THE ARCHITECTURE of DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY SHIPS a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the G

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

THE ARCHITECTURE of DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY SHIPS a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the G FIRST SPACES OF COLONIALISM: THE ARCHITECTURE OF DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY SHIPS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Richard John Guy January 2012 © 2012 Richard John Guy FIRST SPACES OF COLONIALISM: THE ARCHITECTURE OF DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY SHIPS Richard John Guy Ph. D. (D.M.A.) (J.S.D) Cornell University 2012 This dissertation is an inquiry into spatial aspects of control, resistance and communication in the Dutch East India Company (VOC), as revealed by the architecture of its ships. The architectural type of the retourschip or “homeward bounder” is described and the history of its development, 1602- 1795 is traced, with special attention paid to the period 1740-1783, when the richest records concerning ship design were produced and the ships reached their most standardized forms. The retourschip was one of the highest technological achievements of its day and was used as an emblem for military and mercantile power by the VOC. The ship’s role and meaning as an armature for the VOC’s ideological constructs is examined. Ships also, in Paul Gilroy’s words, constituted "microcultural, micro-political systems," with their own social and spatial orders. These orders are explored, along with their ideological uses as structuring models for VOC society. Changes to the spatial design of the retourschip through the period of the VOC’s operation are linked to changes in the social structure aboard and to changes in the status of VOC mariners, officers and captains. Finally, the effects and effectiveness of the retourschip as a structuring model are interrogated using several mutinies, with special attention paid to the 1763 mutiny on the retourschip Nijenburg. The role of shipboard space in structuring mutinous actions is explored, as is the role of mutinies in forming the society of VOC mariners. Through the records of Admiralty and colonial court trials the socio-spatial order aboard the Nijenburg is closely examined both under the command of its VOC-appointed captain and under that of the mutineers, and the two conditions compared. Mutineers are shown to appropriate and subvert the VOC’s socio-spatial organization, while trial records are shown to reconstruct the social categories of the ship, incorporating mutiny into the Company’s dominant discourse. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Richard Guy holds a Bachelor of Fine Art degree from the University of Oxford and a Master of Arts from Cornell University, his master’s thesis being awarded the Richmond Harold Shreve Outstanding Thesis Award. During the production of this dissertation he has been awarded a graduate fellowship at the Society for the Humanities and a Citation of Special Recognition from the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts as part of the 2010 Carter Manny Award program. Parts of this work have been presented at conferences dedicated to history, art history, and maritime and area studies. In addition to his work as an architectural historian Richard has produced award-winning art and interactive design work for the American Museum of Natural History and independent software companies. iii To Aleksandra, Oliver and Katarina, without whose patience and support this would not exist. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS If I were to list everyone who has helped me with this dissertation it would be considerably longer than it already is. My gratitude goes out to all those who have answered my questions and given freely and generously of their time. Of particular note, I would like first to thank the members of my committee, Christian Otto, Eric Tagliacozzo and David Powers, who have enabled me to pursue a topic that falls between their disciplines and who have guided me with patience and great consideration. I would also like especially to thank Ab Hoving, Jerzy Gawronski, Femme Gaastra, Martijna Briggs, Marcus Rediker, Jaap Jacobs, Robert Parthesius, Herman Ketting, Tim Murray, Christopher Monroe, Jenny Gaynor and Magnus Fiskesjo, without whose extraordinary help and kindness this dissertation would certainly be poorer, and might not exist at all. The mistakes are, of course, entirely my own contribution. This work was supported by a Citation of Special Recognition from the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts as part of the 2010 Carter Manny Award program. Further support was received from a Mellon/ACLS Dissertation Completion Fellowship; a Mellon Graduate Fellowship at the Society for the Humanities, Cornell University; a Humanities, Arts, Science, and Technology Advanced Collaboratory (HASTAC) Scholars Fellowship, two Title VI Foreign Languages and Area Studies grants; a Michele Sicca Pre-Dissertation Research Grant; MacDougall research travel grants; and other sources through Cornell University. None of the supporting institutions or individuals named above bear any responsibility for the conclusions stated here. