Pengaruh Pemikiran Islam Liberal Dalam Fahaman Anti Hadis

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Pengaruh Pemikiran Islam Liberal Dalam Fahaman Anti Hadis PENGARUH PEMIKIRAN ISLAM LIBERAL DALAM FAHAMAN ANTI HADIS Kamal Azmi Abd Rahman1 1 Kamal Azmi Abd. Rahman, Pensyarah di Jabatan Dakwah dan Usuluddin, Fakulti Pengajian Peradaban Islam, Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor. ([email protected]) Abstrak Isu mengenai Anti Hadis di Malaysia bermula pada tahun 1986 ekoran daripada penulisan kontroversi bertajuk Hadis Satu Penilaian Semula oleh Kassim Ahmad. Di dalam buku tersebut, beliau cuba mengupas masalah perpecahan ummah. Menurut beliau, keimanan kepada Hadis sebagai sumber rujukan selepas al-Quran telah menjadi faktor utama perpecahan ummah tersebut. Oleh yang demikian, golongan Anti Hadis menyarankan supaya umat Islam merujuk kepada al-Quran sahaja sebagai panduan hidup. Artikel ini akan membahaskan tentang fahaman Anti Hadis dan hubungannya dengan pemikiran Islam liberal. Kajian ini berbentuk kualitatif – analisis kandungan yang akan menjelaskan tentang pemikiran Anti Hadis melalui penulisan Kassim Ahmad. Kajian mendapati bahawa Anti- Hadis meneruskan gagasan-gagasan idea yang dibawa oleh kumpulan Islam Liberal seperti mengkritik ulama dan pemahaman Islam semasa, dasar keterbukaan kepada semua fahaman dan ideologi serta mentafsir nas secara historis dan hermeneutik. Kata Kunci: Anti Hadis, Kassim Ahmad dan Islam Liberal 1. Pengenalan Islam liberal adalah sebuah ideologi yang semakin berkembang dalam kehidupan masyarakat Islam kini. Gerakan Islam Liberal mengambil landskap Renaissance di Barat sebagai asas kepada semangat pembebasan yang mereka inginkan. Jika John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith dan lain-lain tokoh liberal di Barat telah berjaya membentuk satu kehidupan baru dalam kehidupan masyarakat Barat dengan idea-idea pemebebasan, sekular dan individualistik, maka umat Islam juga mampu membangunkan masyarakat mereka dengan cara tersebut. Walaupun tidak seratus peratus sama, namun mereka bersetuju dengan kerangka pemikir Barat tersebut yang menuntut usaha pembaharuan dalam memahami agama dan nas dalam kehidupan moden. Dari segi idea dan pemikiran, Islam Liberal mungkin telah bermula lebih lama namun istilah “Islam Liberal” mula dipromosikan oleh Leonard Binder pada tahun 1988 menerusi penulisannya yang bertajuk Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies dan diikuti oleh Charles Kurzman dalam penulisannya, Liberal Islam: A Source-Book yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1998. Kedua-dua buku ini menjadi rujukan utama bagi pendukung fahaman Islam Liberal di seluruh dunia. Antara nama-nama tokoh yang mendukung ideologi 1 E-Proceeding of the 2nd INHAD International Muzakarah & Mu’tamar on Hadith 2016 (e-ISBN 978- 967-0850-45-0). 