DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharmacological Properties of Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pharmacological Properties of Beta-Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology An Independent International Scientific Journal Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology 1998; 1 (1), 5-9 Pharmacological properties of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs Borchard U Homepage: www.kup.at/jcbc Online Data Base Search for Authors and Keywords Indexed in Chemical Abstracts EMBASE/Excerpta Medica Krause & Pachernegg GmbH · VERLAG für MEDIZIN und WIRTSCHAFT · A-3003 Gablitz/Austria REVIEWS β-blocking drugs J Clin Bas Cardiol 1998; 1: 5 Pharmacological properties of β-adrenoceptor blocking drugs U. Borchard β-adrenoceptor blocking drugs are widely used for the treat- Pharmacodynamic properties ment of cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension, β β coronary heart disease and supraventricular and ventricular In many organs there is a coexistence of 1- and 2-receptors (Table 1). For example, in the normal human heart about 80% tachyarrhythmias. They may also be beneficial in the hyper- β β β kinetic heart syndrome, hypotensive circulatory disorders, of the -receptors are of the 1-subtype. In heart failure 1- receptors are down-regulated so that a relatively higher pro- portal hypertension, hyperthyroidism, tremour, migraine, β anxiety, psychosomatic disorders or glaucoma. In recent years portion of 2-receptors can be measured [3]. The physiological and therapeutic actions of a β-blocker depend on the actual even patients with heart failure have been successfully treated β β with β-blockers initially given at very low doses. density of 1- and/or 2-receptors in the different organs, on β A great number of β-adrenoceptor blocking drugs are now the affinity of the -blocker and on the local drug concen- available for clinical use which differ widely with respect to tration. their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties [1, 2]. They all interact with β-adrenoceptors forming drug Affinity β β receptor complexes so that endogenous norepinephrine and -blockers with high affinity for -adrenoceptors (Table 2) epinephrine are hindered from accessing the receptor. This are effective in small doses if their bioavailability is not too leads to a competitive antagonism which is characterized by a low [4, 5]. Their action still continues even if they are washed parallel shift of the concentration-response curve of the agonist out of the extracellular space. Consequently their duration of β to the right. The β-receptor blockade can be completely re- action cannot be predicted by the plasma half life of the - versed by high concentrations of the agonist. phase of elimination [3]. This holds true for many drugs with β The various β-blockers differ with respect to their β- high affinity and short plasma half life (2–4 h for the -phase). receptor affinity, β -selectivity, partial agonist activity and Penbutolol, for example, has a high affinity, dissociates slowly 1 β β physicochemical properties (lipophility, stereospecificity) from the -receptor, the t1/2 value ( -phase) is about 2 h, the which all may be of particular importance for clinical use. In terminal half life is about 27 h and the duration of action after addition, pharmacokinetic properties such as absorption, bio- a 40 mg dose amounts to about 48 h. availability, metabolism, volume of distribution and elimina- tion (hepatic and/or renal clearance) may guide therapy in Table 2: Pharmacodynamic properties of ß-blockers special patients. Affinity (pA2-values) Chrono- Inotropy Trachea ß1- Sel.