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Biographical Sketch iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v List of figures vii List of Abbreviations viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Typical Ship 48 Chapter 2: Space Aboard the Typical Ship 145 Chapter 3: Atypical Circumstances: the Mutiny on the Nijenburg 234 Conclusion 320 Appendix 1: Ranks and Positions Aboard VOC Ships 341 Bibliography 344 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: VOC printmark, Amsterdam Chamber, 1672. 56 Figure 1.2: VOC printmark, Middelburg Chamber, 1789. 56 Figure 1.3: Strij, J. van: Het jacht van de Kamer Rotterdam (detail). 79 Figure 1.4: Bentam, C: ship of 150 feet length, 1742. 129 Figure 1.5: Decquer, H: section of a katschip of 115 feet length, 1682. 133 Figure 2.1: longitudinal sections of the Batavia and Hollandia. 159 Figure 2.2: Batavia deck plans: poop deck, quarterdeck and foredeck. 160 Figure 2.3: Batavia deck plans: upper and lower decks. 161 Figure 2.4: Batavia deck plans: orlop and hold. 162 Figure 2.5: Hollandia deck plans: quarterdeck and upper deck. 163 Figure 2.6: Hollandia deck plans: lower deck and hold. 164 Figure 2.7: Extract from Noord Nieuw Landt deck plan, 1750. 165 Figure 2.8: Extract from inboard profile of the Falmouth, 1752. 172 Figure 2.9: Hillier & Hanson: simple floor plan and depth map, 1984. 182 Figure 2.10: Markus, T: workhouse floor plan and depth map. 184 Figure 2.11: Simple spatial map of Batavia subtype. 187 Figure 2.12: Simple spatial map of Hollandia subtype 188 Figure 2.13: Depth map for the Batavia subtype. 194 Figure 2.14: Depth map for the Hollandia subtype. 195 Figure 3.1: Design for a monumental gibbet, Kijkduin, 1764. 262 Figure 3.2: Proposed placement of the gibbets by the Texel roadstead. 262 Figure 3.3: Deck plans for the VOC ship Noord Nieuw Landt, 1750. 270 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AN Netherlands National Archives. VOC Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (Dutch East India Company). WIC West-Indische Compagnie (Dutch West India Company) MMPH Collection of the Maritiem Museum Prins Hendrick, Rotterdam, Netherlands. DAS Bruijn, J. R, Gaastra, F. S. & Schoeffer, I: Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries (The Hague, 1979), vols. I, II & III. viii INTRODUCTION In truth, a man-of-war is a city afloat, with long avenues set out with guns instead of trees, and numerous shady lanes, courts, and by-ways. The quarter-deck is a grand square, park, or parade ground, with a great Pittsfield elm, in the shape of the mainmast, at one end, and fronted at the other by the palace of the Commodore's cabin. Or, rather, a man-of-war is a lofty, walled, and garrisoned town, like Quebec, where the thoroughfares are mostly ramparts, and peaceable citizens meet armed sentries at every corner. Or it is like the lodging-houses in Paris, turned upside down; the first floor, or deck, being rented by a lord; the second, by a select club of gentlemen; the third, by crowds of artisans; and the fourth, by a whole rabble of common people. For even thus is it in a frigate, where the commander has a whole cabin to himself and the spar-deck, the lieutenants their wardroom underneath, and the mass of sailors swing their hammocks under all. And with its long rows of port-hole casements, each revealing the muzzle of a cannon, a man-of-war resembles a three-story house in a suspicious part of the town, with a basement of indefinite depth, and ugly-looking fellows gazing out at the windows. Herman Melville: White-jacket or, The World in a Man-of-war (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970). 1 When I began my research into Dutch East India Company (hereafter VOC) ships, I was fortunate to be guided around the replica of the Batavia by Ad van der Zee, who at the time was wrapping up his part in the ongoing building of another replica, of the seventeenth century warship Zeven Provincieen.1 Ad had shown me around the many interior spaces of the Batavia, which were largely empty and undecorated, and had patiently answered my naïve questions about construction, timber, seaworthiness, the research underpinning the project and the prospects for building further replicas. Finally I approached the question on which I thought I might be able to bring some analysis to bear: I asked him about the use of space aboard, regarding which I had only been able to glean a few clues from the replica. He replied that, as I had observed, the Batavia was largely an empty shell and he hoped one day to be able to change that: to present the ship as HMS Victory is presented at Portsmouth, filled with the equipment its crewmen needed to carry out their tasks—charts in the captain’s cabin, saws and medicines in the doctor’s and, unlike the Victory, a rabbit warren of bunks throughout the lower deck, giving some impression of how the crew would have lived aboard on the way to the Indies.
