U.S. as Edward R. Murrow ate (Hons. in Peace and Conflict nestled in verdant Colombian jungle 130 out of 180 countries. At most risk at a conference titled, “Journalism Under Fire” (JUF). Little Fellows by the U.S. State Department. Studies). Emma is a member of the and protected overhead by a dense are those journalists situated in rural did I realize that this short trip would literally take me TRANSCEND Network for Peace Interactions between the international journalists and canopy. Inside, a man speaks into a zones, where clashes between armed around the world. Development. She lived and worked microphone. He strategically omits groups and drug cartels are frequent. Continued on next page as a journalist in Colombia at the his name from his broadcast for fear height of the 2016 peace negotia- The peace agreement in October 2016 of an armed group active in a village tions. Her research centres on en- saw a ceasefire and demobilisation of nearby. gaging grassroots voices in conflict record numbers of FARC troops. How- Colombia has been at war for 60 and post-conflict contexts. ever, other armed groups with similar years. It is one of the longest wars in ideologies to FARC remain active, such modern history and is perpetuated by as the People’s Liberation Army, as poverty, political underrepresentation well as right-wing paramilitaries and An overflow crowd and a lack of access to healthcare, drug cartels. According to Human is engaged by education or land rights for rural Rights Watch, right-wing paramilitar- speakers at the people. In the mid-1960s, armed mi- ies in Colombia are responsible for a Journalists Under litias emerged from both ends of the disproportionate number of extrajudi- Fire conference in political spectrum in these rural areas, cial killings, intimidation of journalists December in New and censorship of violent events. Mexico. many joining the FARC – the Armed radio to protest against the treatment Forces of the Republic of Colombia, of rural farmers and poor families and How does supporting Colombia’s the largest leftist rebel army in the to whistle blow the activity of illegal local radio stations build Positive country and some joining hard-right armed groups in their communities. Peace? paramilitaries with corrupt ties to In her book “Citizens’ Media Against In Colombia, international and na- state security forces. Armed Conflict,” Clemencia Rodríguez tional policymakers, NGOs and voters are located in areas where the cational and talkback programmes on In this context, the history of com- highlights the significant role local me- citizens recognise local radio stations’ from Pg 12 conflict has caused the most devasta- community radio stations have, and munity radio runs deep in Colombia. dia projects have played in networking contributions to peace. The earliest Colombia tion. Duque’s campaign attracted vot- continue to be, significant platforms. In October 2016, former-President grassroots organisations for peace examples of community radio net- Organisations such as the Colombian ers from urban areas, but many rural Rural consumers can access informa- Juan Manuel Santos signed an historic in Colombia and in disrupting armed works supported by USAID, the EU Federation of Journalists and the voters lacked access to information tion, have an opinion on political and peace agreement with FARC. The groups’ recruitment of young men. and UNESCO, include Popular Cultural Communication System for Peace on Duque’s political objectives or a justice processes and hold Duque’s agreement stipulated a commitment However, some stations are high- Action (ACPO). ACPO plays a role in (SIPAZ) today help to network local medium through which to voice their government to account. to media reform and community radio jacked by armed groups and religious educating rural communities and media projects and to ensure funding concerns. The link between access to projects “in their production and authorities with their own motives. enabling them to have a voice on is directed to them. Funding is particu- Radio is a powerful medium. the aforementioned root causes of information and peace is clear. Edu- Evidently, these rural radio stations dissemination of content to foster a larly critical given Colombia’s highly are key to peace because they are culture of peace.” conflict in Colombia. Understanding monopolised media context. Accord- Violence against local radio stations how best to address these issues in located where the majority of vio- ing to RSF, small scale media projects lence takes place, where international Today, some 450 internationally Community radio stations and grass- the future remains a critical challenge have to compete for audience inter- and even urban Colombian journalists recognised community radio stations roots activists in Colombia often for transitional justice policy. To build est against more lucrative, pervasive rarely travel and where local people operate throughout rural and regional become targets of armed groups, Positive Peace in the nation, local media conglomerates and their ties to truly know and understand the causes Colombia, actively opposing the who see media projects as attempts voices must be heard. political and economic elites. and impact of conflict on their com- armed conflict. Radio is a cheap and to dissuade local people against their munities. This does not need to be a relatively accessible medium for most violent ideologies. In the post-peace Local radio stations are key to peace In August 2018, President Iván Duque, complex process. Rural communities rural-dwelling Colombians in areas agreement phase, it is critical that the in Colombia because they are located leader of the far-right Democratic have already laid the groundwork. with poor infrastructure, no internet international community, the Colom- where the majority of violence takes Centre Party succeeded Santos. Duque They need recognition and support. or electricity access. Inexpensive, bian Government and non-govern- place, where it is too dangerous for opposed the peace agreement and its Recognition that what they do makes battery-powered radios have become ment organisations work together to most journalists to travel and where approach to transitional justice, vow- a difference and support in one of the a key source of information. afford security measures to local radio local people truly know and under- ing to renegotiate the agreement and stations and grassroots journalists. stand the causes and impact of con- prioritise justice for victims if elected. most hostile contexts in the world. --Originally published at: http://visionofhu- Community radio stations in Colombia flict on their communities. Ironically, it is victim’s voices that have According to a 2018 investigation by manity.org/positive-peace/colombias-rural- date back to the early 1940s. Grass- been silenced in the process – the Reporters Without Borders (RSF), radio-stations-key-peace/ and at roots movements for peace used majority of peace agreement ‘yes’ UTexas Libraries Colombia is still one of the most Continued on next page https://www.transcend.org/tms/ . pg 12 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 13 Continued on next page

