sign in sign up
<<
Home , Andean Community, Andean Parliament, Peru, Rio Group

Cooperation and in and the

COOPERATION AND REGIONAL INTEGRATION ORGANIZATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

United States

Canada

UNASUR

Andean Community, CAN (1996)

Caribean Community, CARICOM (1973) Saint Kitts & Nevis Antigua & Barbuda

Central American Common Market, Bahamas Montserrat CACM (1960) Saint Vicent & Granadines Dominican Rep. Common Market of the South, (1991) Trinidad & Tobago North American Agreement, NAFTA (1992) Costa Rica Surinam Central American Integration System, SICA (1993)

Equador

LAIA: Mexico, Cuba, , countries of the and Mercosur

IBERO-AMERICAN COMMUNITY: Andorra, , , Brazil, Chile, Colombia, , Cuba, Bolivia Equador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, , Peru, Portugal, Dominican , , Paraguay and Venezuela

RIO GROUP: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Chile Uruguay Rica, Cuba, Equador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Argentina Panama, Paraguay, Peru, , Surinam, Uruguay and Venezuela

OAS: all the American independent States except Cuba

127 128 CIDOB International Yearbook 2010 politics was a drop in exports estimated at -23.4%, while the drop in drop the while -23.4%, at estimated exports in drop a was American countries, the ECLAC data reveal that in 2009 there -1% inthecaseofGuatemalato-6.7%thatMexico. while the other countries experienced drops that ranged from the Brazilian giant, these showing a flat-line GDP performance, with along ) and Colombia Peru, (Argentina, countries medium-level of group another is there Then Uruguay). and Panama Republic, Dominican (Bolivia, 3.5% and 1% between of growth moderate of path their on out held that countries small of group a with countries, American Latin different the cording to ECLAC data, the repercussions varied Ac widely 2009. among in region the for GDP in drop -1.8% a estimates which (ECLAC), Caribbean the and America Latin for mission 2009 Caribbean the and of the improved social indicators. These are some of the conclusions by accompanied growth GDP sustained of years six short cut also succumbed to the effects of the international crisis, which emerging countries,Chinainparticular. fast-developing some in level good a at sustained been have that trade of volumes the and materials raw for prices tional interna in rise a to owing flows trade of recovery moderate towards tendency a notes also report the case, any In whole. a as 2009 for -12% around at estimated decline a dicates in commissions, regional Nations United five the and ment Tradeon Conference Nations United the Affairs, Develop and Social and Economic of Department the of publication joint a report the and tive in Brazil(-0.4%). less been have repercussions the while crisis, the by affected acutely more were (-6.8%) Mexico and (-9%) sian Rus the contrast, In (1.3%). gradual more is it case their in Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) also show growth, although ous growth, while the member countries of the Association of vigor achieving in outstanding are (5.6%) India and (8.7%) crisis, the despite Hence, figures. negative showed ally countries maintaining their growth rates while the rest gener Asian the with varied, extremely were results the countries, emerging the for As (-2.5%). States United the in than worse even were that (-5.3%) and (-4.8%) the Kingdom United (-3.9%), countries Eurozone the in results with -3.2%, mies which, taken together, showed negative figures of around econo advanced the in pronounced very was recession This Outlook nomic According to estimates compiled in the IMF report in diminished resulted growth and a slump in international crisis trade in 2009. financial world the of effects ongoing The ASSOCIATION (LAIA) LATIN AMERICAN INTEGRATION lar among the different countries, although they were affected simi quite was trade foreign in contraction towards tendency GDP. of 0.5% about at firm held payments of balance the The in spite of a slight improvement, the current account deficit in Accordingly,levels. positive but low at remained services and imports was -24.4%. Meanwhile the in goods ih ead o h eouin f oeg tae n h Latin the in trade foreign of evolution the to regard With region American Latin the background, general this Against nega also was flows trade world for forecast Similarly,the Preliminary Overview of Preliminary Overview the Economies of Latin America te rp n D wrdie s bu -0.8%. about is worldwide GDP in drop the , World Economic Situation and Prospects and Situation WorldEconomic poue b te cnmc Com Economic the by produced , World Eco , ------in imports influenced, in good measure, the improved current improved the measure, good in influenced, imports in downturn the case, any In crisis. the to response in vestment in and consumption diminished of result a as demand mestic do lower a by affected were 2009, in countries LAIA the of Table 1). (see sales in drop the of 90% almost for account countries Argentina (14,000 million) so that, taken together, these four and million) (19,000 Chile million), (45,000 Brazil by followed ), million (62,000 loss greatest the suffered Mexico terms, absolute in although, percentages, similar relatively in countries one sees that the decline in trade is generalised and the of comparison a In trade. of way by countries American firmed that the international recession had shifted to the Latin plummeted in 2009 with a drop of -22% in exports, which con were basicallyduetothediminishedvolumeofpurchases. slowdowns general, in imports, for As exchanged. goods of volume reduced the by affected were goods manufactured of porting basic products suffered drops in prices while exporters in different ways because of prices and volumes. Countries ex nen onre. cao soe te os rsl (-26%) result worst the showed Ecuador countries. Andean the by exported products main the for prices in downturn a esti AC of because basically -17% about by fell exports overall mates, to According dramatically. quite fallen have Peru) and Ecuador Colombia, (Bolivia, members AC present the of 2009 for figures trade foreign The data. ECLAC and LAIA of AC) are generally dean along Community the (henceforth lines Table 3). (see third a by depleted was Mexico and Chile between trade year,previous the with comparison in while third a or quarter a of drop a to amounting this countries, LAIA other the and Community Andean the of members the between flows trade Mexico and the Andean Community. Equally momentous withChile, is the downturn in trade in MERCOSUR losses nificant sig very as well as terms, absolute in dollars million 11,000 almost to amounting this MERCOSUR, Market Common Cone Southern the of partners the among trade in decline the is siderable slump in 2009. Among the most relevant situations con a show countries LAIA the and integration of schemes different the between flows trade context, this In 2). and 1 Tables (see trade world in decline general the resembled ly close that trend a showing thus exports, and imports both with -27% around by dropped countries member its between trade figures, LAIA to According 2008. to years consecutive five over steadily expanding been had that cycle trade a short sent 87%ofthedownturninpurchases(seeTable 2). repre countries Takentogether,four million). these (18,000 Chile and million) (19,000 Argentina million), (45,000 Brazil fered the greatest decline (74,000 million dollars), followed by suf having as appears again Mexico terms, absolute In pact. drops have im been generalised, although with rather varying account balance. Comparison of the countries shows that the Overall imports, which fell by a figureof-25%for thetotality Overall imports, In this context, the overall foreign trade of the LAIA countries ttsia etmts f h Gnrl ertra o te An the of Secretariat General the of estimates Statistical Evolution oftrade ANDEAN COMMUNITY cut which 2009, in affected also was trade Interregional ------TABLE I. LAIA COUNTRIES EXPORTS1 (million $)

To LAIA countries Total World 2008 2009 % Variation 2008 2009 % Variation Country 2009/2008 2009/2008 Argentina 26,896 23,044 -14.3 70,021 55,750 -20.4 Bolivia 4,530 3,146 -30.6 7,016 5,382 -23.3 Brazil 43,095 29,897 -30.6 197,942 152,995 -22.7 Colombia 10,880 8,078 -25.8 37,626 32,853 -12.7 Chile 12,249 8,473 -30.8 69,022 49,938 -27.6 Equador 4,946 3,275 -33.8 18,511 13,762 -25.7 Mexico 14,132 10,121 -28.4 291,343 229,707 -21.2 Paraguay 3,013 2,218 -26.4 4,463 3,191 -28.5 Peru 5,831 3,731 -36.0 31,163 26,625 -14.6 Uruguay 2,341 2,056 -12.2 5,942 5,386 -9.4 TOTAL 127,913 94,039 -26.5 733,049 575,589 -21.5