Recommended publications
  • THE BATAVIA, RE-VISITED Brian Lemin. for Those of You Who Have
    THE BATAVIA, RE-VISITED Brian Lemin. For those of you who have not "visited" the Batavia for the first time as yet, you should plan to read Rosemary Shepherd’s article in OIDFA 1994/1, where she not only retells the story of the Batavia, but more importantly reconstructs the lace found on this important vessel. INTRODUCTION A wonderful reconstruction of the vessel Batavia, which was wrecked off the West coast of Australia in 1629, is visiting Sydney for the Olympic year 2000, and being brought up as a seafaring man and lately a bobbin man, I wanted to see it. She belonged to the Dutch East India Company and was designed as a "return" ship. That is it was made to bring back spices, tea and other valuable products from the East Indies. The original was wrecked in 1929 some 60 kms. off the west coast of Australia, and since its discovery in 1963 it has been subject to maritime archaeological investigation and retrieval. Amongst the finds were some fragments of lace The Batavia in Darling Harbour. Sydney. and two lace bobbins. Hence and article on it in this web page. THE STORY. This story has all the ingredients for what my generation called a "Boys Own Paper" adventure. Indeed Rosemary’s article starts with the sentence, "Desertion, Mutiny and murder awaited the crew on the unfortunate ship". Frankly I think she understated the brutality of the events and even the eventual brutality of the punishments for the perpetrators of such crimes. But I go ahead of myself. It is not the purpose to of this article to retell the story of the Batavia, but rather to uses it as a stepping stone to looking at the bobbins that they found on the wreck, but having whetted your appetite I must at least précis the events for you.
    [Show full text]
  • Recapitalization Or Reform? the Bankruptcy of the First Dutch West India Company and the Formation of the Second West India Company, 1674
    Itinerario, Vol. 43, No. 1, 88–106. © 2019 Research Institute for History, Leiden University. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S016511531900007X Recapitalization or Reform? The Bankruptcy of the First Dutch West India Company and the Formation of the Second West India Company, 1674 ERIK ODEGARD* E-mail: [email protected] The Dutch West India Company (WIC), founded in 1621, was, in the words of the States General, “disbanded and destroyed” in September 1674 due to bankruptcy. In its stead, a second West India Company was founded, with a charter largely taken over from the first. This article explores how the dissolution of the first company and the conflicting interests of stockholders, bondholders, and company directors were managed. As it turns out, the old company was not actually liquidated; instead, its assets were simply handed over to the successor company, while an intricate financial construction was devised to take care of the debt burden and to capitalize the new company. The reasons for this unusual arrangement must be sought in the company’s great political, and particularly geopolit- ical, importance. Since the Dutch state was unwilling and unable to handle colonial gov- ernance and defence itself, it needed a placeholder in the form of a chartered company. However, the bankruptcy of the WIC, coming at the time it did, had major consequences for the shape of the Dutch Atlantic of the eighteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Evaluation of the 19Th Century Clipper Ship Cutty Sark: a Comparative Study
    Performance Evaluation of the 19th Century Clipper Ship Cutty Sark: A Comparative Study C. Tonry1, M. Patel1, C. Bailey1, W. Davies2, J. Harrap2, E. Kentley2, P. Mason2 1University of Greenwich, London, UK 2 Abstract The Cutty Sark, built in 1869 in Dumbarton, is the last intact composite tea clipper ship [1]. One of the last tea clippers built she took part in the tea races back from China. These races caught the public imagination of the day and were widely reported in newspapers [2]. They developed from a desire for 'fresh' tea and the first ship to return with the new season's tea could charge a higher price for the cargo. Clipper ships were built for speed rather than carrying capacity. The hull efficiency of the Cutty Sark and her contemporaries is currently unknown. However, with modern CFD techniques, virtual experiments can be performed to model the fluid flow past the hull and so based on the shear stress and the pressure over the surface of the hull to calculate the resistance. In order to compare the hull against other ships three other ships were selected. The Farquharson, an East Indiaman built in 1820 [3]; the Thermopylae, another composite clipper built in 1868 which famously raced the Cutty Sark in 1872 [1]; and finally the Erasmo a later Italian all-steel construction 4-masted barque built in 1903[4]. Fig. 1 shows images of these ships. As only one of these ships exists today, and she no longer sails, 3D geometries were constructed fromlines plans of the ships hulls.