April 2019 The audience pitched me some difficult questions to close JUF from Pg 13 out the discussion. Will audiences pay attention to PJ stories? (Actually, research shows audiences prefer PJ and the Americans present enlightened and enriched both Thrilled UPeace solutions themed stories). How can we get media con- groups. I was privileged to moderate two exchanges with graduates last sumers out of their bubbles? (Not easy. Start with media the international journalists. One exchange featured jour- spring (right); literacy). nalists from Ghana, Cote D’Ivoire, Cameroon, and Nigeria and a view of (panel discussion on misinformation), while another had Aside from my presentation, Journalism Under Fire the university’s reporters from Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria (Citizen Ex- bucolic campus change Circle). We discussed fake news and government featured a number of outstanding speakers, including Pulitzer Prize winners Dana Priest (Washington Post) and near San Jose, propaganda; the double-edge sword of social media; the Costa Rica. challenges of reporting about terrorism; and the state of Don Bartletti (Los Angeles Times). media freedom in their respective countries. Priest spoke about global censorship. Interestingly, she My breakfast and lunch chats with the visitors about their said that Facebook’s handling of news constitutes “a new careers and their lives were equally enriching. Profes- kind of censorship” that promotes extreme views by sionally, several journalists even indicated an interest in giving consumers only the news Facebook thinks readers UPeace to offer new MA in media and peace hosting me for a peace journalism workshop or project “want.” Photojournalist Bartletti showed his photo essays from the U.S.-Mexico border (including recent shots of a By Suamava Mitra practice from both the fields of Peace critical cultural studies related to in their home countries in Africa, the Middle East, and and Conflict Studies and Media Stud- media, political communication, inter- Southeast Asia. migrant caravan), and from Honduras. His photos were To build peaceful and inclusive societ- evocative: infuriating, depressing, and startling. ies in today’s mediatized world, know- ies, the University for Peace is launch- national media law as well as critical I presented a breakout session where a lively group of ing how media can be a tool for con- ing a new postgraduate program understanding of contemporary digital about 50 gathered to discuss media coverage of migrants, Other JUF speakers included Ukrainian Olga Yurkova (fake flict transformation, and a platform called MA in Media and Peace. media. and how peace journalism can be a tool to improve that news, Russia and Ukraine); Arbana Xhare from Kosovo to promote inclusivity, is essential. (threats against journalists); Angela Kocherga and Alfredo The program at UPeace, which was Admissions to the program are open coverage. In this session, after a quick examination of su- Peacebuilding processes now increas- established by the General Assembly now. Partial scholarships for students perficiality, negativity, and stereotyping coverage of Syrian Corchado (covering the U.S.-Mexican border); Nikahong ingly include media-related practices Kowsar (the dangers of political cartooning in Iran); and of the United Nations, will begin in from all signatory countries to the refugees in European and Turkish media, we talked about and approaches to enhance their August 2019 and is meant for students University for Peace Charter of the how many of those same traits can be seen in recent cov- several New Mexico journalists discussing their challenges impact but focused higher education and threats. who are interested in studying peace- UN General Assembly (currently 41 erage of the caravan “crisis.” I showed findings of recent for students and practitioners in this building and conflict transformation countries), along with a few full schol- studies that showed the threat was exaggerated by politi- Journalism Under Fire was organized by Executive Direc- wide area is lagging behind. from the perspective of media and arships, are on offer for prospective cians, and that negative language was used far more than tor Sandy Campbell and his staff at the Santa Fe Council The gap between the disciplines of communications. Current or would- students. Those interested can find positive language about the caravan migrants. Finally, we on International Relations. Jason Rezaian of the Washing- be practitioners in the international more information by visiting www. discussed the way that the president used the media to Media Studies and Peace and Conflict ton Post spoke at JUF and wrote about the conference in Studies – in spite of efforts by scholars humanitarian and peacebuilding fields upeace.org. spread his anti-immigrant hysteria. the Post. Rezaian noted that the conference was timely, who want to specialize in information- and practitioners around the world Based in the beautiful surroundings of I said that peace journalism, conversely, would po- since threats facing journalism are “one of the most con- such as the Peace Journalist magazine related interventions will find the sequential challenges facing free societies today.” program beneficial. a 300-hectare nature reserve near the tray immigrants more three-dimensionally, and with – remains one of the major stumbling capital San Jose in Costa Rica, Uni- a humanitarian angle. PJ would also reject the harsh, I couldn’t agree more. blocks. The students of the program will be versity for Peace is a globally focused judgmental language we’ve seen so much in the me- attending a range of courses related institution of higher education in the dia. I played several examples of peace journalism-style Steven Youngblood is editor of the Peace Journalist Magazine, With a goal of building interdisciplin- ary knowledge among the peacebuild- to Peace and Conflict studies that are field of peace and conflict studies, as stories, including a terrific piece by NPR’s Scott Simon author of Peace Journalism Principles and Practices, and direc- already offered by the Department well as international law, and environ- tor of the Center for Global Peace Journalism at Park University, ers of tomorrow about research and about a family separated at the border (https://www.npr. of Peace and Conflict Studies at the ment studies. where he is an associate professor. org/2018/08/11/637780548/how-separation-affected-a- University. In addition, the MA in migrant-family). Saumava Mitra coordinates the Media and Peace program will re- The University is well known for its new MA program in Media and volve around five core courses meant pedagogy and research in the broad Peace at University for Peace. He to offer them deeper understand- area of peace and conflict studies and holds a doctorate in media studies ing of the diverse theories, practices has been active in creating disciplin- At a peace from University of Western Ontario and research within the Media and ary dialogues between Media Stud- journalism in Canada. Apart from his teaching, Communications discipline that have ies and Peace and Conflict Studies presentation he researches intersections with, and implications since its inception in 1980. The MA (left); and at a on news media’s for, peacebuilding and conflict trans- in Media and Peace will build on this panel of African role in conflict formation. expertise in inter-disciplinary research journalists at JUF with a special and pedagogy at the University and in New Merxico. emphasis on These core courses will draw on also broaden the scope of the current visual imagery of knowledge and understanding related MA specialization in Media, Peace war. to global political economy of media, and Conflict that has been on offer for students in recent years. pg 14 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 15 April 2019 April 2019 views and opinions concerning elec- 7. Avoid comments that portray the Nigerians concerned about social media, violence Nigeria from Pg 16 toral processes. These tips, adapted to “election as a personality conflict By Innocent Iroaganachi Nigerian politics, are: between candidates. Instead, focus Innocent Iroaganachi holds a Bachelor and Master of Arts of political powers, even before the on the candidates’ positions on issues The 2019 general elections in Nige- in Communication Studies. He is a Doctoral student in coming of the social media. 