1. Produced from data of the country informant. Information from Cuba and Venezuela not included. Source: LAIA Produced by: CIDOB

TABLE II. LAIA COUNTRIES IMPORTS1 (million $)

LAIA countries origin World origin 2008 2009 % Variation 2008 2009 % Variation Country 2009/2008 2009/2008 Argentina 23,437 15,534 -33.7 57,423 38,771 -32.5 Bolivia 2,913 2,514 -13.7 5,009 4,410 -12.0 Brazil 27,281 21,884 -19.8 172,985 127,647 -26.2 Colombia 10,122 8,279 -18.2 39,669 32,898 -17.1 Chile 18,512 12,389 -33.1 56,709 38,826 -31.5 Equador 7,683 5,526 -28.1 18,685 15,093 -19.2 Mexico 12,112 8,133 -32.9 308,603 234,385 -24.0 Paraguay 4,212 3,153 -25.1 8,506 6,497 -23.6 Peru 10,270 7,078 -31.1 29,896 21,815 -27.0

Uruguay 4,822 3,883 -19.5 9,069 6,907 -23.8 and the Caribbean America in Latin integration and regional Cooperation TOTAL 121,364 88,373 -27.2 706,554 527,249 -25.4

1. Produced from data of the country informant. Information from Cuba and Venezuela not included. Source: LAIA Produced by: CIDOB

TABLE III. TRADE FLOWS BETWEEN DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS AND LAIA MEMBER STATES1

2008 2009 Variation 2008/2009 % % (million $) (million $) % Intra-MERCOSUR 43,332 36.1 32,373 36.6 -25.3 MERCOSUR-Chile 16,271 13.6 11,619 13.1 -28.6 CAN-MERCOSUR 16,503 13.8 13,593 15.4 -17.6 Intra-CAN 7,795 6.5 5,789 6.5 -25.7 MERCOSUR-Mexico 12,021 10.0 9,361 10.6 -22.1 CAN-Mexico 9,891 8.2 6,604 7.5 -33.2 CAN-Chile 9,860 8.2 6,321 7.1 -35.9 Chile-Mexico 4,345 3.6 2,820 3.2 -35.1 TOTAL 120,018 100.0 88,480 100.0 -26.3

1. Information from Cuba and Venezuela not included. Source: LAIA Produced by: CIDOB

129 130 CIDOB International Yearbook 2010 World politics thus consummating the incorporation of her country as an as Bachelet, Michelle president, Chilean the was meeting this in Tarija,in 2007 Moreover, Bolivia. participants the of one 14 on Presidents Andean of Council Seventeenth hold the of the ing was functioning normal to return this of example the institutional machinery was functioning properly again. One that seemed it whereafter structure, organisational and gans with the representation of the countries in the jurisdictional or adjustments necessary the make to necessary was it which Community.Andean during the by from went withdrew year A and Agreement Cartagena the denounced Venezuela when that triggered off the present situation occurred in 2006 There is agreement over the suggestion that one of the events members. its among discord and debility institutional of time However, salestoEcuadorrosesignificantly, by10%. slight (-3%) and that in the was case of Bolivia was drop steeper (-11%). the Colombia, client, main its With (-1%). neutral practically was 2009 for whole a as result intra-community its and uneven rather was neighbours its to Peru’sof exports Finally, countries. performance two the the between activities trading of level low the of because relevance less has (-53%) (-12.3%), while the spectacular plummeting of sales to Bolivia either encouraging very not were Colombia to exports dor’s Ecua client. main its is which (-46%), Peru to sales in decline trade for Ecuador were very negative in 2009 with a dramatic intra-community of results The (-4%). Bolivia then and (-9%) Peru by followed (-17%), Ecuador with occurred drop biggest the Hence partners. trading its of relevance the to according greater proportionally was and significant was exports in turn down Colombia’s (-4%). Ecuador with slightly dropping while (35%), Colombia with turn upwards sharp a took by and 3.5% rose (Peru) client leading its to exports increased, coun tries neighbouring some with sales whose Bolivia, of case the Andean countries once again shows patchy results. In the between flows trade bilateral of analysis Nevertheless, 7.5%. vis quotas export intra-community the affecting this -17%, livia (-12%). Bo finally and, (-17%) Colombia (-19%), Ecuador by followed (-27%), Peru in was reduction greatest The varied. countries different the in impact the again, once although, generalised also was better.trend downwards the imports, of case the In little a out held these for prices the and exports their in ence pres greater a had goods manufactured since dramatic less somewhat was drop the (-15%) Peru and (-13%) Colombia In hydrocarbons. for prices international in fall the by affected greatly being countries these both -20%, was Bolivia’s while h itrainl pee aat rm te priua disa particular other from apart sphere, joining international of the conceptions different have members Community Andean The asymmetries. serious as Correa, Rafael uador, ofEc president the by defined being these emerged, again sociate memberoftheAndeanCommunity. However, the respite was and short-lived discrepancies once delicate a through passing is organism regional Andean The integration, for policy political cooperationandjointforeign agenda activities, Institutional of figure a by fell overall trade intraregional Meanwhile, xot a a hl, hc dopd ltl t a present a to little a dropped which whole, a as exports vis-à------had beendealtwiththroughappealstopragmatism. these that and crises other through gone had integration of the commemorative activities it was recalled that the process in and integration Andean of organism first the to shape gave were held in 2009. This agreement was the one that originally Agreement Cartagena the of signing the of celebrations sary Presi Andean dents. It was in these circumstances that of the anniver fortieth Council regular the hold to possible been not has it years, two past the in and, off cut again once was conflict. a by exacerbated were that reasons political for frozen been have that Colombia and Ecuador between relations the are there then and Peru, and Bolivia between relations bilateral the in tensions are there hand, other the On agreement. an and Colombia), while Bolivia and Ecuador declined to sign such (Peru States United the with TradeAgreement Free a signed have that countries two are there question, international the situations that aredifficulttoreconcile.Ontheonehand,withregard raised have that nature bilateral a of greements ferent countries reveals that the evolution of production in the towards somealleviationofthese parametersisobserved. and Tobago, although it Trinidadshould be emphasised except that a tendency countries the of most in negative being this extended, was balance account current the of results the in deterioration the situation, critical this In imports. with -29% and exports with -31% of figure a by fell this that estimates ECLAC countries, Caribbean the of trade foreign the for As volatile. highly remained products primary of prices national inter the countries, the of majority the in recovery some saw activity region’sagricultural the although by Again, emigrants. back sent remittances the in reduction a and investment eign for direct in drop a activity, mining diminished construction, tive results were due to a slump in tourist activity, a decline in nega These -2.1%. was 2009 in countries Caribbean the of the Caribbean (ECLAC), the average figure for the drop in GDP and America Latin for Commission Economic the by produced Overview Preliminary the to According 2009. in considerably shrank and crisis international the of consequences the fered began. Peru and Colombia with negotiations bilateral and abandoned were agreements trade reach to in bloc en gotiations ne the Union, European the of case the in while, more year one for force in remains (ATPDEA) Act Eradication Drug and TradePromotion Andean the States, United the in 2009 for that, are events significant only The partners America. leading Latin two outside the Union, European the and States United the with relations in advances major no are there and sway holds inertia that seems it regard, policy.this foreign In joint a practice into put to order in times other at taken had the lines of political cooperation that the AC member countries The difficulties in institutional relations did not favour, not did relations institutional either, in difficulties The relations of institutional continuity fluid the context, this In However, a breakdown and analysis of the data for the dif the for data the of analysis and breakdown However,a suf also have countries Caribbean the of economies The and integration Evolution oftheeconomy, sector theexternal THE CARIBBEANCOMMUNITY(CARICOM)

