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ODRŽIVI PROSTORNI RAZVOJ PODUNAVLJA U SRBIJI – Knjiga 1 ODRŽIVI PROSTORNI RAZVOJ PODUNAVLJA U SRBIJI – Knjiga 1 Autori: Grupa autora Urednici: Saša Milijić, Boško Josimović, Tijana Crnčević Izdavač: Institut za arhitekturu i urbanizam Srbije, Beograd Posebna izdanja br. 71 Beograd, 2012. ISBN 978-86-80329-73-4 Održivi razvoj Podunavlja u Srbiji 168 - knjiga 1 UDK 007:711.13]:004(497.11) 007:528.9]:004(497.11) KULTURNO NASLEĐE PODUNAVLJA U SRBIJI – OCENA STANJA I PLANSKI KONCEPT ZAŠTITE I KORIŠĆENJA Omiljena Dželebdžić1 Apstrakt: U radu se apostrofira uloga kulturnog nasleđa Podunavlja kao jedne od karika identiteta Srbije i povezanosti unutar evropskog kulturnog prostora, na bazi istog civilizacijskog nasleđa. Utoliko je potrebna veća odgovornost u očuvanju nasleđa, pošto bi svako njegovo ugrožavanje zapravo bilo ugrožavanje zajedničkog evropskog nasleđa. U radu se ističu neke osnovne smernice planskog koncepta zaštite, očuvanja i prezentacije kulturnog nasleđa koji bi značili mogućnost uključivanja u međunarodnu povezanost područja na bazi kulturnog identiteta i podsticanje razvoja kulturnog turizma. Ključne reči: identitet prostora, kulturno nasleđe, Podunavlje u Srbiji, prostorno planiranje CULTURAL HERITAGE OF DANUBE AREA IN SERBIA – ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING CONCEPT FOR CONSERVATION AND USE Abstract: The paper emphasizes the role of the cultural heritage of the Danube area as one of the identity Serbia and connection with the European cultural space, based on the same civilizational heritage. At this point of view greater responsibility is needed to preserve heritage, since his every threat was actually endangering the common European heritage. This paper point out some basic guidelines for planning the concept of protection, conservation and presentation of cultural heritage, which would mean the possibility of including in the areas of international connectivity‐based cultural identity and encouraging the development of cultural tourism. Key words: space identity, cultural heritage, Danube area in Serbia, spatial planning 1 mr Omiljena Dželebdžić, stručni savetnik, Institut za arhitekturu i urbanizam Srbije, Beograd *** Rad je realizovan u okviru projekta “Održivi prostorni razvoj Podunavlja u Srbiji” (TR36036) koji finansira Ministarstvo za prosvetu i nauku Republike Srbije za period 2011‐ 2014. godine. Održivi razvoj Podunavlja u Srbiji 169 UVOD Podunavlje čini karakterističan prostor po slojevitosti kulturnog nasleđa iz različitih istorijskih epoha. Geografski položaj i prirodno okruženje omogućili su kontinuitet života na ovom prostoru koji se može pratiti još od mezolita. Brojni su tragovi praistorijskih naselja i nekropola, antičkih utvrđenja i graditeljskih poduhvata, zatim srednjovekovnih tvrđava, sakralnih objekata, kao i naseljskih celina i primera narodnog graditeljstva, koji se danas prepoznaju kao materijalne tekovine spome‐ ničke vrednosti ovog područja. U širem smislu kulturno nasleđe Dunavskog koridora je integralni deo evropskog kulturnog nasleđa, na bazi zajedničkog kulturnog prostora, što je svojevrstan potencijal za uspostavljanje kvalitetnih međunarodnih veza (ESPON, 2006). Pored značaja za razvoj