1. Avoid comments that make it look of importance—schools, health care, ria were delayed, then finally held Peace and Development Studies and a part-time lecturer as if the election is between APC and roads,” security, housing, unemploy- Prior to the coming of the social Sunday, Feb. 24. These elections were at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (CIWA) Nigeria. He PDP. Instead, let our comments give ment, etc. media, basing political arguments on held against a backdrop of real and is a member of the World Catholic Association of Com- publicity to other political parties, religion and ethnicity for winning of perceived violence on social media in munication (SIGNIS) and of Young Peace Journalists of Pax whose candidates and ideologies are 8. “Avoid unbalanced stories. Instead, votes was minimal and it could eas- previous elections. Christi International (YPJ - PCI), a blog writer for Asante credible. seek to balance each story with com- ily be regulated. But with the social Africa Foundation, and a journalist with the Centre for ments from the major parties or their media, doing so has been amplified Prior to the 2015 general elections Social Awareness, Advocacy and Ethics (CSAAE). 2. Avoid limiting our arguments on supporters. Balance includes getting in Nigeria, some predictions were and has had negative effects on both just polls and surveys. Instead, let our input from informed citizens.” educated and uneducated electorates. made, that Nigeria will break up, to publicise contents aimed specifi- television, radio, and newspaper to comments focus on “issues of impor- Some electorates, in many cases the there is going to be war, etc. Most of cally at discrediting institutions and also engage APC in the war of words. tance as identified by the public and 9. “Avoid letting candidates use you to young people, make uninformed judg- these predictions were based on how personalities in the then PDP (Peoples articulated by candidates and parties, spread their ment on a candidate or political party heated arguments were on the media, Democratic Party) -led government, Four years down the political line, including platforms/manifestos.” propaganda. because of negative social media con- especially the social media. Those by the newly formed coalition party Nigeria is back going through the Identify and tent. Added to this, electorates go as 3. Avoid basing your knowledge of the intense moments on the social media known as APC (All Progressive Party). same experience again with the 2019 expose talk- were felt among the political class and elections. Now, it is no longer the case far as using abusive and inflammatory candidates on what they say about ing points. the electorate, who were in support In 2014, it was basically the then op- of one political party, other political words to insult fellow electorates. themselves. Instead, “seek expert Instead, as of either of the leading political par- position party (APC) who understood parties have learned the skills, that is, analysis of the candidate’s background you broad- Foreseeing this kind of incivility, the ties in the country. With providence ‘better’ how to use the social media skills on how to maximise the social as well as the veracity and logic of the cast their Nigerian parliamentarians some time on her side, the country held her to reach the electorates with their media, to sell demeaning, aggressive, candidates’ comments.” statements, UTexas Libraries ago proposed laws to regulate social elections and a new government was desired contents, though not minding inflammatory, and damaging contents include a media and to 4. Avoid making reference to “inflam- instituted. if the contents were violence-oriented against their perceived opposition. In critical analysis of what is being said.” set up a media matory, divisive, or violent statements or not. While APC was focused primar- fact, on the 18th of January, 2018, the Prudence is council com- by candidates. Instead, there are two During the run up to these elections, ily on disseminating contents through online version of Leadership News- 10. “Avoid reporting that gives opin- mission. The options: A. Edit these comments to in 2014, the interesting thing was the the social media, PDP focused on us- paper had reported a piece with this expected of ions/sound bites only from political both proposed eliminate these inflammatory state- antagonistic use of the social media ing the traditional media namely; the headline: “PDP Launches Social Media leaders and/or pundits. Instead, cen- (those of) us laws have ments; B. Publish or broadcast these War Against APC.” ter stories around everyday people, who use encountered comments, and then offer pointed their concerns and perceptions about Abuja workshop unites media, police The fear of concerned citizens in setbacks be- analysis and criticism of what is being the candidates and process” (Young- A workshop February 6-8 in Abuja, Nigeria brought together senior jour- Nigeria is not about the social media, social media cause of mas- said.” blood, 2012, p.14). nalists and editors and police officials to discuss and plans for the Nigerian sive campaign which is good in itself, but the fear is 5. Avoid “airing comments and reports general elections later in February, according to the Media Foundation for against them Nobody wishes to be insulted or on the kind of direct and indirect vio- that encourage sectarianism and divi- West Africa (mfwa.org). lence-oriented contents which these from the people, as a result of lack of abused because of a political party or trust in the government. sions within society—race-baiting, persons running for office that he/she political parties and their respective for example. If these comments must The Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA), International Media Society followers transmit using social media supports. Neither does anyone who One thing the Nigerian electorates us- be aired, then follow up with com- (IMS), Nigeria Union Journalist (NUJ), and the Nigeria Police Force held a platforms. loves peace wish to foment a virtual workshop “to ensure mutual respect and understanding between the police ing social media need to know is that mentary pointing out the candidate’s war of words that is capable of caus- and the media during and after the 2019 Nigeria elections,” according to the A clear instance where we see more the political class in Nigeria are firmly attempt to divide and distract voters.” ing direct violence for electorates. It Media Foundation for West Africa. of these virtual incivilities taking place united in believing that the direct and Instead, our comments should “insist is journalism’s responsibility to share is on the comment sections of any indirect fights and insults taking place on the candidates addressing issues our views in a manner that they “in- As the workshop concluded, the participants news story that is published by online on the social media between the elec- that highlight common values and form citizens so that they may intel- adoped a resolution that stated a need to by news agencies which contain politi- torates mean ‘success’ for politicians. bring communities together.” ligently fulfill their electoral duties and educate the public on social media and its cal content about parties or politi- Thus, the Nigerian electorates are to framing stories so as to short-circuit possible adverse effects; for police to share be guided by prudential peace in their 6. Our comments should be such violence and not exacerbate political cians. It need be said that religion and that do not allow “candidates get their operating procedures with the media and to hold regular briefings; to ethnicity are the dominant divisive transmission of views on elections and polarization.” hold “confidence building” sessions between the media and police prior to political issues. away with using imprecise, emotive factors on which most of the com- language. This includes name calling. elections; and to “check overzealousness and overbearing attitudes on both ments found therein are based upon. This prudence is expected of us using In his article “Connecting Peace and Instead, our comments should “hold sides,” according to the Media Foundation for West Africa. These factors have for a very long the social media, because we all are Electoral Journalism,” Steven Young- candidates accountable for what they time remained prominent for use by Nigerians, seeking to have commit- For more, see: http://www.mfwa.org/issues-in-focus/media-stakeholders- blood (2012, p.14) made a list of tips say, and use precise language as you Nigerian politicians in the acquisition ted Nigerians that will make Nigeria police-commit-to-ensure-improved-police-media-relations-ahead-of- to be avoided and others to be imple- discuss issues.” better. 