------Caribbean continues to be rather uneven. First of all, there held in Georgetown, Guyana, from 2 – 5 July. At this , are four economies that have maintained a growth rate of be- the Caribbean leaders discussed the main challenges facing tween 1% and 2.5% (Guyana, Haiti, Dominican Republic and the region, as had already been noted at the extraordinary Surinam). Then there is a group consisting of Belize, Saint Vin- meeting in Belize. They therefore decided to set up a Working cent and the Grenadines, Dominica, and , Group to draw up proposals to assist the region in confront- where the decline in GDP was moderate, between -0.5% and ing the international crisis. Notable among these proposals is -1.5%. Finally, there is the group consisting of Antigua and that of financial support for , the development of Barbuda, , Barbados, Granada, Saint Kitts and a long-term strategy for the information and telecommunica- Nevis, Jamaica and Saint Lucia, which suffered a more severe tions sector, reconsideration of the timetable for the imple- drop in GDP, estimated as being between -3% and -8.5%. mentation of Free Movement of Persons Act, and the need As for evolution of the process of integration, although the to establish with alacrity an effective regime of sanitary and CARICOM member countries formally subscribed to the crea- phytosanitary measures. Finally, those present at the meeting tion of a and Economy (CSME) in 2006, the subscribed to the Liliendaal Declaration on the financial sec- real bases for its construction are still very rudimentary. The tor, whereby the governments recognised the need to bring requirements that were agreed upon as facilitating the conver- about reforms in the financial structure of the region since the gence of the economies are difficult to observe in some cases, degree of financial integration in the Caribbean requires better especially that of Jamaica. Also slow to advance is the coming cooperation from the member states. into effect of the common external (CET), while trade among the member countries has receded. According to data Foreign relations given in the report An Overview of the International Insertion The Caribbean countries share a foreign relations agenda of Latin America and the Caribbean 2008-2009: Crisis and that is debated and articulated in an organ known as COFCOR Regional Cooperation Areas, which was produced by ECLAC (The Council for Foreign and Community Relations). This or- in 2009, while the value of total exports in terms of current ganism held its Twelfth Annual Meeting in Kingston, Jamaica, prices for the region tripled over the past fifteen years, sales on 8 and 9 May. Among other matters of Community interest, among the Caribbean countries barely doubled. As a result, the results of the Fifth Summit of the , which had the coefficient of intraregional trade with respect to overall been held in April in Trinidad and Tobago, were analysed and trade is estimated at approximately 11%, a quota that takes joint proposals for the Regular General Assembly to be held in the region back to the figures for the early . June by the Organisation of American States were also estab- lished. Moreover, the ministers jointly appraised the meeting Institutional activities they had at this summit with the Prime of in The Heads of State and Government of the CARICOM coun- which they discussed the launching of negotiations to establish tries held two extraordinary meetings in 2009, prior to the a . With regard to relations with Europe, regular annual conference of July. The first meeting took place after the signing in 2008 of the Economic Partnership Agree- in Belize on 12 and 13 March 2009 with a view to discussing ment between the EU and CARIFORUM, the Caribbean Forum the international financial and economic crisis and to analyse of the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States) the consequences for the region. The political leaders con- countries, the next item on the agenda is revising the Cotonou and the Caribbean America in Latin integration and regional Cooperation firmed that the regulation of the financial system in their -re Agreement, which was scheduled for 2010. Work began on spective countries was functioning relatively well and thus the the matter at the COFCOR meeting this year and the continu- crisis had not come to the region through this channel. In this ing solidarity of the Caribbean countries with the ACP group regard, the problems of the financial group Colonial Life and was reaffirmed in the light of negotiations with Europe. the Stanford Group were deemed to be very specific and not generalisable. By comparison, over time, the effects on the THE IBERO-AMERICAN COMMUNITY real economy were indeed noted, in sectors like tourism, con- Institutional activity and agenda for dialogue and struction, and basic products, all of which had consequences coordination for production and employment. Hence, the leaders agreed With the mechanism for dialogue, coordination and coop- that CARICOM should have greater access to the financing eration established by the member countries of the Ibero- of regional institutions so that, in this way, they could work American Community a set of institutional activities is carried together with the policies pursued by each government in or- out every year at different levels and with regard to different der to confront the crisis. The matter was taken up again at thematic areas. First and foremost, and of outstanding rel- the second extraordinary meeting of Heads of State and Gov- evance, is the annual summit of the Heads of State and Gov- ernment, this time held on 24 May in Georgetown, Guyana, ernment, where the main lines of the agenda are drawn up, with an agenda focused on the deterioration of the Caribbean resolutions are agreed upon and plans of action are estab- economies as a result of the international economic and finan- lished; next are the ministerial meetings by sector where the cial crisis. At this meeting it was agreed to restructure the agenda corresponding to each thematic is negotiated; functions of the Caribbean Development Bank so that it might then, also noteworthy are the meetings of civil society and respond adequately to the needs of the region. other high-level forums, these constituting a third mainstay of The Thirtieth Regular Meeting of the Conference of Heads the Community of Caribbean countries and a space for discus- of Government of the CARICOM Community was subsequently sion of issues that are taken up to the presidential meetings