    [Show full text]
  • Early History of South Africa
    THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES . .3 SOUTH AFRICA: THE EARLY INHABITANTS . .5 THE KHOISAN . .6 The San (Bushmen) . .6 The Khoikhoi (Hottentots) . .8 BLACK SETTLEMENT . .9 THE NGUNI . .9 The Xhosa . .10 The Zulu . .11 The Ndebele . .12 The Swazi . .13 THE SOTHO . .13 The Western Sotho . .14 The Southern Sotho . .14 The Northern Sotho (Bapedi) . .14 THE VENDA . .15 THE MASHANGANA-TSONGA . .15 THE MFECANE/DIFAQANE (Total war) Dingiswayo . .16 Shaka . .16 Dingane . .18 Mzilikazi . .19 Soshangane . .20 Mmantatise . .21 Sikonyela . .21 Moshweshwe . .22 Consequences of the Mfecane/Difaqane . .23 Page 1 EUROPEAN INTERESTS The Portuguese . .24 The British . .24 The Dutch . .25 The French . .25 THE SLAVES . .22 THE TREKBOERS (MIGRATING FARMERS) . .27 EUROPEAN OCCUPATIONS OF THE CAPE British Occupation (1795 - 1803) . .29 Batavian rule 1803 - 1806 . .29 Second British Occupation: 1806 . .31 British Governors . .32 Slagtersnek Rebellion . .32 The British Settlers 1820 . .32 THE GREAT TREK Causes of the Great Trek . .34 Different Trek groups . .35 Trichardt and Van Rensburg . .35 Andries Hendrik Potgieter . .35 Gerrit Maritz . .36 Piet Retief . .36 Piet Uys . .36 Voortrekkers in Zululand and Natal . .37 Voortrekker settlement in the Transvaal . .38 Voortrekker settlement in the Orange Free State . .39 THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD . .41 Page 2 EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES Humankind had its earliest origins in Africa The introduction of iron changed the African and the story of life in South Africa has continent irrevocably and was a large step proven to be a micro-study of life on the forwards in the development of the people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Health and Health System of South Africa: Historical Roots of Current Public Health Challenges
    Series Health in South Africa 1 The health and health system of South Africa: historical roots of current public health challenges Hoosen Coovadia, Rachel Jewkes, Peter Barron, David Sanders, Diane McIntyre The roots of a dysfunctional health system and the collision of the epidemics of communicable and non-communicable Lancet 2009; 374: 817–34 diseases in South Africa can be found in policies from periods of the country’s history, from colonial subjugation, Published Online apartheid dispossession, to the post-apartheid period. Racial and gender discrimination, the migrant labour system, August 25, 2009 the destruction of family life, vast income inequalities, and extreme violence have all formed part of South Africa’s DOI:10.1016/S0140- 6736(09)60951-X troubled past, and all have inexorably aff ected health and health services. In 1994, when apartheid ended, the health See Editorial page 757 system faced massive challenges, many of which still persist. Macroeconomic policies, fostering growth rather than See Comment pages 759 redistribution, contributed to the persistence of economic disparities between races despite a large expansion in and 760 social grants. The public health system has been transformed into an integrated, comprehensive national service, but See Perspectives page 777 failures in leadership and stewardship and weak management have led to inadequate implementation of what are This is fi rst in a Series of often good policies. Pivotal facets of primary health care are not in place and there is a substantial human resources six papers on health in crisis facing the health sector. The HIV epidemic has contributed to and accelerated these challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Hornblower's Ships
    Names of Ships from the Hornblower Books. Introduction Hornblower’s biographer, C S Forester, wrote eleven books covering the most active and dramatic episodes of the life of his subject. In addition, he also wrote a Hornblower “Companion” and the so called three “lost” short stories. There were some years and activities in Hornblower’s life that were not written about before the biographer’s death and therefore not recorded. However, the books and stories that were published describe not only what Hornblower did and thought about his life and career but also mentioned in varying levels of detail the people and the ships that he encountered. Hornblower of course served on many ships but also fought with and against them, captured them, sank them or protected them besides just being aware of them. Of all the ships mentioned, a handful of them would