2019-nigeria-elections/ Continued on next page mented by those wishing to transmit pg 16 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 17 April 2019 PJ Bookshelf Journalism: Africa Shedding violent words enables peace By Lewis Diuguid I wrote articles showing how such rights” and “battling for social justice A Peace Covering the peace movement forever shootings boiled out of the illegal drug and equity” such phrases should be Peacekeeping Journalism changed me as a journalist. Sure, trade, generating crime, the school to recrafted to stress the “struggle for there were the soul-stirring sermons prison pipeline and prison industrial civil rights” and “the ongoing work for Agent Edited by Dr. Fredrick Ogenga of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. as complex. Urban communities like social justice and equity.” Kansas City recorded the mounting Edited by Yasemin Giritli Routledge Publishing (paper- he led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. His words and his tragedies in lives lost; people injured; It became clear to me more than 25 İnceoğlu, Tirşe Erbaysal Filibeli back coming soon); grandparents, fathers, mothers, aunts, years ago that actual violence also Ebook available: speeches have continued to rever- Brill Publishing; berate throughout the U.S. and the uncles and children either killed, was its own language. Whether in Currently Available online at: http://ruc.ac.ke/cmdps/wp-con- world. In my early years as a journal- injured or locked up; neighborhoods domestic situations, schoolyard fights, https://brill.com/view/ti- tent/uploads/2019/01/AFRICA- Peace Journalism ist both in college at the University of devastated by the families being split or shootouts, people would strike out apart; and unprecedented numbers of often when they were at a loss for tle/35671 PEACE-JOURNALISM.pdf Missouri-Columbia School of Journal- Principles and St. Louis black and brown people being trau- words. Our society has simply failed CONTENTS ism, in the mid-1970s at the CONTENTS Sentinel he matized. Yet these “victims” heard to give them the proper communica- Introduction-Fredrick Ogenga Practices and in the late 1970s at T Preface-Jake Lynch Kansas City Star, nothing but police sirens, “ghetto tion tools as alternatives. Part of it 1. The Peace Journalism Approach- By Steven Youngblood I wrote about Dr. King 1. Media as Conflict Environment: birds” as hip-hop artists labeled po- stems from our society’s reverence for Steven Youngblood as the push grew to create a national Peace Journalism and the De- escala- Routledge Publishing/Taylor and lice helicopters, and politicians’ and violence. Such aggression also is in the 2. Peace Journalism in the LRA holiday, honoring him. tion of Strife-Samuel Peleg Francis Books everyday individuals’ cries of “law and bricks and mortar of our language. Conflict-Gloria Laker 2. Providing a “New Road Map” to the Currently Available: https:// Also in my more order” justifying the all-out assaults 3. Effective Strategies for Reporting What people fail to see is how other Obstacles of Peace Journalism inTur- We build than 39-year on urban communities. on Terrorism in Kenya’s Fight against www.taylorfrancis.com/ industries benefit from humanity’s vi- key-Yasemin Giritli İnceoğlu and Tirşe journalism Al-Shabaab-Duncan Omanga books/9781317299745 Look at many inner cities now in the olent language and behavior. That in- Erbaysal Filibeli motifs and career with The 4. Hybrid Peace Journalism: Institu- United States. It’s as if a war occurred, cludes, but is not limited to the police, 3. It Heals When It Reveals: Building CONTENTS Kansas City Star tional Philosophical Approaches to stories and the people lost. Those of all races the courts, the jails, penal systems, an Alliance between Peace Foreword-Dr. Jake Lynch, University of (May 1977-Oc- Peace and Security in Africa- Fredrick who could, fled. Without the means, health care workers and facilities, Journalism and Investigative Journal- Sydney, Australia tober 2016) as Ogenga around poor people had to stay. Segregation, undertakers, government, weapons ism-Rukhsana Aslam a reporter, pho- 5. Re-Situating Local Mass Media: as a result, is worse now than when manufacturers, and the sports, news 4. Re- thinking Peace Journalism 1. The Peace Journalism approach words of tographer, edi- A Tool for Peacebuilding among the Dr. King was alive. and entertainment media. Violence is Theory with Feminist News Criticism 2. How traditional media inflame and tor, columnist Abakuria in Kenya-John Oluoch aggression big business; peace isn’t. and Ethics-Sevda Alankuş encourage conflict and editorial 6. Media and Peace in Kenya: Do The news media largely turned to 5. What Do You See in Time of Con- 3. Propaganda and the peace board mem- Journalists Need Different Skills?- and receive police, prosecutors, and other law Children learn the language of vio- flict? Threats and Terrorists Who Must journalism approach ber, I have had Victor Bwire enforcement officials for insight on lence in the books and other curricu- Be Killed, or Human Beings in Need? 4-. Reporting civic unrest and the praise... the privilege 7. Towards a peace and human rights the illegal actions and causes. But nei- lum in schools. They are taught of the -Annabel McGoldrick need for peace journalism of interview- approach to journalism: In search of ther was enough. Keep in mind that necessary goodness of such things 6. Taliban Conflict in Pakistan: Analysis 5. Peace journalism: The academic ing and writing social justice in post-conflict situations journalism thrives on words of aggres- through the Prism of Peace Journal- and practical debate about other nonviolent, civil disobedi- Continued on next page in Africa-Jacinta Mwende Maweu sion and the controversy and conflict ism-Shabbir Hussain 6. Measuring peace and peace ence notables including the Rev. Fred surrounding human interaction. The Lewis W. Diuguid is an author, lec- 7. Practicing Peace Journalism in a journalism Shuttlesworth, the Rev. James Lawson, Afterword-Steven Youngblood words include “fight,” “battle,” “vio- turer, diversity facilitator, and chair Time of Declining Media Freedoms- 7. Peace journalism, stereotypes, and the Rev. Joseph Lowery and Dr. John lence” and “war.” We build motifs of the Political Action Committee of Ece Algan racial narratives Swomley, as well as anti-apartheid and stories around those and many the National Association for 8. Fear and Propaganda: a Case for 8. Crime, mass shootings, and the South African Bishop Desmond Tutu. other words of aggression and receive Multicultural Education. Peace Journalism-Maria Ahmad, peace journalism approach But the more lasting effect on my praise for such “good stories” that are Aradhana Sharma, and Marianne 9. PJ: Debunking traditional media career and the writing that I continue published. Careers flourish or flounder Perez de Fransius narratives about terrorism to do as a journalist and author came based on the quality of such punched- 9. Journalism in a Time of Fear: How 10. Media narratives of the vulnera- from covering the peace movement up storytelling. Media and Governments Benefit ble-Immigrants, IDP’s Refugees from the 1990s, through the terrorist from Using Fear-Meah Mostafiz 11. Peace and Electoral Journalism attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and the pro- Abandoning all it could be career- 10. Resolving Conflicts through and media narratives tests against the U.S.