kulture to je i potencijal za razvoj turizma, posebno kulturnog turizma, kroz potencijal za uključivanje u pan‐evropske kulturne puteve, stavljajući akcenat na izrazite primere zajedničkog nasleđa, kao što su arheološka nalazišta i monumentalne tvrđave, na primer. S obzirom na brojnost i raznovrsnost kulturnog nasleđa i razlike u pristupu i tretmanu pojedinih tipova dobara u prostornim istraživanjima, za potrebe ovog rada je ustanovljena određena klasifikacija i grupisanje prema vrsti dobara. Ovo grupisanje je urađeno u svrhu analitičkih razmatranja i treba ga prihvatiti uslovno, imajući u vidu da se u realnom prostoru spomenici grupišu na svojstven način i učestvuju u oblikovanju različitih prostornih formi. U konkretnom slučaju grupisanje se posmatra kao deo postupka valorizovanja, zaštite i korišćenja kulturnog nasleđa u okviru prostornog razvoja. PREGLED ZAŠTIĆENIH KULTURNIH DOBARA DUŽ DUNAVSKOG KORIDORA U SRBIJI Na osnovu stručnih evidencija, u priobalnom prostoru Dunava na teritoriji Srbije, nalazi se 1188 dobara za koje je potvrđen ili ima naznaka da mogu imati karakter kulturnog dobra od opšteg značaja (RZZZSK, 2012). Do sada je od tog broja registrovan srazmerno mali deo nepokret‐ nih kulturnih dobara, oko 43% (122 kategorizovanih i 374 ostalih registro‐ vanih), pri čemu je udeo kategorizovanih kulturnih dobara svega 10%. Kulturno nasleđe Podunavlja u Srbiji – ocena stanja i planski koncept zaštite i 170 korišćenja Srazmerno tome, udeo evidentiranih dobara, tj, dobara koji uživaju prethodnu zaštitu je 58%. Generalno se može oceniti da je inventarizacija/istraživanje prostora do sada vrlo značajna zbog broja kulturnih dobara koji je registrovan, ali je do sada neravnomeno sprovedena, kako u teritorijalnom smislu tako i u smislu valorizacije kulturnog nasleđa. Arheološka nalazišta i fortifikacijske građevine Arheoloških lokaliteta ima raznih vremenskih i stilskih razdoblja i pojedina od njih imaju izuzetno značenje. Nalazište praistorijskog naselja Lepenski vir (7000‐6000. god.p.n.e.), kao i nalazišta Vlasac i Padina, pred‐ stavljaju tri najstarija nalazišta iz mezolitskog perioda na ovom području). Iz praistorijske epohe zastupljene su i tzv. starčevačke, vinčanske i žutobrdske kulturne grupe: Ljubičevac, Mala Vrbica, Ostrovo, Požežena. Brojna su nalazišta iz rimskog i ranovizantijskog perioda ‐ ostaci Dunavskog limesa, njegovog panonskog i mezijskog dela, sa čitavim nizom naselja, utvrđenja i komunikacija na obali reke: kod današnjih naselja Grocka, Brestovik, Orešac, Smederevo, Kulič, Orašje, Kostolac, Ram, V.Gradište, Golubac, Brnjica, Jezava, Dobra, Boljetin, D.Milanovac, Kladovo, Rtkovo, Milutinovac, Velesnica, Brza Palanka, Prahovo, itd. Zatim, delovi sremskog limesa: ostaci Taurunuma (Zemun), kašteli kod Starog Slankamena, Petrovaradina i Bonoštora, utvrđenja u Novim Banovcima, Surduku i Zemunu. Iz vizantijskog i srednjeg veka ostala su brojna svedočanstva na prostoru naselja: Višnjica, Ritopek, Grocka, Brestovik, Orešac, Smederevo, Ram, Golubac, Kladovo, Korbovo, Prahovo i dr. S obzirom na brojnost arheoloških nalazišta zaštita je za sada nepotpuna i nedovoljna, granice zaštitnih zona oko kulturnih dobara nisu definisane ili se ne poštuju, što u mnogome doprinosi devastaciji otkrivenih