- PAA PC UMA tropy Sel. Index Acebutolol 7.3 7.0 6.4 + 0.9 + 0.17 (+) Alprenolol 8.6 8.6 8.4 – + 3.3 + Atenolol 7.6 7.4 5.9 + 1.7 – 0.0033 – Betaxolol 8.6 8.6 6.2 + 2.4 – 3.91) (+) Bisoprolol 8.8 8.9 6.4 + 2.4 – 3.0 + β β Table 1: Coexistence of 1- and 2-receptors in different organs Bopindolol 9.512) 9.372) 9.652) – (+) Bupranolol 8.7 9.0 9.5 – – 0.38 + Organ Subtype Function Carazolol 9.9 9.8 9.4 – – 13.7 + Carteolol4) 9.2 9.0 9.3 – + 0.214 (+) Presynaptic Carvedilol4) 9.1 8.87 – – 2261)+ Noradrenergic Celiprolol 7.6 8.1 6.8 + 0.8 + 0.152 (+) 5 nerve ending β2 Norepinephrine release ↑ Esmolol ) 6.9 6.9 5.3 + 1.6 – – Mepindolol 9.9 9.5 9.0 – + 0.54 (+) Postsynaptic Metipranolol 9.9 9.5 9.0 – + 0.214 (+) a Heart β1, (β2) Sinus rate ↑ Metoprolol 7.5 7.7 6.4 + 1.1 – 0.18 (+) Contractility ↑ Nadolol 7.9 7.2 7.5 – – 0.008 – AV-conduction ↑ Nebivolol4) 8.24 5.77 + 2.47 – + Gastrointestinal tract β1 Muscular tone ↓ Oxprenolol 8.5 8.7 8.5 – + 0.51 (+) a 3 1 Kidney β1, (β2) Renin release ↑ Penbutolol ) 8.6 8.9 9.0 – (+) 50.0 )+ a Fat cells β1, (β2) Lipolysis ↑ Pindolol 9.2 9.4 9.0 – + 0.20 (+) Propranolol 8.4 8.5 8.5 – – 5.4 + Bronchi β2 Muscular tone ↓ Sotalol 6.1 5.9 5.9 – – 0.011 – b Blood vessels β2, (β1) Muscular tone ↓ Talinolol 7.0 7.0 5.33 + 1.7 – – 4 1 Uterus β2 Muscular tone ↓ Tertatolol ) 9.37 8.83 – – 2.5 )+ a 3 Pankreas (β-cells) β2, (β1) Insulin release ↑ Timolol ) 8.7 8.7 8.2 – – 0.28 (+) a Thyroid gland β2, (β1) T4 → T3 conversion ↑ a Incretory glands β2, (β1) Secretion of parathormone ↑ Sel.-index = selectivity index: pA2 chronotropy minus pA2 trachea; calcitonin, glucagon ↓ PAA = partial agonist activity; PC = partition coefficent n-octanol/ phosphate buffer (temperature 20–30 °C. pH 7.0; 1) pH 7.4); UMA a 2 3 receptor subtype coexistence (eg, in the heart 20 % β2) = unspecific membrane action; ) active metabolite; ) S-isomers; b human cerebral blood vessels 4) vasodilative; 5) only i.v.-application From the Institut für Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany. Correspondence to: Prof. Ulrich Borchard, MD, PhD, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, Germany. REVIEWS J Clin Bas Cardiol 1998; 1: 6 b-blocking drugs β 1-selectivity Table 4: Pharmacokinetic properties of β-blockers Most of the therapeutic actions of β-blockers are due to inhibition of β -receptors whereas a great number of specific 1 1 2 3 13 side-effects are brought about by inhibition of β -receptors. Substance Resorp- Bioavail- F.P.E. ) Act. ) PPB )Vd ) 2 tion % ability % met. % l/kg In most therapeutic situations β1-selective drugs are as β effective as non-selective drugs. However, 1-selective agents Acebutolol 40–609)+ +4) 11–25 1.35 are better tolerated than non-selective β-blockers as they have Alprenolol > 95 10–309) + + 80 3.3 fewer side effects [6]. Atenolol 50 50 – – 3 0.7 Experiments on isolated heart preparations (chronotropy: Betaxolol > 95 80 – – 50 6.0 β ) and tracheal strips (bronchodilatation: β ) as well as binding Bisoprolol > 90 88 – – 30 3.2 1 2 Bopindolol > 95 60–707)+ + 657) 2.9 experiments with radio-labeled β-blockers have shown the 5 5 β Bupranolol > 95 < 10 + )+)76 following sequence of 1-selectivity: bisoprolol ~ betaxolol Carazolol > 85 < 10 + – 81 10.98) ~ nebivolol > atenolol ~ talinolol > metoprolol > acebutolol Carteolol > 90 90 – + 15 3.6 ~ celiprolol (Table 2). One major advantage of a high β1- Carvedilol 85 25 + + 98 2 9 selectivity is the lower incidence of air-way obstruction (β2- Celiprolol 50 50 ) – – 25 6.5 Esmolol11) – 56 3.4 receptor blockade) and the bronchodilatory action of β2- β Mepindolol > 95 > 95 – – 50 5.7 agonists even in the presence of a 1-selective blocker. How- 6 β Metipranolol ) > 95 50 + + 70 3.5 ever, in patients with bronchial asthma all -blockers are Metoprolol > 95 509) + – 12 5.6 contraindicated independent of their β1-selectivity. It is a fur- Nadolol 30 20–30 – – 25 2.5 12 ther advantage of β1-selective drugs that they show only minor Nebivolol > 95 12 ) + + 98 ?10 effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. The