-led, endless wars ending. But the peace movement “Peace” Photography- Tirşe Erbaysal 12. Peace journalism as a tool for in Afghanistan, Iraq and elsewhere. teaches that the news media and its Filibeli reconciliation writers must use the language more 13. PJ as a tool for development In the 1990s, the effort toward peace creatively to promote nonviolent Afterword-Steven Youngblood 14. Peace Journalism: Obstacles and focused on ending the senseless gun conflict resolution among children and Prospects violence occurring in America’s cities. adults. So instead of “fighting for civil pg 18 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 19 October 2018

April 2019 April 2019 own people and kill Americans, our evil Satan, the NRA. Lewis, you must faxes help explain how married people Diuguid from Pg 19 plan may be to move on to Africa Diuguid from Pg 20 know it’s a lost cause. The NRA is a are to the language of violence, their and free up another stone-age part well organized machine run by white outrage directed at anyone who as the Revolutionary War, the War of three years ago. You can go check of the world from warlords who have men with computers and guns and at dares question what they have been 1812, the American-Indian Wars, the that out if you’re literate enough to killed millions without Diuguid hav- the right hand of the president of the carefully taught and how they blend Civil War, the Spanish American War, research it. It was the 10 inner-city ing expressed in writing any concern United States! What can a bunch of racism with violent language to make World War I, World War II and the counties where your brethren were led whatsoever! monkeys down from the trees hope to their point. And people wonder how Gulf War. The goodness of the Korean by their nose rings where it failed. Even accomplish against such great odds? Donald Trump got elected president? War and the Vietnam War are more After all, it was necessary for the U.S. outer lying districts in Kansas City and Now go have some more ribs and questionable as are the endless wars military to do the same thing here in St. Louis passed it. watermelon and don’t trouble yourself Change and the opportunity for a in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria and U.S. America 150 years ago where approxi- lasting peace will only occur when an It’s going to be a long, long seven more further. America is now in saner hands troop involvement in other parts of mately 400 Indian “stone-age tribes” arms and violence reduction happens years, Lewis, with President Bush in than the Clintoni- the Middle East and Africa. The news had been continually at war with one in the literature and language used control and the NRA sitting there by stas. You spear media mostly promote the wars be- another. Warring people who held It all begins in our schools, colleges, news media, his side. Hehehe. You juju’s haven’t chuckers are back cause it fits the all-American narrative nightly blood sacrifices on hilltops. governments, and communities. We thought through what’s coming have with the out in the cold that writers, editors, photographers, People who lived here for thousands have to disarm how we speak to and you? The NRA and all us white honkies on gun control. and artists grew up with. Career high of years and had not progressed or language about each other. Conflict won’t end. fully expect (Former Missouri Gov. Bob) Please feel free to points include becoming imbedded developed anything except arrows, clay However, my hope is that people Holden to veto the upcoming bill. Then we use, write many more with U.S. troops, which is very similar pots, and basket weaving yet believing eventually will develop peaceful solu- we will slide through our conceal carry columns on the to going with police on raids or drug there were “spirits” in alcohol. tions to differences. Maybe then, gun with ease, and it won’t matter a whit explaining subject at hand. busts and having the opportunity to violence will subside and more people what you apes out in the trees think! You’re a laugh a write about such activity. Again, the nonviolence and an end to bullying These backward native people cer- what we will see the futility of owning and car- Just think, Lewis! There’s about 5.5 minute now just editors love it, and so does the read- in schools before such things were tainly would not have been a match for rying firearms. million citizens in the state, and you value... as Rush Lim- ing or viewing public. Such stories the right thing to do. These groups the attacking Japanese or German war have what support in the Kansas City baugh predicted. with all of the heroic language of vio- and the people in such organizations machines in 1941 – or would they? With a new focus, ideas will surface and St. Louis areas? Maybe a million It’s gonna be a painful seven years for lence, fits the American narrative. also took to the streets after the 9-11 prompting the world’s resources to Perhaps smoke signals, praying and of that? You apes are going to get out you, Lewis, but the NRA is gonna enjoy attacks to try to persuade the public expand, clean water for all life will Peace groups dating back to the mid- negotiations would have scared the voted next time around, Lewis, and every minute of it. that military aggression was not the be possible, poverty will subside and 1990s helped me understand how to Japs away from Pearl Harbor and kept there’s not a damned thing you can do way to respond to the attacks that By the way, did you know Sarah Brady wars will become a thing of the past. use a different and better language to the German army from taking over about it. You should stick to scratching killed nearly 3,000 people, destroyed is getting ready to give up the ghost! It’s a lot to ask for. But it all begins explain newsworthy events without Europe and Russia! yourself and eating bananas. the Twin Towers in New York City and It’s a new day dawnin’, Lewis, and you with the language we use, using words that promote violence. heavily damaged the Pentagon in ain’t gonna like any of it.” explaining what we value, and at the I kept a file of the names and con- With The Diuguid flawed thought I can see it now! Yard signs down in Washington, D.C. Peace groups also top of the list must be the lives of all tact information of many Kansas City process, and with his very serious naïve nigger town saying Chittlin Chewers were behind countless protests in These and voluminous other exam- human beings. area organizations and the people fundamentalist, we think he would fit Unite! We must strike down the great Kansas City and elsewhere after the ples of email, voicemail, letters, and in them. They included the Coalition in very well living in backward times in endless U.S. wars started. They put for Positive Family Relationships, the the Middle East or in Africa. their bodies on the line in nonviolent American Friends Service Committee, resistance, made creative signs and Leading peace journalist wins Golden Jubilee Medal MediaWise, the Domestic Violence It’s funny that Lewis should write initially