have been highly significant for him. The Indefatigable was the ship on which Midshipman and then Acting Lieutenant Hornblower mostly learnt and developed his skills as a seaman and as a fighting man. This learning continued with his experiences on the Renown as a lieutenant. His first commands, apart from prizes taken, were on the Hotspur and the Atropos. Later as a full captain, he took the Lydia round the Horn to the Pacific coast of South America and his first and only captaincy of a ship of the line was on the Sutherland. He first flew his own flag on the Nonsuch and sailed to the Baltic on her. In later years his ships were smaller as befitted the nature of the tasks that fell to him.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Australian Museum - Maritime
    WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM - MARITIME Ephemera PR9931/MAR To view items in Ephemera collection, contact the State Library of Western Australia. CALL NO. DESCRIPTION R9931/MAR/1 S.S. Xantho: Western Australia's first coastal steamer. Information pamphlet. c1986 D PR9931/MAR/2 Sailing ships. Information pamphlet. 1986. D PR9931/MAR/3 Your Museum. The Western Australian Maritime Museum. Pamphlet. c1981 PR9931/MAR/4 Shipwrecks and the Maritime Museum. Public Lecture. November 1986 PR9931/MAR/5 Western Australian Maritime Museum. Pamphlet. c1987 PR9931/MAR/6 The Batavia Timbers Project. Brochure. c1987 PR9931/MAR/7 The Batavia Timbers Project. Brochure. c1987 PR9931/MAR/8 Western Australian Maritime Museum. Pamphlet. c1982 PR9931/MAR/9 Wrecks in the Houtman Abrolhos Islands. Pamphlet. 1993 PR9931/MAR/10 Wrecks of the Coral Coast. Pamphlet. 1993 PR9931/MAR/11 A Different Art-Trade Union Banners September 5-October 4, 1981. Pamphlet. D PR9931/MAR/12 The Trustees of the Western Australian Museum would be delighted if…could attend a “Twilight Preview” to celebrate the completion of construction and official hand over of the spectacular… Card. 2002. PR9931/MAR/13 Telling Stories. 1p. Undated. PR9931/MAR/14 Western Australian Maritime Museum. Fold-out leaflet. 2003. PR9931/MAR/15 Living on the edge : the coastal experience. Fold-out leaflet. 2003. PR9931/MAR/16 Let’s piece together our history. Celebrate your heritage with Welcome Walls! A4 Poster. Undated. PR9931/MAR/17 Commemorate your family’s migrant heritage. The WA Maritime Museum Welcome Walls. Stage 3. Fold-out leaflet. Undated. PR9931/MAR/18 Voyages of grand discovery. Lecture series 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • San Francisco Public Library Historic Photograph Collection Subject Guide
    San Francisco Historical Photograph Collection San Francisco History Center Subject Collection Guide S.F.P.L. HISTORIC PHOTOGRAPH COLLECTION SUBJECT GUIDE A Adult Guidance Center AERIAL VIEWS. 1920’s 1930’s 1940’s-1980’s; 1994-1955 Agricultural Department Building A.I.D.S. Vigil. United Nations Plaza (See: Parks. United Nations Plaza) AIRCRAFT. Air Ferries Airmail Atlas Sky Merchant Coast Guard Commercial (Over S.F.) Dirigibles Early Endurance Flight. 1930 Flying Clippers Flying Clippers. Diagrams and Drawings Flying Clippers. Pan American Helicopters Light Military Military (Over S.F.) National Air Tour Over S.F. Western Air Express Airlines Building Airlines Terminal AIRLINES. Air West American British Overseas Airways California Central Canadian Pacific Century Flying A. Flying Tiger Japan Air Lines AIRLINES. Northwest Orient Pan American Qantas 1 San Francisco Historical Photograph Collection San Francisco History Center Subject Collection Guide Slick Southwest Trans World United Western AIRPORT. Administration Building. First Second. Exteriors Second. Interiors Aerial Views. Pre-1937 (See: Airport. Mills Field) Aerial Views. N.D. & 1937-1970 Air Shows Baggage Cargo Ceremonies, Dedications Coast Guard Construction Commission Control Tower Drawings, Models, Plans Fill Project Fire Fighting Equipment Fires Heliport Hovercraft International Room Lights Maintenance Millionth Passenger Mills Field Misc. Moving Sidewalk Parking Garage Passengers Peace Statue Porters Post Office Proposed Proposition No. 1 Radar Ramps Shuttlebus 2 San Francisco Historical Photograph Collection San Francisco History Center Subject Collection Guide Steamers Strikes Taxis Telephones Television Filming AIRPORT. Terminal Building (For First & Second See: Airport. Administration Building) Terminal Building. Central. Construction Dedications, Groundbreaking Drawings, Models, Plans Exteriors Interiors Terminal Building. North Terminal Building.
