Yakaulang and Ribat-E Karvan: a Study on the Historical Geography of Northern Hazarajat, Afghanistan

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Yakaulang and Ribat-E Karvan: a Study on the Historical Geography of Northern Hazarajat, Afghanistan 論 文 オ リエ ン ト 50-1(2007):53-79 ヤ カ ウ ラ ン グ と リ バ ー テ ・ カ ル ヴ ァ ー ン ― バ ザ ー ラ ジ ャ ー ト北 部 の 歴 史 地 理― Yakaulang and Ribat-e Karvan: A Study on the Historical Geography of Northern Hazarajat, Afghanistan 稲 葉 穣 INABA Minoru ABSTRACT In the 1990's, when the civil war in Afghanistan was still fierce, a series of remarkable findings for Afghan archaeology, especially for historical archaeology, was made. The Buddhist site of the 8th century and accompanying Bactrian inscription unearthed near Tang-e Safedak, a small village lying about 125 km west of Bamiyan, are counted among them. The northern Hazaraj at, to which this Tang-e Safedak belongs, is one of the least documented areas in Afghanistan. The present paper tries to illuminate the history and geography of this area, investigating fragmental information found in the Arabic, Persian and Chinese sources. In the beginning of the 16th century, Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty, and in the 19th century, a couple of British military officers, travelled from Herat along the Hari Rud river and reached Yakaulang, which is the present center of northern Hazaraj at. In the 11th century, Ghaznavid Sultan Mas'ud b. Mahmud seems to have taken the same route when he took flight from Dandanagan where the decisive battle between Ghaznavids and Seljuqs was fought. After travelling through the Hari Rud riverine system, Mas'ud halted at a place called Ribat-e Karvan, which was described as a part of Guzgan and about 7 days journey from Ghazni. The identification of historical Ribat-e Karvan with modern Yakaulang leads us to a general outline of the history of northern Hazaraj at from the 7th to the 12th centuries and may be of some help in the further research in the pre and early Islamic history of this area as well as northern Afghanistan. * 京 都 大 学 人 文 科 学 研 究 所 准 教 授 Associate Professor, Institnte for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University Ⅰ. ア フガニスタン歴 史考古学の近況 1. 