drew the public’s ire. So did I Network, the Stop Violence Coalition, about the peace prize nomination for One of the world’s best known peace journalists, Gloria for being among the few journalists the Crescent Peace Society, the AdHoc Bush and Blair. Diuguid’s President Laker Adiiki Aciro, has received one of Uganda’s highest who continued to write about such Group Against Crime, PeaceWorks, the Bill Clinton should have been given honors. efforts for peace. National Youth Information Network, the piece prize. After all, who has had Laker, founder of the Refugees Online Network and the the Coalition for Community Col- more “pieces” than former governor What follows are just two of thou- Peace Journalism Foundation of East Africa, was recently laboration, the YMCA Peace Jam, the and President Clinton – who has now sands of similar examples of public awarded the Golden Jubilee Medal by Ugandan Presi- Nonviolent Peaceforce and the Inter- become the laughing stock of the free feedback I received in my career from dent Yoweri Museveni. The media, given for service and faith Peace Alliance. Some even went world.” columns I did promoting nonviolence. loyalty to Uganda, recognizes Laker’s important role in so far as to never use “bullet points” These are included in my book, Dis- Email: March 29, 2002 covering the two decades of the LRA conflict. The honor in public reports. Such mainstays in covering the Real America: Toward a recognizes her commitment, determination, and sacrifice journalism were creatively changed in More Perfect Union: “It’s been a long while since one of in calling international attention to the conflict. Museveni public reports and news conferences you spear chuckers have incited me. presented Laker the award in Kitgum in northern Uganda to peace signs or flowers. Yes, I was Email: Feb. 15, 2002 You monkeys never learn do you? One on Feb. 6. sure to note the change in the stories I hundred one of 114 counties passed “After the U.S. military cleanses the turned in for publication. concealed carry in the state of Missouri Nine other Ugandan journalists were also recognized with very backward stone-age Middle East Gloria Laker receives her medal from Ugandan President Golden Jubilee Medals for their service to the nation. These are the groups that promoted of murdering terrorists who kill their Continued on next page Yoweri Museveni (right). pg 20 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 21 April 2019 Georgia project empowers women in PJ By Shmagi Chokheli militaristic thinking that prefers hard After the Soviet Union’s breakup power to resolve conflicts, while wom- Georgia faced severe ethnic armed en often opt for soft power, which is conflicts and two secessionist wars. the ability to shape the preferences of Now the conflicts are frozen in both of others non-violently. these regions of Abkhazia and South Nzanzu Nelson The goal of the project was to ad- Ossetia representing permanent se- works at the vance women’s participation in peace curity threats and hindering achieve- Kabasha journalism that could be used as the ment of stability, peace, and economic Community De- mechanism for supporting rapproche- and democratic development in this PJ training graduates in Georgia. velopment radio ment and confidence building among country, including its break-away station in Beni, and it can play a vital role in recon- the population living at the both sides regions. The 2008 war between Russia Democratic ciliation process and promotion of of conflict-divided lines. The main and Georgia on South Ossetia proved Republic of conflict resolution. Peace Journalism, project activities were : (1) Peace edu- once more that the frozen conflicts Congo. (Photo by if accurately applied, will help pro- cation among women journalists/me- could reinvigorate any time. Greg Funnell) mote peace and stability concepts and dia agency representatives and young The problem of conflict resolution in change the communities’ attitudes women and men civil activists who Georgia stands as dilemma for all par- and behavioural patterns, which will want to contribute to peace build- ties involved. Few mechanisms of con- bring confidence and trust among the ing issues; (2) Creating special media flict resolution are working here and conflicting parties. episodes using peace journalism to Peace Journalism could be regarded spread information on social media This was the idea of the project as one of those mechanisms that can about peace dividends and thus influ- “Women in Journalism for Peace in bring the country closer to peace and ence public opinion. Georgia“ developed by Georgian NGO conflict resolution. International network for Civil Devel- As a result three-day training in peace Peace Journalism can counter mili- opment (INCD) and financed by the journalism were held in Zugdidi, taristic propaganda; it is an alterna- Canada Fund for Local Initiatives (CFLI) Gori, and Tbilisi for 85 women and DRC project harnesses radio’s positive power By Jo Dodd tive rationale to standard journalism, on August 1, 2018. men journalists and young people information on violence and demobili- economic opportunities, she joined In the Democratic Republic of Congo which is a victim of violent conflicts. interested in peace building through sation in North Kivu. the Mai-Mai. The CFLI is a development assistance (DRC), a country that has been mired During the period of armed conflicts journalism. 12 media episodes were program managed by the Canadian in conflict and political instability for “I saw other girls going to school and in Georgia, the propaganda through also produced with the participation Kadima’s life changing radio show Embassy in Ankara, which provides decades, radio is being used as an life seemed easy for them, they wore the television and radio stations was of active journalists, IDs, and peace Kadima (name changed) was still support to local partners in Georgia innovative and life-saving tool for pro- nice clothes and did not work like instrumental in spreading messages of activists. The media episodes were of school age when she resorted to across a range of priority thematic moting peace and dialogue and rescu- me. In 2007, I entered the bush and hate that incited and fuelled the con- shared with the wider public though joining the Mai-Mai militia group. Her areas. The program aims to support ing combatants from a life of violence. joined the armed group, still in search flicts and demonized their opponents. social media and the TV station “Voice family could not afford to send her to modest but visible, high-impact, Centre Résolution Conflits (CRC) is a of a life.” Kadima learned to handle This continues until now, especially in of Abkhazia.” The expected results school, so as a young girl she spent results-oriented projects at the com- local organisation leading community- weaponry and became a skilled breakaway regions and affects nega- of the project have been achieved her days selling water on the streets, munity level. led peace projects across North Kivu, fighter. As she commented, “I shone tively on the population’s attitudes on as women’s representation in peace and when this became difficult she a province in Eastern DRC. in everything, because I was brave both sides of the conflict. Today peace journalism was strengthened and the turned to prostitution to make a liv- Involving women in the peace journal- concept of peace journalism itself was ing. Living in a straw hut and depres- with determination.” However it was journalism is in search of consensus In the DRC, most people listen to ra- ism process was a specific accent of promoted widely in the country. sion, facing a lack of education and this determination and braveness that Since 2008, Shmagi Chokheli has the project as this could double the dio. Without