    [Show full text]
  • Cover Page the Handle
    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/47851 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Sliggers, B.C. Title: De verzamelwoede van Martinus van Marum (1750-1837) en de ouderdom van de aarde. Herkomst en functie van het Paleontologisch en Mineralogisch Kabinet van Teylers Museum Issue Date: 2017-03-30 Hoofdstuk 2 DE ZONDVLOEDTHEORIE: TRADITIONELE BIJBELUITLEG EN NIEUWE WETENSCHAPPELIJKE IDEEËN bert-sliggers.indb 29 06/02/2017 14:36 HOOFDSTUK 2 Inleiding In dit hoofdstuk staan we stil bij de grote invloed die de Bijbel, specifiek het boek Genesis, in de zeventiende en achttiende eeuw op de ontwikkeling van gedachten over de ouderdom van de aarde en de vorming van de aardkorst heeft gehad.1 Rudwick benadrukt in zijn boeken vooral de rol van Genesis in het geleidelijk opko- mende besef dat de aarde een geschiedenis heeft, vergelijkbaar met, maar onafhankelijk van de menselijke geschiedenis.2 Die historiserende visie op de aardkorst was volgens hem essentieel voor het ontstaan van de geologie als de studie van de opeenvolgende voormenselijke veranderingen in de aardkorst. We gaan in op de vraag hoe een letterlijke lezing van Genesis lange tijd de interpretatie van de geschie- denis en uitkomsten van empirisch onderzoek stuurde.3 Een belangrijke rol was hierin weggelegd voor de vaak raadselachtige vondsten van gebeenten en afdrukken van planten en schelpen diep onder de grond of soms hoog in de bergen. Het verhaal van Noach en de zondvloed (Genesis 6-9) speelde hierin een sleutel- rol. Tot halverwege de zeventiende eeuw was de aandacht van geleerden die zich in dit verhaal verdiepten, vooral gefocust op de ark, daarna stond vooral de zondvloed zelf centraal en, bij implicatie, de fossilia, als stille getuigen van deze catastrofe.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Modern Japan
    December 1995 Early Modern Japan KarenWigen) Duke University The aims of this paperare threefold: (I) to considerwhat Westernhistorians mean when they speakof Early Modern Japan,(2) to proposethat we reconceivethis period from the perspectiveof world networks history, and (3) to lay out someof the advantagesI believe this offers for thinking aboutSengoku and Tokugawasociety. The idea that Japan had an early modern period is gradually becoming common in every sector of our field, from institutional to intellectual history. Yet what that means has rarely been discussed until now, even in the minimal sense of determining its temporal boundaries: I want to thank David Howell and James Ketelaar for raising the issue in this forum, prompting what I hope will become an ongoing conversation about our periodization practices. To my knowledge, the sole attempt in English to trace the intellectual genealogy of this concept is John Hall's introduction to the fourth volume of the Cambridge History of Japan-a volume that he chose to title Early Modern Japan. Hall dates this expression to the 1960s, when "the main concern of Western scholars of the Edo period was directed toward explaining Japan's rapid modernization." Its ascendancy was heralded by the 1968 publication of Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan, which Hall co-edited with Marius Jansen. "By declaring that the Tokugawa period should be called Japan's 'early modern' age," he reflects, "this volume challenged the common practice of assuming that Japan during the Edo period was still fundamentally feudal.") Although Hall sees the modernization paradigm as having been superseded in later decades, he nonetheless reads the continuing popularity of the early modern designation as a sign that most Western historians today see the Edo era as "more modern than feudal.',4 This notion is reiterated in even more pointed terms by Wakita Osamu in the same volume.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of the British Factory House in Lisbon1