benefits of a high Oxprenolol > 90 24–60 + – 80 1.3 β -selectivity of a β-blocker in clinical practice are summarised Penbutolol > 90 > 90 – – 95 0.3 1 Pindolol 90 90 – – 60 2.0 in Table 3. Propranolol > 90 309) + + 93 3.6 Sotalol 75–90 75–90 – – 0 2.0 Partial agonist activity Talinolol 50–70 5510) – – 60 3.3 The partial agonist activity (PPA) or intrinsic sympathomimetic Tertatolol 85 64 + 94 0.43 activity (ISA) of some β-blockers (Table 2) is due to the simi- Timolol 90 50–759) + – 10 1.4–3.5 larity of the molecules of the agonist and antagonist. Binding 1) F.P.E. = first pass effect; 2) Act. met. = active metabolite clini- of β-blockers with ISA to the receptor induces a weak signal 3 4 β cally relevant; ) PPB = plasma protein binding; ) diacetolol; transduction but at the same time antagonises the action of - 5) carboxy-bupranolol (> 90 %); 6) desacetyl-metipranolol is the agonists. Maximal ISA of β-blockers needs full receptor occu- active compound; 7) hydrolysed bopindolol as active metabolite; pation and does not reach the maximal effect of a full agonist 8) results with radio-labeled carazolol; 9) dose dependent biovail- so that ISA of β-blockers is called partial agonist activity. β- ability; 10) decrease of bioavailability by food intake; 11) only i.v.- 12 13 blockers with ISA might be useful in patients with low heart application; ) 96 % in slowly metabolizing individuals; ) Vd = volume of distribution. rate [7] or with low HDL-cholesterol and/or high triglycerides [2]. However, clinical studies have shown that β-blockers with ISA are less effective in reducing mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction [8]. In summary, the clinical signi- Stereospecificity ficance of ISA has to be regarded as low. With the exception of penbutolol or timolol all β-blockers are racemic mixtures containing 50 % of the β-receptor blocking Physico-chemical properties S-isomer and 50 % of the R-isomer which is without β- Lipophilicity β blocking action.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pindolol of the Activation of Postsynaptic 5-HT1A Receptors
    Potentiation by (-)Pindolol of the Activation of Postsynaptic 5-HT1A Receptors Induced by Venlafaxine Jean-Claude Béïque, Ph.D., Pierre Blier, M.D., Ph.D., Claude de Montigny, M.D., Ph.D., and Guy Debonnel, M.D. The increase of extracellular 5-HT in brain terminal regions antagonist WAY 100635 (100 ␮g/kg, i.v.). A short-term produced by the acute administration of 5-HT reuptake treatment with VLX (20 mg/kg/day ϫ 2 days) resulted in a inhibitors (SSRI’s) is hampered by the activation of ca. 90% suppression of the firing activity of 5-HT neurons somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors in the raphe nuclei. in the dorsal raphe nucleus. This was prevented by the The present in vivo electrophysiological studies were coadministration of (-)pindolol (15 mg/kg/day ϫ 2 days). undertaken, in the rat, to assess the effects of the Taken together, these results indicate that (-)pindolol coadministration of venlafaxine, a dual 5-HT/NE reuptake potentiated the activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors inhibitor, and (-)pindolol on pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A resulting from 5-HT reuptake inhibition probably by receptor function. The acute administration of venlafaxine blocking the somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptor, but not and of the SSRI paroxetine (5 mg/kg, i.v.) induced a its postsynaptic congener. These results support and extend suppression of the firing activity of dorsal hippocampus CA3 previous findings providing a biological substratum for the pyramidal neurons. This effect of venlafaxine was markedly efficacy of pindolol as an accelerating strategy in major potentiated by a pretreatment with (-)pindolol (15 mg/kg, depression.