131 132 CIDOB International Yearbook 2010 World politics ed n soi, otgl bten 9 oebr n 1 De 1 and November 29 between Portugal, Estoril, in held was which Community the of countries 22 the of Government tariat andtheSummitofHeadsStateGovernment. respective spheres of activity were made to the General the Secre to pertaining recommendations which in produced were declarations and collaboration, for agenda shared a shaping matters were meetings these of each at Discussed Finance. and Youth Education, Culture, Adolescence, and Childhood rity, Health, Tourism, Public Administration and State Reform, Secu Social Environment, Knowledge, and Innovation to ing pertain issues discussing and fields different covering place energy, informationandinfrastructuresectors. the in innovation of influence the discussed also meeting this attending businesspeople The well. crisis the withstood had region American Latin the that concluded was It crisis. world dis for cussing economic and financial forum prospects in the context of the a constituting this place, took Meeting ness Busi Ibero-American Fifth the Lisbon, in still and November 29 on Finally, participation. and innovation social discussed panels four November.Here, 28 and 27 on place took bon, Lis in held again Encounter, once Civic Ibero-American Fifth the meeting, third The Cooperation. Technical parliamentary of Modern the Parliaments; Service and Ibero-American Inter- TechnologiesCommunication at and Information Cooperation; were organised around three working groups: Ibero-American debates the parliament of members and senators of meeting community.the the At comprising countries the of sentatives repre legislative the together bringing meeting this Lisbon, in Parliamentary Forum was held on 23 and 24 November, again the Fifth Ibero-American afterwards, Self-Government. Shortly Local of Charter Ibero-American the approved authorities pal munici the too, where, and crisis the through coming of way a as level municipal the at innovation discuss to order in ing, meet was Forum Government Local the Ibero-American where Fourth Lisbon, in November, 20 and 19 on place took there were four events that special deserve mention. The first and Culture(OEIintheSpanishacronym). Science Education, for States Ibero-American of Organisation the and acronym) Spanish the Youthin can (OIJ Organisation Ibero-Ameri the acronym), Spanish the in (OISS Organisation Security Social Ibero-American the as such organisations tal intergovernmen Ibero-American other and acronym) Spanish example the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB in the for Conference, Ibero-American the to pertaining organisms the within out carried being continuity institutional for work can Summit of Heads of State and Government. Finally, is the Ibero-Ameri the of backing the having these basis, annual an on implemented are that cooperation for projects many the for their consideration. Likewise, also to be borne in mind are the presidents of Venezuela, Cuba, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Bo Zelaya, President Honduran the from apart reasons, ferent dif for since type, this of function any at presidents of ever absence biggest the signified which countries, member the of fourteen only of state of heads the were meeting this ing Attend Summit. Ibero-American Nineteenth the at cember The central function was the meeting of Heads of State and State of Heads of meeting the was function central The took these of twelve meetings, ministerial to regard With As for meetings of civil society and high-level forums, in 2009 ------ties and programmes agreed upon at previous summits, the summits, previous at upon agreed programmes and ties to be held on a biennial basis. As for the follow-up of the activi TechnologyInnovation Science, and on Forum Ibero-American an of establishment the as well as acronym), Spanish its in coordinated by the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB logical innovation that is to be defined by the governments and techno and applied of programme ambitious an promote to agreement the is here Noteworthy approved. was that Action are reflected in the Lisbon Declaration and the Programme of summit – innovation and development – and the results of this issued attheendofsummit. undersigned by Government the in Portuguese a communiqué (condemnation of the coup and national dialogue), these being essential deemed participants the that points two on sensus any case, the Portuguese presidency managed to In achieve con country. this of conflict internal the of resolution and tion widely differed presidents Ibero-American different the of positions the start, the at because, meeting this at stage centre took that issue an was Honduras of tion situa The attend. to unable were Uruguay and Paraguay livia, o ae Wt ti dmnin i mgt e ad ht h Rio the that said be might it dimension, this With date. 24 to to up membership the bringing times, different at tries coun different by joined been has which coordination, political of mechanism American Latin strictly a been has Group Rio the inception, its since Again, Canada. and States United the with relationship its of pole other the against balance better achieve to partly and Brazil, by challenged being was which region, the in role leading its bolster to partly coordination, and consultation political of mechanism permanent this viving tariat. It was precisely Mexico that showed great interest in re the Dominican Republic and Mexico in the pro tempore Secre of mandates the during 2008 in vigour of signs new showed and continued thrust This 2007. in recovery of process slow and meetings a on embarked presidential Group Rio the weaknesses, institutional other of lack a by manifested nation, ion andtheOrganisationofEasternCaribbeanStates(OECS). Social Sciences (FLASCO in its Spanish acronym), the Latin Un of Faculty American Latin the acronym), Spanish its in (SELA System Economic American Latin the (OECD), Development Nations (FAO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and United the of Organization Agricultural and Food the are ers observ consultative first the while Belgium, and are list the on first observers, associated of case the In concerned. of summit the 2009 proceeded to register community,the first countries and organisms international the of actors and members other and Conference Ibero-American the between links institutionalised promoting of aim the with organisms) (international observer consultative the and (states) server ob associated the of figures the created having and pation, partici of modalities different of year previous the Salvador San in approval the after Finally,Community. the throughout immigrants million several favour will and 2010 in force into come will This highlighted. be to is Agreement Security Social Ibero-American the ratifying of process the in made progress The basic debate was devoted to the central theme of the of theme central the to devoted was debate basic The After two years of having gone into a state of relative stag relative of state a into gone having of years two After THE RIOGROUP vis-à-vis h evolu the ------Group is now a regional political organism and the only step very high cost in the totality of imports. Again, data supplied that remains to be taken is to make this official. A first move by the Secretariat for Central American in this direction became evident in December 2008 in Brazil (SIECA in its Spanish acronym), which do not include trade with the parallel holding of the summit of the presidents of in maquila (export processing zone) and free zone products, the and the meeting of the heads of state of Latin show that total exports dropped by a figure of -9.3%, while America and the Caribbean, and it seems that this format will that for the decline in imports was -24%. In the breakdown of be continued at the next summit to be held in Cancun, Mexico, performance by country, Honduras had the worst results with in 2010. a drop in exports at a percentage that was almost twice the The institutional activity of the Rio Group was at a lower level average for the region. in 2009 due to the agreement to hold the presidential sum- SIECA data on the evolution of interregional trade show that mits biennially, this being ratified at the twentieth meeting of the result in 2009 has been more disadvantageous than that the Heads of State and Government, which was held in March for overall trade, with a drop in exports among the Central 2008 in , Dominican Republic. In the interim, American countries estimated at -18%. This decline has also the Twenty-eighth Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of had its influence in the diminished percentage of regional the Rio Group was held on 5 November in Montego Bay, Ja- trade, which has been estimated at 26% with regard to to- maica. The meeting confirmed Jamaica’s full incorporation tal trade (discounting the maquila sector and the free zones). into the organism, which will continue be compatible with the By comparison with the other countries, Honduras shows the representation of other CARICOM members. Also participat- greatest decline in trade with its neighbours, the figure for ing were observers representing Barbados, Granada, Saint its drop in exports being estimated at -42%. Finally, continu- Lucia, , and Trinidad and Tobago, which ity is observed in the general trend of trade flows among the were invited to join as full members of the group. Among the Central American countries, with Guatemala being the biggest issues of overriding concern on the meeting’s agenda were the supplier and Honduras the main client, while Costa Rica ap- climate change summit in Copenhagen and the internal crisis pears as the principal beneficiary of trade with its neighbours, of Honduras. with a ratio of 2:1 in the sum of exports and imports. The Rio Group also acts as an axis of coordination in some areas of foreign relations of the member countries, outstand- Institutional activities and agenda for integration ing among these being the bi-regional relationship with the The presidents of the member countries and associated countries of the . In particular, biennial meet- countries of the Central American Integration System (SICA in ings at the ministerial level are to be held with a view to eluci- its Spanish acronym) attend one or two regular summits each dating items on the common agenda while, in the alternating year in order to follow up the agenda for integration, while also year, the participants have the occasion to meet again in the holding extraordinary meetings to discuss specific matters. In course of the summits of the Heads of State and Government the case of the latter, a first meeting was held in , of the countries of Latin America, the Caribbean and the Eu- Nicaragua on 15 January 2009 and, here, the renovations ropean Union. In this framework, the Fourteenth Ministerial of institutional positions in SICA were agreed, a calendar for Meeting of the Rio Group and the European Union was held meetings to be held that year was established and the issues on 13 May in Prague. Likewise, this event was complemented that were to constitute their thematic agenda were discussed. and the Caribbean America in Latin integration and regional Cooperation with two bilateral meetings of the EU with Mexico and Chile, Subsequently, on 25 March, another presidential meeting was along with two others of regional scope with Central America held, once again in Managua, in order to discuss in advance and MERCOSUR. the programmes for restructuring the pertinent organisms so as to promote integration effectively, along with regional THE CENTRAL AMERICAN COMMON unity. Other matters on the agenda were also discussed, for MARKET (CACM) / CENTRAL AMERICAN example the impact of the international economic crisis on the INTEGRATION SYSTEM (SICA) region, problems of security, migration and food security. The Evolution of trade third extraordinary meeting of the heads of state took place in Trinidad and Tobago on 19 April 2009, as a side event of Foreign trade was one of the main channels of conveying the the Fifth Summit of the Americas. At this meeting, the Central international crisis to the Central American region, although American presidents came to a consensus on regional posi- the impact was somewhat less with the goods trade than with tions vis-à-vis two forthcoming international events they would the services trade, where the drop in income from the tour- be attending, one being the Fifth Summit with the President of ist sector was very steep. According to data compiled in the the United States and the other, in May, with European leaders Preliminary Overview for the economies of Latin America and under the auspices of the Ministerial Meeting of the San José the Caribbean 2009, which is published by ECLAC, the total Dialogue to be held in Prague, Czech Republic. Finally, on 20 of goods exports of the Central American countries dropped May another extraordinary presidential meeting was held in by a figure of -4.6% while the figure for imports was -9.7%. Managua, Nicaragua, with the aim of advancing the establish- With regard to the terms of exchange, the ECLAC analysis ment of a Common Credit Fund, an instrument that seeks to indicated that the Central American region came out rather compensate the asymmetries with the EU countries and that better off as these countries benefited from the fall in prices is involved in the negotiations on agreements concerning the of basic goods, especially oil, the bill for which represents a bi-regional association.