the proper infrastructure interested militia leaders, who abused been the Chair of local NGO - “Inter- effect of peace building process as For conflict resolution and peace in place for TV (many rural areas lack Jo Dodd is a Communications Offi- and sexually exploited her. national Network for Civil Devel- women’s participation in preventing, building, a lot still needs to be done electricity), and with high levels of illit- cer at Peace Direct, an international opment’’ (INCD) that is working resolving and recovering from conflict in Georgia, but this small project on eracy making the limited print media charity dedicated to stopping wars “This situation further increased the towards democratic development is proved to be more effective and peace journalism supported by CFLI inaccessible, radio is often the main and building peace. Previous to this, pain in my heart to the point that I of the country; supporting free credible. Women’s participation in was a strong step forward towards source of news and information. CRC she co-founded was ready to decide to end my life.” and fair election; peacebuilding makes these activities spreading peace messages and under- is a local peacebuilding organisation, and managed a After five years of living in these con- strengthening as more effective. Women have differ- standing the concept of peace journal- and partner of international charity non-profit enter- ditions, and at breaking point, Kadima youth and young ent experiences, they offer different isms as mechanism for reconciliation Peace Direct, which is harnessing the prise, COLOURS of heard a radio broadcast from CRC giv- women’s partici- insights during negotiations, and are and peace building through updating power of radio to bring communities Edinburgh, which ing advice on the disarmament, pation in peace more productive when approaching the concept of balance, fairness, and together through weekly ‘radio clubs’ amplifies the voice and development. conflict affected population face-to- accuracy in reporting. that disseminate vital, life-saving of refugees. face. Men and boys sometimes have Continued on next page pg 22 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 23 April 2019 April 2019 NY Times photo trivializes African victims Photo from Pg 24 By Steven Youngblood publishers seem to be hooked on Afri- publishing these types of images, we discuss how peace journalists might A January, approach using sensitive images in a One of the most difficult tests media can ‘gory porn’ which they can’t wait contribute to obscuring the effects 2019 NY to go on another mindless orgy.” Tubei of violence and making debates over way that accurately reflects the story Times photo, outlets face is whether to publish without being inflammatory. Journal- horrifying, gory images from crime noted that the Times never published security and terrorism bloodless.” The pixelated, similar gory photos from 9/11 or the Times cited examples where they did ists should consider these questions showed scenes and terrorist attacks. Journal- as they make decisions on whether to ists covering a January, 2019 Nairobi, November 2018 mass shooting in publish pictures of victims from the victims of California. Las Vegas shooting. “If you go through publish potentially inflammatory im- a terrorist Kenya hotel-office complex attack ages from terror or crime scenes: recently faced the archives of The New York Times, attack in In a defense of the decision to publish you can find a number of photographs Kenya. this challenge. 1. Are these images sensational? Are Commentary this photo, The Times wrote on Jan. that depict dead Americans,” accord- they necessary for a complete under- 17, “Generally, we try to avoid iden- ing to the article. On January standing of the story? 15, the New York Times published a tifying victims or showing unneces- sary blood and gore, particularly if it This photo should never have been graphic, bloody, close-up photo of In this case, the picture is clearly sen- is not central to the news story that used, and does not represent peace bullet riddled victims from the Nairobi sational, designed to shock more than the photograph accompanies. But journalism. In my textbook Peace if it was a shot of dead Americans or standard” in coverage of African attack, and received an avalanche of inform. Certainly, there were many it is an important part of our role as Journalism Principles and Practices, I Europeans? victims that “goes against the ethics criticism. In Kenya’s Business Insider, other less sensational photos that journalists to document the impact of of journalism.” Whether we believe George Tubei wrote that New York could have helped the reader under- Here, the Times defense, that similar violence in the world, and if we avoid Continued on next page this or not, it’s important for Western Times “like countless other foreign stand the story without the gore. pictures of American victims have journalists to keep this perception in been published, rings hollow. While mind and to report with more empa- batants and ex-fighters and will help bitions of setting up her own business. 2. Are there im- there have been published pictures of thy and sensitivity. DRC from Pg 23 them build livelihoods in agriculture This is the ages the families dead Americans, there are no images demobilisation and reintegration and livestock. I was interested and The radio clubs have transformed exact im- of the victims as graphic or sensational as this one. A The New York Times says that it’s go- (DDR) process and self-care. The joined an agriculture cooperative. I thousands of lives in communities would consider body covered by a sheet at a crime or ing to convene a group to come up broadcast gave her hope that reinte- followed the trainings and participat- affected by violence, with an esti- age that inappropriate? terrorist attack scene, or taken from with clearer guidelines for use of im- grating into society and making a life ed in the activities of the group.” mated 2,000 listeners in 2017 in the Should we 200 yards away, is not the same as a ages in situations like this. Good. Let’s for herself was possible, and with this surrounding villages and towns. They al Shabab consider their zoomed-in image of uncovered, bullet hope these guidelines include the she found the courage to escape the At first Kadima faced discrimination have helped demobilise combatants would have feelings before riddled, bloody, slumped over victims principles of peace journalism. militia and return to civilian life. and isolation on returning to her com- and facilitate community dialogue and we publish? taken at the scene. munity. However with CRC’s support, social cohesion, and have served as a selected Steven Youngblood is editor of the Peace “I made every effort to join one of the she has earned their respect and has violence warning system, with alerts This photo clear- In fact, many believe, with some justi- Journalist Magazine, author of Peace CRC projects. I was told about their been helped to reintegrate. Today, she sent out when attacks from militia ly re-victimizes fication, that Western media coverage Journalism Principles and Practices, and project “Inua maisha”, and they said is supporting her family and paying for groups are known to be imminent. the victims’ families, and disrespects devalues Africans and others from the director of the Center for Global Peace Journalism at Park University, where he is that this project is aimed at ex-com- her children’s education, and has am- However, due to a lack of funding, the victims’ memories. How would developing world. Tubei, in the Busi- an associate professor. the programme is temporarily being you react if this was a picture of your ness Insider, says there is a “double suspended. father or husband or friend?