内戦 と新発現 資料 1979年 に始 まったアフガニスタ ンの混乱 は,2001年 のター リバ ーン政権 崩壊 によって一旦 は収 束の気配 を見せ は した ものの,未 だ完全 にお さまってはいな い。多 くの人命や家屋,耕 地な どが失 われた四半世紀 にお よぶ戦乱の中,1970 年代 まで活発 に行われて きた同地域 の考古学調査 も中断 を余儀 な くされて きた。 戦乱の結果 どれ ほどの遺跡が ダメー ジを受 けたのか,正 確 な ところは未 だ知 れ ないが,バ ー ミヤー ンの大仏やガズニのタパ ・サルダール寺院址 など,破 壊 を 被 った重要 な遺跡 も数多い。 それで もアフガニスタ ン新政府の成立 を承 け,フ ランス,イ タ リア,日 本 な どのチームがアフガニスタ ンにお ける遺跡 の保存 ・ 修復お よび調査 を開始 しつつ あ り,今 後状況が安定 した暁 には各種 の学術調査 の本格的再 開が期待 され る。 ところでアフガニスタ ンにおいては,内 戦未だ激 しき1990年 代前半以 降,い くつかの極 めて重要 な遺物,遺 跡が発見 されて きた。 クシャー ン朝 の王統史解 明に決定的な役割 を果た したラバータク碑文,ア フガニスタン古代史 を書 き換 え る材 料 と な っ た バ ク ト リア 語 世 俗 文 書 群,あ る い は 仏 教 史 研 究 に極 め て 重 要 な 貢 献 を しつ つ あ る 伝 バ ー ミヤ ー ン 出 土 仏 教 写 本 群 な ど は,逆 に ア フ ガ ニ ス タ ン の 戦 乱 の 故 に知 られ る よ う に な り,あ る い は世 に 出 た もの と 言 え る か も しれ な い 。 こ の よ う な 一 連 の 遺 跡,遺 物 発 見 に連 な る もの と し て,バ ー ミヤ ー ン の 西, バ ザ ー ラ ジ ャ ー ト北 部 の タ ン ゲ ・サ フ ェ ー ダ クTang-e Safedakに お け る8世 紀 の 仏 教 寺 院 址 とバ ク ト リア 語 碑 文 の 発 見 が あ げ ら れ る(Cf. Lee & Sims- Williams 2003)。 こ の 発 見 はバ ー ミヤ ー ン以 西 に お け る 仏 教 の 存 在,し か も8世 紀 前 半 の そ れ を 明 ら か に した と い う 意 味 で 非 常 に 重 要 な もの で あ るが,同 時 に バ ザ ー ラ ジ ャ ー ト地 域 の 考 古 学 に も興 味 を 惹 き つ け る こ と に な っ た 。 2. バ ザ ー ラ ジ ャ ー ト北 部 の 遺 跡 2002年,龍 谷 大 学 名 誉 教 授 山 田 明 爾,写 真 家 中 淳 志 の 両 氏 は ハ ザ ー ラ ジ ャ ー ト北 部 地 域 の 中 心 地 ヤ カ ウ ラ ン グYakaulangか ら40kmほ ど北 西 に川 を下 っ た 場 所 に,遺 跡 と お ぼ し き もの を 見 い だ し た 。 近 隣 の 村 の 名 を と っ て 仮 に 「ケ 54 リガ ンKeligan遺 跡 」 と呼 ば れ て い る こ の 廃 墟 の や や 下 流 に は チ ヒル ・ブ ル ジ Cihil Burjと 呼 ば れ る大 規 模 な 城 砦 址 の 存 在 が 知 られ て い る(図1参 照)。 実 は す で に19世 紀 に こ の 地 域 を 踏 査 し た ア フ ガ ニ ス タ ン 国 境 策 定 員 会(Afghan Boundary Commission)の メ イ ト ラ ン ドや タ ル ボ ッ ト ら は,ヤ カ ウ ラ ン グ 周 辺 (特 に 東 側)に い くつ か の 石 窟 と廃 墟 が あ る こ と を 報 告 し て い る し(Talbot et al. 1886, 331-332; Cf. RIP/ABC, i-498),1970年 に は ブ リス トル 大 学 の 探 検 隊 が こ の 地 を訪 れ,や は りヤ カ ウ ラ ン グ 近 辺 に 遺 跡 とお ぼ し き もの を見 い だ し て い る(Brett 1970)。 