    [Show full text]
  • Brimonidine Tartrate; Brinzolamide
    Contains Nonbinding Recommendations Draft Guidance on Brimonidine Tartrate ; Brinzolamide This draft guidance, when finalized, will represent the current thinking of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, or the Agency) on this topic. It does not establish any rights for any person and is not binding on FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if it satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. To discuss an alternative approach, contact the Office of Generic Drugs. Active Ingredient: Brimonidine tartrate; Brinzolamide Dosage Form; Route: Suspension/drops; ophthalmic Strength: 0.2%; 1% Recommended Studies: One study Type of study: Bioequivalence (BE) study with clinical endpoint Design: Randomized (1:1), double-masked, parallel, two-arm, in vivo Strength: 0.2%; 1% Subjects: Males and females with chronic open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension in both eyes. Additional comments: Specific recommendations are provided below. ______________________________________________________________________________ Analytes to measure (in appropriate biological fluid): Not applicable Bioequivalence based on (95% CI): Clinical endpoint Additional comments regarding the BE study with clinical endpoint: 1. The Office of Generic Drugs (OGD) recommends conducting a BE study with a clinical endpoint in the treatment of open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension comparing the test product to the reference listed drug (RLD), each applied as one drop in both eyes three times daily at approximately 8:00 a.m., 4:00 p.m., and 10:00 p.m. for 42 days (6 weeks). 2. Inclusion criteria (the sponsor may add additional criteria): a. Male or nonpregnant females aged at least 18 years with chronic open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension in both eyes b.
    [Show full text]
  • The In¯Uence of Medication on Erectile Function
    International Journal of Impotence Research (1997) 9, 17±26 ß 1997 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0955-9930/97 $12.00 The in¯uence of medication on erectile function W Meinhardt1, RF Kropman2, P Vermeij3, AAB Lycklama aÁ Nijeholt4 and J Zwartendijk4 1Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2Department of Urology, Leyenburg Hospital, Leyweg 275, 2545 CH The Hague, The Netherlands; 3Pharmacy; and 4Department of Urology, Leiden University Hospital, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands Keywords: impotence; side-effect; antipsychotic; antihypertensive; physiology; erectile function Introduction stopped their antihypertensive treatment over a ®ve year period, because of side-effects on sexual function.5 In the drug registration procedures sexual Several physiological mechanisms are involved in function is not a major issue. This means that erectile function. A negative in¯uence of prescrip- knowledge of the problem is mainly dependent on tion-drugs on these mechanisms will not always case reports and the lists from side effect registries.6±8 come to the attention of the clinician, whereas a Another way of looking at the problem is drug causing priapism will rarely escape the atten- combining available data on mechanisms of action tion. of drugs with the knowledge of the physiological When erectile function is in¯uenced in a negative mechanisms involved in erectile function. The way compensation may occur. For example, age- advantage of this approach is that remedies may related penile sensory disorders may be compen- evolve from it. sated for by extra stimulation.1 Diminished in¯ux of In this paper we will discuss the subject in the blood will lead to a slower onset of the erection, but following order: may be accepted.