133 134 CIDOB International Yearbook 2010 World politics and Europeweretobeattendingin Madridin2010. summitthethat countriesthe LatinofAmerica, Caribbeanthe tionsonthe bi-regional agreement intime forit tobesigned at a reaffirmation of the political impetus towards finalising negotia icaandEurope morethan twenty yearsago. This meeting saw political negotiation that was established between Central Amer and dialogue for framework a constituting this Republic, Czech Ministerial Meeting of the San José Dialogue was held in Prague, May, the 13 on this, to Prior Honduras. in conflict internal the of because June after suspended was initiative the but regions order to come to an agreement on the association between tiations bothwere held in 2009, one and in one January in March, in scale andthearmstrade. the international on delinquency organised trafficking, drug on to endorse a range of joint initiatives on migration, security, went and d’état coup Honduras the condemn to agreed state of heads the domain, political the In Plan. -Panama the in lacking were that law international of instruments with it stitutionalising the Mesoamerican Project, which would endow in in shown interest the was meeting this of matters relevant most the July.Among 29 on Rica Costa in held was – logue Mechanism – a space for Mesoamerican cooperation and dia relations withJapan. their to continuity periodical give that commissions mixed the through meetings other held countries American Central the Moreover,Union. European the and Mexico involved 2009 events of significant most the sphere, this In integration. and cooperation of process regional the influence also measure, good in which, activities and relations foreign of agenda ed aster riskmanagementinCentralAmerica. dis integral for policy a of linchpins the determining to view a with consultation regional for bases the discussed presidents Finally, the Change. Climatic on Strategy Regional the finalise to and Plan Environmental Regional the with faster move to enjoined was Development and Environment for Commission American Central the Third, revised. was Transport, for ters minis the by prepared been had which matters, strategy maritime for port the Second, migration. on integral new promote to designed strategy a up draw to instructed were General the and ministers foreign the First, initiatives. regional four were which amongst notable agenda, the on items several discussed subsequently They Honduras. in situation political the to regard with adopted measures the ning of the meeting the presidents issued a declaration stating begin the At countries. SICA the of Government and State of Heads the of Meeting Thirty-Fourth the of June, 29 on gua shrinking of trade worldwide and also the price drops for prod (MERCOSUR) The international crisis of 2009 had serious with effects the Evolution oftrade SOUTH THE OF MARKET COMMON THE respect to the European With Union, two new rounds of nego Tuxtla the of Summit Eleventh the Mexico, of case the In concert a have to continue countries American Central The relations Foreign Mana in holding, the with continued summits regular The ------out over 2009 are the two presidential summits held in the in held summits presidential two the are 2009 over out at around14.2%. low,remained exports total with comparison in quota export theintraregional Finally, was -14%. Argentina for figure the Brazil uneven. were showed the biggest drop in sales (-27%), to while its partners results the basis country-by-country a On dollars. million 33,000 to dropped members four the mained close to the overall figure (-21%) among while exports was less (-9%). downturn the which for Uruguay of case the in except fashion, similar a in sales overall the affected crisis the that at exports in -22% and for at imports decline -27%. The results by country showed the for estimates with negative, was countries MERCOSUR the for trade overall for performance the ECLAC, and LAIA by offered data preliminary to according circumstances, these In markets. international the on ucts n te dioy omsin o te mlmnain f the of implementation the for Commission Advisory the ing establish for required measures the up speed to agreed also was It Integration. Productive on Observatory Regional nent was presented. here Noteworthy was approval for the Perma report on the agenda carried out by the Uruguayan presidency the meeting, this During inclusion. social and development of goals established of attainment the towards contribute to as so trade worldwide and regional of dynamism the assuring of importance the highlighting crisis, international the of effects the need to keep coordinating actions aimed at cushioning the to given was emphasis issues, these Among discussed. were agenda ongoing the on items the meeting this At Uruguay. , in December 7 on held Meeting, CMC ty-eighth process ofintegration. with consolidating activities related with the social dimension tasked of the being organism this inaugurated, was Institute Social MERCOSUR the of headquarters Finally,the countries. member the of banks central the between bilat agreements of eral means by implemented be to are which for ditions currencies for any commercial transaction, the operative con local in payment of system the extending for given also was Approval reached. not was agreement final thus and resolved been have states member the between differences the all not and distribution of the MERCOSUR customs revenue, although tariff external common the of levying double the of elimination phasised here were advances towards bringing the into effect Em meeting. this at presented was presidency Paraguayan ties. The on report the agenda carried out by the pro tempore goods trade and engaging productive in activi complementary aimed at overcoming asymmetries, promoting the value-added policies foster must integration regional of process the that reaffirmed state of Paraguay,heads Asunción, the in July 24 and 23 on place took encounter, which presidential first the At countries. member the of Affairs Foreign and Economy for ministers the by attended were which (CMC), Council Market Common MERCOSUR the of meetings regular the of course oal aog h picpl ntttoa atvte carried activities institutional principal the among Notable integration agenda itemsontheInstitutional activitiesandrelevant re decline the for estimate the trade, intraregional With The second presidential assembly took place during the Thir ------MERCOSUR Fund for Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enter- in the broad political and social domains so as to reinforce prises and for preparing the regulations governing the Fund. governance and the political viability of measures that will need to be adopted. Foreign relations By way of conclusion, José Miguel Insulza made some ref- By virtue of the constitutive treaties of MERCOSUR, the mem- erence to issues that were aired at the Fifth Summit of the ber countries jointly negotiate some international relations Americas in Trinidad and Tobago in April 2009. At the presi- matters, while others are transacted in a concerted fashion. dential meeting the priorities to be implemented in the hemi- In this context, the MERCOSUR countries are engaged in a sphere’s agenda were profiled, these taking in political (se- complex process of negotiation with European Union countries curity and governability), economic (integrated development, with the aim of fleshing out an agreement on bi-regional as- energy and climatic change) and social (everyday violence and sociation, which was suspended in 2004 due to pronounced migration) matters. Mention was also made of wide-ranging differences between the two parties. Nevertheless, the desire deployment of OAS electoral missions in 2009 and an account to move ahead in relations with Europe endures and, at the was given of the accompaniment tasks carried out by the OAS meeting of MERCOSUR presidents in Montevideo, Uruguay, in Haiti both to assure internal security and to coordinate aid on 7 December, it was agreed to resume negotiations in the so as to overcome the catastrophic humanitarian situation of course of the Summit of Presidents of Latin America, the Car- the country resulting from internal conflict. A further signifi- ibbean and the European Union that was to be held in Madrid cant point was the explanation of the OAS good offices mission in 2010. in the conflict between Colombia and Ecuador, a task that was Finally, for some time contacts have been made with a view continued in 2009. to favouring trade exchanges between MERCOSUR with other Finally, on 3 June 2009, the Foreign Ministers of the OAS American countries and the rest of the world. In this regard, adopted the resolution AG/RES. 2438 (XXXIX-O/09) that the landmark achievements for 2009 were the coming into countermanded an earlier resolution from 1962 through force of the Complementary Economic Agreement signed with which Cuba was excluded from the Inter-American System. Cuba, and the ratification by Israel of the Free Trade Agree- The resolution of 2009 declared that Cuba’s participation in ment jointly signed with MERCOSUR. the OAS will be the result of a process of dialogue initiated at the request of the Cuban government and in conformity with ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES the practices, aims and principles of the OAS. (OAS) Institutional activity Electoral observation activities and special missions The Foreign Ministers and Permanent Representatives of in crisis situations the thirty-four member countries of the OAS attended the The OAS has been engaged in a wide-ranging set of activities Twenty-ninth Regular Session of the General Assembly from 2 benefiting the internal stability of the member states and peace to 4 June in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, in order to prepare in inter-American relations and also complying with specific the balance sheet for the previous period and begin the new requests made by any countries that are interested parties. annual period of sessions. The central theme of the meet- Noteworthy among these are, on the one hand, the Electoral ing was non-violence, as is reflected in the Declaration of San Observation Missions and, on the other, the special missions and the Caribbean America in Latin integration and regional Cooperation Pedro Sula, which was approved with the consensus of the carrying out good offices tasks of accompaniment, facilitation participants. The Declaration states that it is considered fun- and mediation in situations of conflict between member coun- damental to reinforce the culture of non-violence because of tries or domestic crisis within the states. the dire consequences of violence for the social, economic, In the case of the Electoral Observation Missions, the pres- political and cultural development of Latin American societies. ence of the OAS was requested for the general elections in There was conformity during the debate in pointing out the El Salvador, the referendum to approve the fol- how vulnerable sectors of the population are at risk because lowed by the general elections in Bolivia, the general elections of violence in the different countries, in particular women, chil- and the elections in Ecuador, the general dren and the elderly. elections in Panama and, finally, the legislative and municipal In the stocktaking presented by the OAS Secretary Gen- elections, as well as those for State in Mexico. With eral José Miguel Insulza, apart from a review of the state regard to the Special Missions tasked to work towards solu- of play of some earlier issues, special mention was made of tions in crisis situations, the presence and activities of the the economic crisis and the possibility that it may give rise to OAS in Haiti continued through 2009, as did the Mission to disputes over distribution that will have repercussions on the Support the Peace Process in Colombia. There have also been weakest members and on the political and social relations in endeavours to provide OAS mediation and support in seek- the domestic sphere of the countries of the region. Concern ing solutions to the dispute between Ecuador and Colombia, was also expressed over worsened levels of poverty and job as well as the internal conflict of Honduras. Finally, after the insecurity in a context where sustainable use of energy, the agreement reached in 2008 between Belize and Guatemala in environment and development in general are under threat. In order to put an end to their differences over territorial limits, this regard, Insulza stressed that proper functioning of the the OAS has continued to assist both countries with a mission democratic system could serve as a conduit for discussing in the Adjacency Zone in order to prevent incidents that could and solving differences with the aim of reaching agreement affect the process that has now been initiated.