    A Short History of the British Factory House in Lisbon1 Reprinted from the 10th Annual Report of the British Historical Association - 1946 Kindly transcribed from the original Report by the Society’s Librarian, Dani Monteiro, maintaining the original grammar of the article. By Sir Godfrey Fisher, K. C. M. G It is a curious and regrettable fact that so little information is available about those trading communities, or factories, which developed independently of control or assistance from their home country and yet played such an important part not only in our commercial expansion but in our naval predominance at the time when the distant Mediterranean suddenly became the great strategic battle-ground - the “Keyboard of Europe”. Thanks to the ability and industry of Mr. A. R. Walford we now have a picture of the great British Factory at the vital port of Lisbon during the latter part of its history.2 Of the earlier part, which is “shrouded in obscurity” I would venture to place on record a few details which have attracted my attention while trying to find out something about the history of our early consuls who were originally chosen, if not actually appointed, by them to be their official spokesmen and chief executives. An interesting but perhaps characteristic feature of these establishments, or associations, for that is probably a more accurate description, is that they were not legal entities at all and their correct official designation seems to have been the “Consul and the Merchants” or the “Consul and the Factors”. The consul himself on the other hand had an unquestionable legal status, decided more than once in the Spanish courts in very early times, and was established by, or under authority from, royal patents.
    [Show full text]
  • Brachyura of the Pacific Coast of America Brachyrhyncha: Portunidae
    n\oo ALLAN HANCOCK MONOGRAPHS IN MARINE BIOLOGY NUMBER 1 BRACHYURA OF THE PACIFIC COAST OF AMERICA BRACHYRHYNCHA: PORTUNIDAE BY JOHN S. GARTH AND W. STEPHENSON LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA PRINTED FOR THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 1966 Kff' ALLAN HANCOCK MONOGRAPHS IN MARINE BIOLOGY NUMBER 1 BRACHYURA OF THE PACIFIC COAST OF AMERICA BRACHYRHYNCHA: PORTUNIDAE BY JOHN S. GARTH Allan Hancock Foundation and Department of Biological Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles, California AND W. STEPHENSON Department of Zoology Ij nivcrsity of Queensland Brisbane, Australia I .OS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA PRINTED FOR THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 1966 ALLAN HANCOCK MONOGRAPHS IN MARINE BIOLOGY NUMBER 1 ISSUED: APRIL 29, 1966 PRICE: $4.50 THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Los ANGELES, CALIFORNIA TABLE OF CONTENTS General Discussion 1 Introduction 1 Source of Materials 2 Acknowledgment 2 Systematic Discussion 3 Method of Treatment 3 Historical Review 3 Analogous Atlantic Species 4 Explanation of Terms 8 Color Notes 9 Abbreviations 9 Family Portunidae 9 Subfamily Macropipinae 12 Genus Ovalipes 12 Ovalipes punctatus (de Haan) 12 Subfamily Portuninae 14 Genus Portunus 15 Portunus acuminatus (Stimpson) 17 Portunus angustus Rathbun 19 Portunus asper (A. Milne Edwards) 19 Portunus brevimanus (Faxon) 23 Portunus iridescens (Rathbun) 26 Portunus guaymasensis n. sp 29 Portunus stanfordi Rathbun 31 Portunus xantusii (Stimpson) 31 Portunus xantusii xantusii (Stimpson) 32 Portunus xantusii minimus (Rathbun) 35 Portunus xantusii affinis (Faxon) 38 Portunus tuberculatus (Stimpson) 40 Genus Callinectes 42 Callinectes arcuatus Ordway 43 Callinectes bellicosus (Stimpson) 47 Callinectes toxotes Ordway 50 Genus Arenaeus 52 Arenaeus mexicanus (Gerstaecker) 53 Genus Cronius 56 Cronius ruber (Lamarck) 57 Subfamily Podophthalminae 62 Genus Euphylax 63 Euphylax dovii Stimpson 64 Euphylax robustus A.
    [Show full text]