    [Show full text]
  • Properties and Units in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
    Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 479–552, 2000. © 2000 IUPAC INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE SCIENTIFIC DIVISION COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE, PROPERTIES, AND UNITS (C-NPU)# and INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY AND HUMAN HEALTH DIVISION CLINICAL CHEMISTRY SECTION COMMISSION ON NOMENCLATURE, PROPERTIES, AND UNITS (C-NPU)§ PROPERTIES AND UNITS IN THE CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES PART XII. PROPERTIES AND UNITS IN CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY (Technical Report) (IFCC–IUPAC 1999) Prepared for publication by HENRIK OLESEN1, DAVID COWAN2, RAFAEL DE LA TORRE3 , IVAN BRUUNSHUUS1, MORTEN ROHDE1, and DESMOND KENNY4 1Office of Laboratory Informatics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark; 2Drug Control Centre, London University, King’s College, London, UK; 3IMIM, Dr. Aiguader 80, Barcelona, Spain; 4Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland #§The combined Memberships of the Committee and the Commission (C-NPU) during the preparation of this report (1994–1996) were as follows: Chairman: H. Olesen (Denmark, 1989–1995); D. Kenny (Ireland, 1996); Members: X. Fuentes-Arderiu (Spain, 1991–1997); J. G. Hill (Canada, 1987–1997); D. Kenny (Ireland, 1994–1997); H. Olesen (Denmark, 1985–1995); P. L. Storring (UK, 1989–1995); P. Soares de Araujo (Brazil, 1994–1997); R. Dybkær (Denmark, 1996–1997); C. McDonald (USA, 1996–1997). Please forward comments to: H. Olesen, Office of Laboratory Informatics 76-6-1, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgment, with full reference to the source, along with use of the copyright symbol ©, the name IUPAC, and the year of publication, are prominently visible.
    [Show full text]
  • Table 1. Glaucoma Medications: Mechanisms, Dosing and Precautions Brand Generic Mechanism of Action Dosage/Avg
    OPTOMETRIC STUDY CENTER Table 1. Glaucoma Medications: Mechanisms, Dosing and Precautions Brand Generic Mechanism of Action Dosage/Avg. % Product Sizes Side Effects Warnings Reduction CHOLINERGIC AGENTS Direct Pilocarpine (generic) Pilocarpine 1%, 2%, 4% Increases trabecular outflow BID-QID/15-25% 15ml Headache, blurred vision, myopia, retinal detachment, bronchiole constriction, Angle closure, shortness of breath, retinal narrowing of angle detachment Indirect Phospholine Iodide (Pfizer) Echothiophate iodide 0.125% Increases trabecular outflow QD-BID/15-25% 5ml Same as above plus cataractogenic iris cysts in children, pupillary block, Same as above, plus avoid prior to any increased paralysis with succinylcholine general anesthetic procedure ALPHA-2 AGONISTS Alphagan P (Allergan) Brimonidine tartrate 0.1%, 0.15% with Purite Decreases aqueous production, increases BID-TID/up to 26% 5ml, 10ml, 15ml Dry mouth, hypotension, bradycardia, follicular conjunctivitis, ocular irritation, Monitor for shortness of breath, dizziness, preservative uveoscleral outflow pruritus, dermatitis, conjunctival blanching, eyelid retraction, mydriasis, drug ocular redness and itching, fatigue allergy Brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine tartrate 0.15%, 0.2% Same as above Same as above 5ml, 10ml Same as above Same as above (generic) Iopidine (Novartis) Apraclonidine 0.5% Decreases aqueous production BID-TID/up to 25% 5ml, 10ml Same as above but higher drug allergy (40%) Same as above BETA-BLOCKERS Non-selective Betagan (Allergan) Levobunolol 0.25%, 0.5% Decreases
    [Show full text]
  • Health Reports for Mutual Recognition of Medical Prescriptions: State of Play