135 136 CIDOB International Yearbook 2010 World politics American Development Foundation (PADF) – participated. participated. – (PADF) Foundation Development American Pan the and (PAHO), Organization Health American Pan the (IICA), Agriculture on Cooperation for Institute Inter-American the (IDB), Bank Development Inter-American the example for – organs specialist other and countries member several from delegates which in Mission, Inter-American Level High the in by out carried task the is item outstanding one 2009, in Haiti in engaged was OAS the which in activities the and resources for reconstructing the country. In the report on solidate institutional structures and to help in seeking projects Préval, the assignment of the OAS has been to fortify and con elections of 2006 and the coming to power of President René sion in Haiti (MINUSTAH). After the presidential and legislative Mis Stabilisation Nations United a with intervention national inter required collapse, national threatened of point one at that, crisis chronic of situation a to attend to order in dates man successive through activity sustained in engaged been having aharmfulimpactinthecommunities. this factions, emerging certain between disputes in timidation in of means and action of form a as reappearing are sacres indicated that in spite of advances in the peace process, mas MSSP/OAS the tasks, aforementioned the of follow-up the of assessment an with year,along this of reports the In lence. vio by affected communities with working with along groups demobilised of reintegration and disarmament hostilities, of cession the of verification of assignment the with entrusted been has Council, Permanent the of (1397/04) 859 lution (MSPP/OAS), the mandate for which was established in reso an orderlytransferofpowerhadnotbeenrespected. return Zelaya temporarily to the presidency so as to proceed to winning candidate since they considered that the agreement to the recognise immediately not did members OAS the although presidential takeover was scheduled for the beginning of 2010, the and Honduras in held been had elections year the of close the At Rica. Costa of Arias Óscar President of auspices the parties in litigation that had been achieved in September under tions proposed in the San José Agreement, a pact between the to set up round table talks in order to continue with the negotia several missions to Honduras and, in that of , managed ing action in favour of a return to democratic normality. He led promot and measures diplomatic intensifying of task the with E/09). This resolution also (XXXVII- entrusted Secretary AG/RES.2 General Insulza resolution the of way by organism the in this meeting it was decided to suspend Honduras’ participation GeneralAssemblyForeign Ministersofnary atcalled andwas Extraordi an approved, was coup the condemning resolution a where Representatives Permanent of Council the of cation convo emergency an After activated. were mechanisms tional institu OAS the 2009, June 28 on occurred d’état coup the 2010 legislative elections. the for mission observation an send to Government Haitian Finally, on 15 December, the OAS agreed to the request of the American countries and the different inter-American agencies. Latin the from Haiti to assistance the coordinate to Mexico in called November,was 4 conference on a afterwards, Shortly The OAS has been involved in Haiti for several years and has Colombia in Process Peace the Support to Mission The as soon as Honduras, in conflict internal the to regard With ------was still greater in the case of Canada (-36%). The quota for quota The (-36%). Canada of case the in greater still was reduction the while (-25%), Mexico and (-24%) States United the in similar was partners NAFTA to sales in downturn the reckoning, country-by-country the In (-26%). worldwide sales for than (-28%) bloc the within greater was sales in drop the but 2009 in decline substantial a show partners NAFTA the with figuresof-33%and-27%respectively. precipitously more still fell exports their that indicate Mexico were even worse affected. The official statistics of Canadapartners and its but -23.1% to plummeted States United the of exports total for figure the that show Bureau Census US the of statistics The countries. three all of trade external the for consequences serious with (-6.8%), Mexico in steeply, more rather and, (-2.6%) Canada with happened as (-2.5%), ously data, in 2009 the GDP of the United States dropped conspicu of the economy of the NAFTA member states. According to IMF AGREEMENT (NAFTA) u ya, h tre ed o sae ae o gemn on agreement to came state of heads three the year, ous relations betweenthethreecountries. economic the governs presently that agreement trade free the of basis the on convergence towards advance to as so efficiency and the competitiveness security, of their different economies life, of quality of terms in approximation closer ing procur to view a with NAFTAcountries the member between cooperation political for framework a represents eral trilat This (SPPNA). America North of Partnership Prosperity and Security the of Summit Fifth the at 2009 9 and 8 on Mexico, , in met Canada of Minister Prime little frompreviousyears. of 48%,whichvariesvery figure a with continues Mexico country,while this from come imports total its of 63% since increased has States United the on dependence of degree Canada’s imports, of case the of the of total Mexico exports and 65% of those of Canada. In bouring countries continues to neigh be very high, the representing 81% from States United the to sales of concentration going to Canada (19%) than to Mexico (12%). In contrast, the proportion greater a with exports, total its of third one ners part two these to sold country the while (11%), Mexico and (14%) Canada from came States United the entering imports the of quarter one 2009, In partners. powerful less its and States United the between disparities the overcoming wards to years previous of trend the favour to little done has crisis about 50-55% to return will quota recovery,the economic with that, appear would it years these over established been have that change ex for structures the with although integration, regional of terms in decade a than more back going means perspective, en to below 50% NAFTAfall the therefore among has trade members regional In these circumstances, data on the evolution of trade among The economic and financial crisis spread through all spheres Evolution oftrade TRADE FREE AMERICAN NORTH aig efimd h cmimns netkn theprevi undertaken commitments the reaffirmed Having the and Mexico and States United the of presidents The Institutional activities present the NAFTA, within interdependence mutual for As vis-à-vis total external trade, a figure that, in ------the priorities for the current year, instructing their respective lated that the group would function with presidential summits relevant ministries to carry them out and subsequently give every year, six-monthly ministerial meetings and a permanent an account of these activities in the mandatory report to be secretariat with its headquarters in . Also envisaged was presented in mid-2010. On this occasion, the priorities fo- the future creation of a South American Parliament, to be cused on energy and climatic change, security in the case of located in , Bolivia, the jurisdiction of which was outbreak of disease, and cooperation in combating to be established in an Additional Protocol that is yet to be criminal networks. In the declaration of the heads of state, negotiated by a special commission. The agreement stipulates mention was made of the global economic crisis and the need that the constitutive basis of this body is upheld by the integra- to coordinate efforts to overcome the situation, for example tion made possible by MERCOSUR and the Andean Commu- giving support to the OAS in its task of propagating democratic nity, along with the participation of Chile, Guyana and Surinam institutions in the continent. in such a way that the member countries are confined to the geographic area of . However, the wish of the Foreign relations UNASUR member countries is to advance cooperative rela- Each of the three NAFTA member countries is developing its tionships with all Latin American countries and hence, it is also own trade policy whereby they basically negotiate free trade established that five years after the treaty comes into force agreements with third countries throughout the Americas, the possibility will remain open for the incorporation into the although the United States is the most active and has the group of other countries of the region as associate members. most extensive agenda. In this regard, the United States Con- Finally, in an extraordinary meeting held in Brazil on 16 Decem- gress approved on 11 December 2009 a new one-year ex- ber 2008, the presidents approved the creation of the South tension to the Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication American Defence Council and the South American Health Act (ATPDEA) which favours exports from Colombia, Ecuador Council. The former body, which will be subject to the princi- and Peru. ples and objectives established in the Charter Canada has also made contacts in order to give a boost to and the Charter of the Organization of American States, will the negotiation of free trade agreements with different Latin constitute an agency for consultation, cooperation and coordi- American countries, although most of these are still in the nation, the aim of which is to consolidate the region as a zone deliberative phase. In 2009, taking advantage of the Fifth of peace and to serve as a basis for democratic stability and Summit of the Americas in Trinidad and Tobago, the Canadian integrated development of the different countries. The aim of Primer Minister and the CARICOM heads of state met in order the South American Health Council is to construct a space of to give impetus to the process of negotiation. integration for health matters, incorporating therein the ef- Finally, Mexico continues with its own approaches to the forts and achievements of other mechanisms of regional inte- countries of the Central American isthmus although there gration and promoting the common policies and coordinated are still difficulties when it comes to establishing closer rela- activities of the UNASUR countries. Moreover, a working plan tions with the MERCOSUR countries and those of the Andean was approved for the South American health agenda, this tak- Community. In this regard, the Eleventh Summit of the Tuxtla ing into consideration, inter alia, an epidemiological shield, the Mechanism – a space for Mesoamerican dialogue and coop- development of universal systems guaranteeing the right to eration – was held in Costa Rica on 29 July (see foreign rela- health, access to medication, and the development of human and the Caribbean America in Latin integration and regional Cooperation tions of SICA). resources in this area.