ostataka i njihovog prepuštanja zubu vremena. Od ukupno 263 evidentirana arheološka nalazišta na ovom prostoru, kategorizovano je svega 12 (Sl. 1). Održivi razvoj Podunavlja u Srbiji 171 Apatin Bač (2) (1) (4) B.Palanka Novi Sad (6) N.Slankamen Inđija (3) Pančevo (5) Beograd Ram Kovin (11) V.Gradišt e (12) Smederevo Požarevac Go lubac Kladovo (9) (7) D.Milanovac (8) (10) Slika 1. Razmeštaj kategorizovanih arheoloških nalazišta duž dunavskog pojasa u Srbiji (n.k.d. od izuzetnog i velikog značaja), stanje 2012.g. (1) zemljano utvrđenje ʺTurski šanacʺ, Bačka Palanka; (2) Čipska šuma Čelarevo (kr. VIII ‐ pol. IX v.); (3) ʺGradinaʺ kod Novog Rakovca; (4) ʺMihaljevačka šumaʺ kod Čortanovaca; (5) ʺKalakačaʺ kod Beške; (6) ʺKalvarijaʺ, Titelski plato, (neolit – do srednji vek); (7) ʺBelo brdoʺ Vinča, (neolit ‐ do srednji vek;(8) Viminacijum, Stari Kostolac (I vek); (9) rimsko utvrđenje Lederata; (10) Lepenski vir, kod Boljetina, paleolit; (11) ʺPontesʺ sa ostacima kastruma i Trajanovog mosta kod Kladova (II vek); (12) ʺKaratašʺ, Novi Sip (I vek). Ostaci fortifikacijskih građevina (tvrđave, kašteli) posebno su dominantni u priobalju Dunava koje je imalo strateški značaj kao najznačajnija saobraćajnica ovog dela Evrope, sve do kraja 19. veka. Fortifikacijski objekti pored svoje kulturne i istorijske vrednosti, svojim markantim pozicijama u prostoru zavređuju pažnju i kao elementi prepoznatljivosti prostora. Prema stepenu zaštite od 11 evidentiranih, 8 fortifikacijskih kulturnih dobara je kategorizovano (Sl. 2). Kulturno nasleđe Podunavlja u Srbiji – ocena stanja i planski koncept zaštite i 172 korišćenja Apatin Bač (1) B.Palanka Novi Sad (2) N.Slankamen Inđija (6) (7) (3) Pančevo Beograd Ram (9) Kovin V.Gradišt e Smederevo Požarevac Go lubac Kladovo (4) D.Milanovac (5) (8) Slika 2. Razmeštaj kategorizovanih fortifikacijskih građevina duž dunavskog pojasa u Srbiji (n.k.d. od izuzetnog i velikog značaja), stanje 2012.g. (1) tvrđava Bač (p.k.c‐iz); 2 (2) Petrovaradin, gornja i donja tvrđava sa podgrađem; (3) Stari Slankamen, ostaci gornje i donje tvrđave; (4) Beogradska tvrđava Kalemegdan; (5) Smederevska tvrđava; (6) ostaci tvrđave Kovin; (7) Ram, srednjovekovni grad; (8) srednjovekovna tvrđava Golubac; (9) srednjovekovno utvrđenje ʺFetislamʺ kod Kladova. Istorijska naselja ili delovi naselja Važan deo tragova prošlosti su urbane spomeničke celine, koje u savremenom razvoju mnogih gradova imaju poseban tretman i predstavljaju deo kulturne baštine vrlo važan za istorijski i kulturni identitet prostora. Planski tretman ovih celina važan je faktor u stepenu uključivanja kulturnog nasleđa u savremene tokove života i unapređenja kvaliteta življenja stanovnika naselja. Urbane prostorne celine koje su u određenom stepenu valorizo‐ vane zastupljene su prvenstveno u beogradskoj zoni Podunavlja. Od ukupno 20 evidentiranih celina 10 je kategorizovano (Sl. 3). 2 Skraćenice: p.k.c.: prostorna kulturno istorijska celina, nkd‐iz: nepokretno kulturno dobro od izuzetnog značaja; nkd‐vz: nepokretno kulturno dobro od velikog značaja. Održivi razvoj Podunavlja u Srbiji 173 Apatin (1) (2) Bač (3) B.Palanka Novi Sad N.Slankamen Inđija (4) (12) (14) Pančevo (5) Beograd Ram Kovin V.Gradišt e
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