    The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Executive Agency for Health and Consumers Health Reports for Mutual Recognition of Medical Prescriptions: State of Play 24 January 2012 Final Report Health Reports for Mutual Recognition of Medical Prescriptions: State of Play Acknowledgements Matrix Insight Ltd would like to thank everyone who has contributed to this research. We are especially grateful to the following institutions for their support throughout the study: the Pharmaceutical Group of the European Union (PGEU) including their national member associations in Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom; the European Medical Association (EMANET); the Observatoire Social Européen (OSE); and The Netherlands Institute for Health Service Research (NIVEL). For questions about the report, please contact Dr Gabriele Birnberg ([email protected] ). Matrix Insight | 24 January 2012 2 Health Reports for Mutual Recognition of Medical Prescriptions: State of Play Executive Summary This study has been carried out in the context of Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 on the application of patients’ rights in cross- border healthcare (CBHC). The CBHC Directive stipulates that the European Commission shall adopt measures to facilitate the recognition of prescriptions issued in another Member State (Article 11). At the time of submission of this report, the European Commission was preparing an impact assessment with regards to these measures, designed to help implement Article 11.
    [Show full text]
  • )&F1y3x PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX to THE
    )&f1y3X PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE )&f1y3X PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 3 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names (INN) which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known. Product CAS No. Product CAS No. ABAMECTIN 65195-55-3 ACTODIGIN 36983-69-4 ABANOQUIL 90402-40-7 ADAFENOXATE 82168-26-1 ABCIXIMAB 143653-53-6 ADAMEXINE 54785-02-3 ABECARNIL 111841-85-1 ADAPALENE 106685-40-9 ABITESARTAN 137882-98-5 ADAPROLOL 101479-70-3 ABLUKAST 96566-25-5 ADATANSERIN 127266-56-2 ABUNIDAZOLE 91017-58-2 ADEFOVIR 106941-25-7 ACADESINE 2627-69-2 ADELMIDROL 1675-66-7 ACAMPROSATE 77337-76-9 ADEMETIONINE 17176-17-9 ACAPRAZINE 55485-20-6 ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE 61-19-8 ACARBOSE 56180-94-0 ADIBENDAN 100510-33-6 ACEBROCHOL 514-50-1 ADICILLIN 525-94-0 ACEBURIC ACID 26976-72-7 ADIMOLOL 78459-19-5 ACEBUTOLOL 37517-30-9 ADINAZOLAM 37115-32-5 ACECAINIDE 32795-44-1 ADIPHENINE 64-95-9 ACECARBROMAL 77-66-7 ADIPIODONE 606-17-7 ACECLIDINE 827-61-2 ADITEREN 56066-19-4 ACECLOFENAC 89796-99-6 ADITOPRIM 56066-63-8 ACEDAPSONE 77-46-3 ADOSOPINE 88124-26-9 ACEDIASULFONE SODIUM 127-60-6 ADOZELESIN 110314-48-2 ACEDOBEN 556-08-1 ADRAFINIL 63547-13-7 ACEFLURANOL 80595-73-9 ADRENALONE
    [Show full text]
  • 33-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Relaxation Induced by Isoprenaline And
    J. Smooth Muscle Res. 33 : 99-106. 99 The )32 and [33-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Relaxation Induced by Isoprenaline and Salbutamol in Guinea Pig Taenia Caecum Katsuo KOIKE, Tsukasa IcHiNo, Takahiro HORINOUCHI and Issei TAKAYANAGI Departmentof Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of PharmaceuticalSciences, 2-2-1, Miyama,Funabashi, Chiba 274, Japan Abstract To understand the receptor subtypes responsible for /3adrenoceptormediated relaxa tion of guinea pig taenia caecum, we investigated the effects of isoprenaline and salbutamol . Isoprenaline and salbutamol caused dose-dependent relaxation of the guinea pig taenia caecum. Propranolol, bupranolol and butoxamine produced shifts of the concentration response curves for isoprenaline and salbutamol. Schild regression analyses carried out for propranolol against isoprenaline and salbutamol gave pA2 values of 8.43 and 8.88, respective ly. Schild regression analyses carried out for butoxamine against isoprenaline and sal butamol gave pA2 values of 6.46 and 6.68, respectively. Schild regression analyses carried out for bupranolol against isoprenaline and salbutamol gave pA2 values of 