UNION OF SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS Institutional activity and the agenda for dialogue and (UNASUR) cooperation The background On 10 August 2009, the South American presidents met at The process of creating a community that would embrace the Third Regular UNASUR Summit, which was held in Quito, the nations of South America has been constructed in differ- Ecuador. At this meeting, an assessment was made of the ent phases, which have included work on defining objectives, organism’s agenda and other areas of future work were pro- the main themes on the agenda, the strategy for bringing this posed, notable amongst which are attention to infrastructure, mission into being, and the organisational and institutional ar- technological advance, defence of human rights, social devel- chitecture of the initiative. Its origins go back to the summit opment, and the struggle against drug trafficking. While the of political leaders organised by the Brazilian president Fern- item did not appear on the previous agenda, some time was ando Enrique Cardoso, which was held in Brasilia in 2000. spent discussing the agreement being negotiated between Bo- Since then, these presidential meetings have been held almost gotá and Washington to permit the access of US per- every year until it was decided at the 2004 meeting in Cuzco, sonnel to Colombian bases as part of the joint struggle the two Peru, to institutionalise the gatherings with the initial denomi- countries are engaged in against drug trafficking. The positions nation of South American Community of Nations (SACN). Af- of the different countries with regard to this issue were mark- ter a process of ironing out the details, which lasted another edly divided, with a very belligerent group headed by Venezuela four years, the presidents of the South American countries backed by Bolivia and Ecuador, while the remaining countries met in Brazil on 23 May 2008 to sign the treaty constituting adopted a more conciliatory stance. The presidential meeting UNASUR, whereby the normative framework and institutional in Quito ended without consensus and it was decided to call structure of the organism were established and it was stipu- an extraordinary meeting to discuss and establish a common

137 138 CIDOB International Yearbook 2010 World politics jsp?menu=communication www Statements fromCARICOMMeetings CARIBBEAN COMMUNITYSECRETARIAT version: www.iadb.org/intal/cartas.asp?tid=5&cid=234&idioma=ENG] www several numbers,2009) INTAL mensual Carta ica andtheCaribbean(INTAL) LATINA Y EL CARIBE (INTAL) – Institute for the Integration of Latin Amer velopment Bank (IDB), INSTITUTO PARA LA INTEGRACIÓN DE AMÉRICA BANCO INTERAMERICANO DE DESARROLLO (BID) – De Inter-American B4E89A6B52B106032576D400429B3 www General: EvolutionoftheProcessIntegration,2008-2009) 2008-2009 año el en integración de proceso del evolución la General: Secretario del preliminar Informe - 9C7D9287444CB7032576EA005F652 www eign Trade Worldwide. 2008-2009) 2008-2009 global exterior Comercio sobre Informe - Latin - American IntegrationAssociation(LAIA) (ALADI) INTEGRACIÓN DE LATINOAMERICANA ASOCIACIÓN Bibliographical References Defence ministries. the of procedures and functions organisation, on information where it was agreed to create a network in order to exchange November, 26 Ecuador, on Quito, in held ministers Defence and Foreign of meeting new a during settled partially was ter mat the Eventually, countries. third with partners American South its of agreements military different the on guarantees transparency,of seeking measures the in reciprocity manded de Government Colombian the Again, States. United the in or Colombia in either ratified, nor approved neither was ment of negotiations with the United States, alleging that the agree details the submit he that host, conference as status its with keeping in issued Ecuador of formulation the in request, the to agree not did minister Colombian the because consensus reach to possible not was it but Ecuador Quito, in September 15 on held was meeting ministerial The countries. member the OAS framework so that they might be jointly applied by the with the measures of fostering trust and security enshrined in accordance in instruments several of made be would study 2009, September in held be to Ministers, Defence and eign ofFor jointmeeting ina that, agreed also They trafficking. drug and terrorism against struggle the in policies security on document a consensus by approved presidents the where rorism. This took place on 28 August in Bariloche, Argentina, position on defence policies regarding drug trafficking and ter &Itemid=9 www numbers, 2009) EUROLAT Revista (CELARE) –LatinAmericanCentrefor RelationswithEurope EUROPA CON RELACIONES LAS PARA LATINOAMERICANO CENTRO .iadb.org/intal/cartas.asp?idioma=esp&cid=234&tid= .aladi.org/nsfaladi/estudios.nsf/vwestudiosydocumentosweb/40 .aladi.org/nsfaladi/estudios.nsf/vwestudiosydocumentosweb/7A .celare.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3039 .caricom.org/jsp/communications/meetings_statements_index. 8

vro nmrs 20 ( 2009 números, varios , vro nmrs 09 ITL otl Letter, Monthly (INTAL 2009 números varios , s