15th November 2017, International Islamic University College Selangor, Bandar Seri Putra, MALAYSIA. Organized by Hadith Research Institute (Institut Kajian Hadith-INHAD) ini ialah Ahmad Khan, Fazlur Rahman, Abdullah Ahmad Naim, Hasan Hanafi, Muhammad Arkoun, Abdul Karim Soroush, Fatima Mernisi, Aminah Wadud, Nawal Sa’adawi, Rifa’at Hassan, ‘Ali, ‘Abd al-Raziq, Farid Esack, Nurcholis Madjid, Harun Nasution, Ahmad Wahib, Lutfi As-Syaukanie, Ulil Abshar, Djohan Efendi dan lain-lain lagi. Di Malaysia, gerakan Islam Liberal mempunyai jaringan dengan gerakan modernisme pada zaman pra dan pasca kemerdekaan. Idea-idea ini boleh didapati dalam gerakan kaum muda yang terinspirasi oleh penulisan tokoh modernis Timur Tengah iaitu Jamaluddin al- Afghānī, Muḥammad ʿAbduh dan Rashīd Riḍā. Antara tokoh tersebut ialah Syeikh Muhammad Tahir Jalaluddin, Syeikh Muhammad Salim al-Kalali dan Syed Syeikh al-Hadi. Idea-idea baru yang diekembangkan oleh tokoh-tokoh ini kebanyakannya mengambil inspirasi falsafah Barat dan bertujuan untuk mengharmonikan Islam dan Barat dalam kerangka yang maju dan moden. Dalam konteks kontemporari, antara tokoh-tokoh yang mempromosikan ideologi Islam Liberal di Malaysia ialah Syed Akbar Ali, Zainah Anwar, Astora Jabat dan lain-lain. Sementara dalam bentuk pertubuhan pula ialah Musawah, Jemaah al-Quran Malaysia, Sisters In Islam (SIS), Suruhanjaya Antara Agama atau Inter Faith Commision (IFC), Pertubuhan Pertolongan Wanita atau Women’s Aid Organisation (WAO) All Women’s Action Society (AWAM) dan The Joint Action Group for Gender Equality (JAG). Islam Liberal dikritik kerana mempromosikan idea-idea baru yang bertentangan dengan tradisi Islam. Walaupun begitu, mereka tetap meyakini bahawa gagasan idea perubahan tersebut adalah satu keperluan dalam kehidupan baru dan ia adalah satu langkah yang mesti diambil dalam usaha untuk mengekalkan mesej kesejagatan yang dibawa oleh Islam. Dengan berpegang kepada slogan pembukaan pintu ijtihad serta ke arah kefahaman Islam yang terbuka dan progresif, umat Islam tidak boleh terkebalakang berbanding Barat. Dalam keghairahan kumpulan Islam Liberal berusaha untuk memperbaiki kehidupan masyarakat Islam dari segenap aspek, idea-idea meraka telah menimbulkan keslahfahaman dalam urusan beragama seperti menganjurkan pentafsiran Islam secara pluralis, mempertikai shariat Allah dan hukum-hukum fiqah dengan hujah rasional serta menolak penguatkuasaan undang-undang moral agama (Mazlan Ibrahim etl. 2013). Terdapat perbezaan gerakan Islam Liberal di Malaysia dengan gerakannya di negara- negara lain seperti di Indonesia kerana di Malaysia ia tidak dizahirkan melalui penggunaan istilah ‘Islam Liberal’. Mereka walau bagaimanpun tetap meniru kebanyakkan idea-idea yang 2 E-Proceeding of the 2nd INHAD International Muzakarah & Mu’tamar on Hadith 2016 (e-ISBN 978- 967-0850-45-0). 15th November 2017, International Islamic University College Selangor, Bandar Seri Putra, MALAYSIA. Organized by Hadith Research Institute (Institut Kajian Hadith-INHAD) dibwakan oleh tokoh-tokoh liberal luar negara. Contohnya gerakan Sister In Islam (SIS) yang mendepankan idea feminisme yang menyentuh hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan urusan agama seperti isu penguatkuasaan undang-undang Islam. Oleh yang demikian, umat Islam perlu mengenal Islam Liberal melalui metode dan ideanya walaupun namanya berbeza. Berdasarkan kepada metode dan matlamat idea tersebut, kajian ini dijalankan bagi mengenalpasti beberapa bentuk pemikiran Islam Liberal yang terdapat dalam gerakan Anti Hadis. Dalam membahaskan tentang perbahasan Anti Hadis, kajian akan merujuk kepada penulisan tokoh pemikir Anti Hadis terkenal iaitu Kassim Ahmad. 