8.60 and 8.69, respectively. However, in the presence of 3 x 10' M atenolol, 10-4 M butoxamine and 10-6 M phentolamine to block the fir , /32 and a -adrenoceptor effects, respectively, Schild regression analyses carried out for bupranolol against isoprenaline and salbutamol gave pA2 values of 5.77 and 5.97, respectively. These results suggest that the relaxant responses to isoprenaline and salbutamol in the guinea pig taenia caecum are mediated by both the /.32 and the A-adrenoceptors. Key words : f2-adrenoceptor, A-adrenoceptor, isoprenaline, salbutamol , guinea pig taenia caecum Introduction The /3adrenoceptors were subclassified as and /32subtypes based on the agonist potency and tissue localization.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance for the Format and Content of the Protocol of Non-Interventional
    PASS information Title Metformin use in renal impairment Protocol version identifier Version 2 Date of last version of 30 October 2013 protocol EU PAS register number Study not registered Active substance A10BA02 metformin Medicinal product Metformin Product reference N/A Procedure number N/A Marketing authorisation 1A Farma, Actavis, Aurobindo, Biochemie, Bluefish, holder(s) Hexal, Mylan, Orifarm, Pfizer, Sandoz, Stada, Teva Joint PASS No Research question and To assess the use and safety of metformin in patients objectives with and without renal insufficiency in current clinical practice in at least two EU Member States. Country(-ies) of study Denmark, United Kingdom Author Christian Fynbo Christiansen, MD, PhD Page 1/214 Marketing authorisation holder(s) Marketing authorisation N/A holder(s) MAH contact person N/A Page 2/214 1. Table of Contents PASS information .......................................................................................................... 1 Marketing authorisation holder(s) .................................................................................... 2 1. Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... 3 2. List of abbreviations ................................................................................................... 4 3. Responsible parties .................................................................................................... 5 4. Abstract ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Β-Blockade Associated with Atenolol
    Pharmacodynamic HYDOXDWLRQRIȕ-blockade associated with atenolol in healthy dogs Mari Waterman Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences Jonathan A. Abbott, Chair Andrea C. Eriksson Jeffrey R. Wilcke July 30, 2018 Blacksburg, VA .H\ZRUGVDWHQROROȕ-blockade, isoproterenol, dog, pharmacodynamic Copyright 2018 Mari Waterman Pharmacodynamic HYDOXDWLRQRIȕ-blockade associated with atenolol in healthy dogs Mari Waterman ABSTRACT Objective: Dosing intervals of 12 and 24 hours for atenolol have been recommended, but an evidentiary basis is lacking. To test the hypothesis that repeated, once-daily oral administration of atenolol attenuates the heart rate response to isoproterenol for 24 hours, we performed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over experiment. Animals: Twenty healthy dogs Procedures: Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (P) and then atenolol (A), [1 mg/kg PO q24h] or vice versa. Treatment periods were 5-7 days; time between periods was 7 days. Heart rates (bpm) at rest (HRr DQG GXULQJ FRQVWDQW UDWH > ȝJNJPLQ@ LQIXVLRQ RI isoproterenol (HRi) were electrocardiographically obtained 0, 0.25, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after final administration of drug or placebo. A mixed model ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of treatment (Tr), time after drug or placebo administration (t), interaction of treatment and time (Tr*t) as well as period and sequence on HRr and HRi. Results: Sequence or period effects were not detected. There was a significant effect of Tr (p <0.0001) and Tr*t (p <0.0001) on HRi.