(Preliminary Report of the Secretary Secretary the of Report (Preliminary 4 E

EUROLAT eiw several review, (Report on For on (Report 5 [English ------http://ec.europa.eu/development/geographical/regionscountries/ -Relaciones ExterioresconelCaribe http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/la/index_en.ht Latin America Latina América con Exteriores Relaciones - COMISION EUROPEA–EuropeanCommission www gional CooperationAreas) Re and Crisis 2008-2009: Caribbean the and America Latin of tion 2008-2009 Caribe el y Latina América de economías las de internacional inserción la de Panorama - de/tpl-i/p9f.xsl&base=/tpl/top-bottom.xsl Prod.asp?xml=/publicaciones/xml/3/38063/P38063.xml&xsl=/ www Caribbean 2008–2009 2009 Caribe el y Latina América de economías las de preliminar Balance - (ECLAC) (CE Caribbean the and America CARIBE Latin for Commission Economic the - PAL) EL Y LATINA AMÉRICA PARA ECONÓMICA COMISIÓN of the Secretary General,2009 of theSecretary -Informe balance anual del Secretario General de la OEA of American States Organization – (OEA) AMERICANOS ESTADOS DE ORGANIZACIÓN www dency oftheCommissionPermanent Representatives) Permanentes Representantes de Comisión la de Presidencia - www web page:ComuniquesofPresidentialSummits) Presidenciales las Cumbres de Comunicados Oficial: Portal - Market (MERCOSUR) Common Cone Southern – (MERCOSUR) SUR DEL COMÚN MERCADO www External Sector) externo sector del económicas Estadísticas formatics ofMexico In and Geography Statistics, of Institute National – (INEGI) MÉXICO DE INSTITUTO NACIONALDEESTADÍSTICAS, GEOGRAFÍAEINFORMÁTICA www World EconomicOutlook Update, Fund (IMF) Monetary International – (FMI) INTERNACIONAL MONETARIO FONDO www -Política ExteriorComún www Meetings) ciales presiden reuniones las de Documentos Andino, Presidencial -Consejo www -Información estadística COMUNIDAD ANDINA(CAN)–AndeanCommunity id=080696cf29b35a61703 eucaribbean_en.cfm?CFID=2980933&CFTOKEN=79860441&jsession .eclac.cl/publicaciones .eclac.cl/publicaciones .mercosurpresidencia.org/cumbres.ph .mercosur.int/msweb/portal%20intermediario/es/index.ht .inegi.org.mx/inegi/default.aspx?s=est&c=12 .imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/update/01 .comunidadandina.org/exterior.ht .comunidadandina.org/sai/estructura_1_2.htm .comunidadandina.org/estadisticas.as Ada Peieta Cucl Dcmns f h Presidential the of Documents Council: Presidential (Andean ( Preliminary Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the ) (Statistical Information) (Joint ForeignPolicy) )

/ / 4 i English: [in (An Overview of the International Inser International the of Overview (An ) January 2010 January ( EU –CaribbeanRelations m

t p )] (Economic Statistics of the of Statistics (Economic p

www ( h E’ Rltos with Relations EU’s The .eclac.cl/cgi-bin/get 5

l m ( / Annual Report Annual Report

) (Official (Presi m ------www.oas.org/SGInfAnual/2009/INFORME%20DEL%20SG%20ESPA- [In English: www.sica.int/busqueda/busqueda_basica.aspx?IdCat=9&Id NOL-Rev-%2028MAY09.pdf Mod=8&IdEnt=1&IdEntStyle=401&Idm=2&IdmStyle=2] [In English: http://scm.oas.org/pdfs/2010/AG05011E.pdf] - Noticias (News) - Declaración de San Pedro Sula y Documentos de la XXXIX Asamblea www.sica.int/busqueda/busqueda_basica.aspx?IdCat=3&IdMod=2&Id General de la OEA (Declaration of San Pedro Sula and Documents of the m=1&IdmStyle=1 Thirty-ninth General Assembly of the OAS) [In English: www.sica.int/busqueda/busqueda_basica.aspx?IdCat=3&Id www.oas.org/39ag/espanol/ Mod=2&Idm=2&IdmStyle=2] [In English: www.oas.org/consejo/GENERAL%20ASSEMBLY/AG39reg- - Comunicados (Communiques) ular.asp] www.sica.int/busqueda/busqueda_basica.aspx?idCat=27&idMod=3 - Comunicados de prensa (Press releases) [In English: www.oas.org/OASpage/press_releases/home_spa/press.asp www.sica.int/busqueda/busqueda_basica.aspx?idCat=27&idMod=3&I [In English: www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_releases.asp] dm=2&IdmStyle=2] - Informes de las Misiones de Observación Electoral de la OEA (Reports on Electoral Observation Missions – Reports in English by country) SISTEMA DE LA INTEGRACIÓN ECONÓMICA CENTROAMERICANA (SIE- www.oas.org/electoralmissions/ CA) – Secretariat for Central American Economic Integration (SIECA) - Misión de Apoyo al Proceso de Paz en Colombia (MAPP-OEA) (Mission Estadísticas de comercio (Trade statistics) in Support of the Peace Process in Colombia) www.sieca.int/site/Enlaces.aspx?ID=007001 www.mapp-oea.org/ [In English: www.oas.org/consejo/resolutions/res859.asp] SISTEMA ECONÓMICO LATINOAMERICANO (SELA) – Latin American Economic System (SELA) ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS (ONU) – United Nations Boletín de Integración, Observatorio de Cumbres Regionales (Integra- Organization (UNO) tion Bulletin: Observatory of Regional Summits) World Economic Situation and Prospects 2010 www.sela.org/sela/publicaciones.asp www.un.org/esa/policy/wess/wesp.html STATISTICS CANADA Statistics SECRETARÍA DE INTEGRACIÓN ECONÓMICA CENTROAMERICANA (SIE- www.statcan.ca/english/tradedata/tradedata.htm CA) – Secretariat for Central American Economic Integration (SIECA) Centroamérica en cifras: Estadísticas de Comercio (Central America in UNITED STATES CENSUS BUREAU Figures: Trade Statistics) Foreign Trade Statistics www.sieca.int/site/ www.census.gov/foreign-trade/www/

SECRETARÍA DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES DE MÉXICO – Secretariat of Foreign Affairs of Mexico Secretaría pro-témpore del Grupo de Río (Pro tempore secretaryship of the Rio Group) www.sre.gob.mx/grio-sptmexico/ and the Caribbean America in Latin integration and regional Cooperation SECRETARÍA GENERAL IBEROAMERICANA (SEGIB) - Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB) - Reuniones ministeriales sectoriales (Sectorial ministerial meetings) www.segib.org/reuniones.php?idioma=esp - Balance de la Cumbre de Estoril (Report on the Estoril Summit) www.segib.org/noticias.php?id=949&idioma=esp - Página oficial de la Cumbre de Estoril (Official web page of the Estoril Summit) www.cimeiraiberoamericana.gov.pt/

SECURITY AND PROSPERITY PARTNERSHIP OF NORTH AMERICA (SPP) V Cumbre de mandatarios de América del Norte, Guadalajara (México) – Fifth North American Leaders’ Summit, Guadalajara, Mexico www.presidencia.gob.mx/buscador/?contenido=47213 www.presidencia.gob.mx/prensa/?contenido=47216 [In English: www.presidencia.gob.mx/index.php?DNA=26]

SISTEMA DE LA INTEGRACIÓN CENTROAMERICANA (SICA) – Central American Integration System - Cumbres presidenciales (Presidential summits) www.sica.int/busqueda/busqueda_basica.aspx?IdCat=9&IdMod=8&Id Ent=1&IdEntStyle=401

139