2. Pemikiran Anti-Hadis Dalam Penulisan Kassim Ahmad Kassim Ahmad (9 September 1933 – 10 Oktober 2017) merupakan seorang pemikir, penulis, penyair dan juga bekas pensyarah. Beliau dilahirkan di Bukit Pinang, Kota Setar, Kedah pada tahun 1933 dan berketurunan Pattani dari Selatan Thailand. Kassim Ahmad telah mendapatkan pendidikan yang sempurna. Beliau mula mendapat pendidikan rendah di sebuah sekolah kebangsaan di Bandar Baharu sebelum melanjutkan pengajian di Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid di peringkat menengah. Beliau seterusnya melanjutkan pengajian tinggi di Universiti Malaya, Singapura pada tahun 1950 an. Di Singapura, beliau telah menyiapkan penulisan tesis yang mana telah mencabar kedudukan popular Hang Tuah sebagai seorang hero dalam tradisi masyarakat Melayu. Hang Tuah merupakan seorang lagenda pahlawan Melayu di dalam Hikayat Hang Tuah. Menurut beliau, Hang Tuah bukanlah hero sebenar, sebaliknya watak Hang Jebat yang sepatutnya diangkat sebagai hero walaupun dia dikenali dengan watak antagonis dalam hikayat tersebut. Selepas menamatkan pengajian di peringkat sarjana, Kassim Ahmad meneruskan pengajian di peringkat doktor falsafah dalam sains politik pada tahun 1976. Selepas menamatkan pengajiannya di universiti, beliau bekerja sebagai penyelidik di Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur yang mana bidang kepakarannya adalah berkenaan dengan literatur Hang Tuah. Beliau kemudian telah berkelana ke London untuk mengajar Bahasa Melayu di School of Oriental and Afirican Studies selama 4 tahun. Oleh kerana minatnya yang mendalam dalam politik di Malaysia, beliau telah menolak tawaran jawatan tetap di SOAS dan mengambil keputusan untuk pulang ke Malaysia. Sekembalinya ke Malaysia, beliau mengajar di sebuah sekolah di Pulau Pinang. Perkhidmatannya sebagai 3 E-Proceeding of the 2nd INHAD International Muzakarah & Mu’tamar on Hadith 2016 (e-ISBN 978- 967-0850-45-0). 15th November 2017, International Islamic University College Selangor, Bandar Seri Putra, MALAYSIA. Organized by Hadith Research Institute (Institut Kajian Hadith-INHAD) guru akhirnya ditamatkan kerana didapati menyebarkan pamphlet sosialisme kepada pelajar. Minatnya dalam arena politik boleh dilihat melalui penglibatan beliau yang aktif dalam Kelab Sosialis di zaman universiti pada era 1950-an. Ia merupakan gerakan sayap kiri mahasiswa di Malaysia dan Singapura. Beliau sempat mengepalai satu badan politik bersama dengan Syed Hussin Ali bermula pada 1965 hingga 1980 sebelum menyertai UMNO. Kassim Ahmad telah melalui banyak liku semasa penglibatannya dalam bidang politik antaranya ialah beliau pernah ditangkap di bawah akta ISA selama 5 tahun bermula pada tahun 1976 disebabkan sokongannya terhadap gerakan Sosialis-Komunis di Malaysia. Kassim Ahmad telah dibebaskan pada 30 Julai 1981 apabila Mahathir Mohamad menjadi Perdana Menteri. Pemikiran kontroversi Kassim Ahmad diteruskan lagi melului sebuah penulisan bertajuk Hadis: Satu Penilaian Semula pada tahun 1984. Penulisan ini menjelaskan dokongan beliau terhadap pemikiran Anti Hadis kerana mempersoalkan peranan dan kedudukan hadis sebagai sumber utama dalam Islam. Bagi Kassim Ahmad (2014: 411), Hadis menjadi punca perpecahan umat Islam dan membawa kepada penyelewengan kefahaman agama apatah lagi dalam keadaan al-Quran
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