メ イ トラ ン ドや ブ レ ッ ト ら も訪 れ た 上 述 の チ ヒ ル ・ブ ル ジ は, 一 般 に ゴ ー ル 朝 時 代 の 城 砦 遺 跡 だ と見 な さ れ て い る が ,こ れ に つ い て も イ ス ラ ー ム 時 代 以 前 の 建 造 物 の 痕 跡 が 見 られ る と の 観 察 が あ り(Francfort 1979 , 38), さ ら に 山 田 や 龍 谷 大 学 の チ ー ム も城 砦 下 方 の 石 窟 部 で 時 期 不 明 の 壁 画 痕 を 発 見 す る な ど,そ の 性 格 の 評 価 は 今 後 の 課 題 と な っ て い る。 3. 歴 史 地 理 研 究 の 必 要 性 こ の よ う な 遺 跡 や 遺 物 の 性 格 の 評 価 に欠 か せ な い の が,当 該 地 域 の 歴 史 地 理 の 検 討 で あ る 。 ア フ ガ ニ ス タ ン の,特 に イ ス ラ ー ム 到 来 前 後 の 時 代 の 歴 史 地 理 に つ い て は,考 古 学 的 資 料 に ア ラ ビ ア 語,ペ ル シ ア 語 文 献 や 漢 籍 を 組 み 合 わ せ た,先 学 達 に よ る貴 重 な 研 究 が 積 み 重 ね ら れ て きて い るが,上 述 の バ ク ト リ ア 語 文 書 群 の 発 見 は こ の 分 野 に新 た な 問 題 を も た らす こ と に な っ た 。 こ れ ま で イ ス ラ ー ム 地 理 書 や 漢 籍 の 情 報 か ら は 十 分 に は 知 られ る こ とが な か っ た 地 名 が そ こ に は 多 く登 場 した の で あ る 。 ま た,既 知 の バ ク ト リア 語 文 書 の 多 くが 由 来 す る と考 え られ て い る ヒ ン ドゥ ー ク シ ュ 山 脈 北 麓 の ロ ー ブ(現 ドア ー ベ ・ル ー イ) は,イ ス ラ ー ム 時 代 前 夜 お よ び そ の 初 期 に お い て 非 常 に 重 要 な 意 味 を も っ た 場 所 で あ っ た こ と が 知 られ る よ う に な っ た が(Cf. Sims-Williams 1997, 15-17), 一 方 で ロ ー ブ を 中 心 と し た 地 方 王 国 が ど の よ う な 地 域 に ま で 統 治 を広 げ て い た の か と い っ た,歴 史 の 基 礎 に か か わ る 部 分 に つ い て は 未 だ 不 明 な と こ ろ が 多 い 。 こ の よ う な 問 題 を解 明 す る た め に は そ れ ら の 文 書 に現 れ る 地 名 を で き る 限 り同 定 す る作 業 が 必 要 で あ り,そ う し て そ の た め に は既 存 の 地 名 情 報 を 総 攬 し,こ れ を 新 発 現 の 情 報 と 丁 寧 に 比 較 対 照 して い く作 業 が な さ れ ね ば な ら な い 。 同 様 の 状 況 は本 稿 で 取 り上 げ る バ ザ ー ラ ジ ャ ー ト北 部 に つ い て も あ て は ま る 。8世 紀 前 半,バ ー ミヤ ー ン の 西 に い っ た い 誰 の 手 で 仏 教 遺 跡 が 建 立 さ れ た の か 。 こ 55 の シ ンプ ル な 問 い に 答 え を 出 す こ と す ら後 述 の よ う に難 し い の だ が,結 局 そ の 答 え は 上 に 述 べ た よ う な 地 道 な作 業 の 先 に しか 存 在 しな い で あ ろ う 。 幸 い ハ ザ ー ラ ジ ャ ー トに 隣 接 す るバ ー ミヤ ー ン周 辺 に つ い て は ル =ベ ー ルM .Le Berre の 極 め て 貴 重 な 研 究(Le Berre 1987)が,ま た ハ リー ・ル ー ド水 系 に つ い て は ジ ャ ー ム の ミナ レ ッ ト を 巡 る マ リ クA.Maricqら の 研 究(Maricq & Wiet 1959)が あ る。そ れ ら との 比 較 照 合 の た め に も こ の 地 域 に 関 す る知 見 を整 理 し, 検 討 を 加 え る こ と の 意 味 は 小 さ くな い だ ろ う 。 以 上 の よ う な 前 提 に立 ち,本 稿 は タ ンゲ ・サ フ ェ ー ダ ク 等 の 遺 跡 を有 す るハ ザ ー ラ ジ ャ ー ト北 部 が 歴 史 的 に ど の よ う な 場 所 と して 記 録 さ れ た の か,ま た こ の 地 域 を通 る 道 が ど の よ う に 用 い ら れ,ど の よ う な 意 味 を 持 っ て い た の か を文 献 史 料 に 探 り,そ の 歴 史 地 理 の 一 端 を,特 に モ ン ゴル 時 代 以 前 に 関 し て 明 ら か に し よ う とす る 試 み で あ る。 Ⅱ.
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