    [Show full text]
  • Norepinephrine Is Required to Promote Wakefulness and for Hypocretin-Induced Arousal in Zebrafish Chanpreet Singh†, Grigorios Oikonomou†, David a Prober*
    RESEARCH ARTICLE elifesciences.org Norepinephrine is required to promote wakefulness and for hypocretin-induced arousal in zebrafish Chanpreet Singh†, Grigorios Oikonomou†, David A Prober* Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States Abstract Pharmacological studies in mammals suggest that norepinephrine (NE) plays an important role in promoting arousal. However, the role of endogenous NE is unclear, with contradicting reports concerning the sleep phenotypes of mice lacking NE due to mutation of dopamine β-hydroxylase (dbh). To investigate NE function in an alternative vertebrate model, we generated dbh mutant zebrafish. In contrast to mice, these animals exhibit dramatically increased sleep. Surprisingly, despite an increase in sleep, dbh mutant zebrafish have a reduced arousal threshold. These phenotypes are also observed in zebrafish treated with small molecules that inhibit NE signaling, suggesting that they are caused by the lack of NE. Using genetic overexpression of hypocretin (Hcrt) and optogenetic activation of hcrt-expressing neurons, we also find that NE is important for Hcrt-induced arousal. These results establish a role for endogenous NE in promoting arousal and indicate that NE is a critical downstream effector of Hcrt neurons. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.07000.001 *For correspondence: dprober@ Introduction caltech.edu Sleep remains among the most persistent and perplexing mysteries in modern biology. Several †These authors contributed studies have shown that neuronal centers that regulate sleep and wakefulness lie predominantly in the equally to this work hypothalamus and brainstem (Pace-Schott and Hobson, 2002; Saper et al., 2005), and many of the neurotransmitters and neuropeptides employed by these centers are known.
    [Show full text]
  • Ovid MEDLINE(R)
    Supplementary material BMJ Open Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Daily <1946 to September 16, 2019> # Searches Results 1 exp Hypertension/ 247434 2 hypertens*.tw,kf. 420857 3 ((high* or elevat* or greater* or control*) adj4 (blood or systolic or diastolic) adj4 68657 pressure*).tw,kf. 4 1 or 2 or 3 501365 5 Sex Characteristics/ 52287 6 Sex/ 7632 7 Sex ratio/ 9049 8 Sex Factors/ 254781 9 ((sex* or gender* or man or men or male* or woman or women or female*) adj3 336361 (difference* or different or characteristic* or ratio* or factor* or imbalanc* or issue* or specific* or disparit* or dependen* or dimorphism* or gap or gaps or influenc* or discrepan* or distribut* or composition*)).tw,kf. 10 or/5-9 559186 11 4 and 10 24653 12 exp Antihypertensive Agents/ 254343 13 (antihypertensiv* or anti-hypertensiv* or ((anti?hyperten* or anti-hyperten*) adj5 52111 (therap* or treat* or effective*))).tw,kf. 14 Calcium Channel Blockers/ 36287 15 (calcium adj2 (channel* or exogenous*) adj2 (block* or inhibitor* or 20534 antagonist*)).tw,kf. 16 (agatoxin or amlodipine or anipamil or aranidipine or atagabalin or azelnidipine or 86627 azidodiltiazem or azidopamil or azidopine or belfosdil or benidipine or bepridil or brinazarone or calciseptine or caroverine or cilnidipine or clentiazem or clevidipine or columbianadin or conotoxin or cronidipine or darodipine or deacetyl n nordiltiazem or deacetyl n o dinordiltiazem or deacetyl o nordiltiazem or deacetyldiltiazem or dealkylnorverapamil or dealkylverapamil
    [Show full text]