Stories like Kadima’s are testament 3. Do the pictures in any way glorify Nzanzu to the power of media projects at the the attack/crime, making it (in a sick Peace Journalism Resources Nelson community level in driving non-vio- way) attractive to copycats? Does it A number of valuable peace journalism resources can be found at the Center adjusts audio lence and development. To read more fuel the a narrative desired by the at- for Global Peace Journalism website--www.park.edu/peacecenter. levels at the about Centre Résolution Conflits, tackers or terrorists? Just click on “Resources” to find: Kabasha please visit www.peacedirect.org. Community The image certainly is exactly what Case studies (PJ introduction, Reporting the World, American Hate Radio) Development About Peace Direct al Shabab (the group that staged the Issues (Covering Civic Unrest, Language and PJ, Immigrants and PJ) radio Peace Direct is a charity based in attack) wants—to sow terror and fuel Multimedia (What is PJ video; Audio reports from Lebanon, Uganda) station in London, England which supports panic. In fact, this is the exact image al Websites (Solutions Journ. Network; PECOJON, IWPR, Fuller Project) Beni, DRC. grassroots peacebuilders in areas Shabab would’ve selected if given the Textbooks/handbooks (PJ resource packet; Conflict journalism handbook) (Photo by of conflict. Peace Direct focuses on choice. The PJ website also contains an index and back copies of The Peace Journalist Greg Funnell) supporting grassroots peacebuild- magazine. Just click on “Peace Journalist.” ers who are local to the conflict and 4. For U.S. and Western media, if the images are of overseas victims, and a Past PJ magazine editions include: have a clear vision of what needs to April, 2018 – A report on a special PJ project in Ethiopia, be achieved. Peace Direct funds this decision is made to publish them, ask: Would we use the same gory image October, 2017–PJ projects in Cameroon, Pakistan, and Ethiopia work, promotes it and learns from it. April, 2017-Reports from Afghanistan, Kenya, and Sierra Leone pg 24 www.park.edu/peacecenter Vol. 8, No. 1 pg 25

©2019 by Park University Media & conflict conference held in Islamabad By Hassan Danial Dar ism can be institutionalized both in The International Conference on the media industry and university Media and Conflict (ICMC) 2019 was level across Pakistan. the first government-led academic The conference had the following initiative to highlight the Pakistan objectives: media’s role in covering conflict and 1. Highlight the latest national and violence in the country. The February international research on media and conference was organized primarily by conflict. Hassan Danial Dar is part of orga- PPC (Pakistan Peace Collective) under 2. Develop a research hub for HEC on nizing team at the ICMC along with the ministry peace journalism for benefit of higher being a correspondent for BU TV of informa- education sector. Bahria University Media House. He tion. The 3. Develop linkages between aca- is currently pursuing a bachelors in conference demic sector and media industry to Media Studies. featured professionalize conflict reporting in national and internationally renowned Pakistan. Afridi and Information Minister Fawad academic scholars, senior journalists, 4. Generate a research repository for Chaudhry. International speakers government officials, communica- universities and HEC to utilize while included Dr Jake Lynch, University of tion experts, and counter extremism educating on peace journalism in me- Sydney, Australia; Dr. Elisabeth Eide, specialists. It was held in Islamabad dia studies departments nationwide. Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; at Bahria University, which is one of 5. Generate and share the best prac- Dr. Rune Ottosen, Oslo Metropolitan the prominent HEC (Higher Education tices, on teaching of peace journalism University, Norway; and Erin Marie Commission) recognized institutes of in universities. Saltman from Facebook. Some pre- Pakistan. The conference showcased sented via Skype. the latest research on media discourse Conference participants included the on extremism, terrorism and violence President of Islamic Republic of Paki- The conference themes were: Theme in the country, and also assessed how stan Dr Arif Alvi; Interior Minister of I: Role of the state in conflict commu- conflict reporting and peace journal- Islamic Republic of Pakistan Shehryar nications & media coverage. Theme II: Media narratives on intra-faith and anti-minority violence. Theme III: Evolution of terrorist threat and media coverage. Theme IV: Social media and conflict. President of Pakistan Dr. Arif The format of delivery was through Alvi delivered panel discussions, slides and Q/A ses- his thoughts and sions. Students of Bahria University personal Media department took notes which experiences on they will be using in their own re- search work. media and conflict at ICMC ICMC is the beginning of more such in conferences in Pakistan that cover the Islamabad. role of media in conflict. Such more conferences should be organized in Pakistan to give out a peaceful image of Pakistan to the international community. pg 26 www.park.edu/peacecenter